Apuntes de Parasitología
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Súper familia Trichostrongyloidea
Familia Trichostrongylidae Genero spp. Trichostrongylus
De zonas frías
Especies
T. axei T. vitrin itrinu us T. colubriformis
Tamaño
Morfología
Huevo
3 semanas ( T. T. axei 20 a 25 días)
♂ 3-7 mm
♀ 6-8 mm
PPP
Tamaño: Espí Tam 80 x 40 µ culas cortas y retorcidas. Hembras máximo 12 Características: ovalados, huevos. segmentados, cámara de aire, cáscara fina.
Sin capsula bucal (A) y poro excretor
Hospedador definitivo
Hospedador intermediario
Rumiantes, No equinos, cerdos y aves. ( T. T. axei afecta a mono y poligástricos)
Hospedador paraténico
Formas infectantes
No
L3 con vaina
Ciclo biológico
Directo: Desenvainamiento de la L3 penetración de la L3 en la mucosa del intestino delgado ( T. T. axei en abomaso o estomago en monogástricos), se entierran en las criptas de la mucosa (fase histotrópica) L4 la L5 sale a la luz Adulto, copulación y puesta de huevos. Tras abandonar el hospedador a través de las heces, los huevos eclosionan en el entorno y dan lugar a larvas infectivas en unos 5 días si hace calor, pero necesitan bastante más tiempo si hace frío. Estas larvas infectivas pueden sobrevivir hasta 6 meses en los pastos. Las larvas de T. axei son notablemente resistentes a condiciones ambientales adversas y pueden sobrevivir el invierno.
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Marshallagia
M. marshalli
♂ 10-13 mm
De zonas frías
♀ 12-20 mm
Haemonchus
Parasito hematófago de zonas cálidas
H. conto contortus rtus H. placei
♂ 10-20 mm
♀ 18-30 mm
3 semanas Rumiantes pequeños
No
No
L3 con vaina
Directo: Símil ostertagia. Con penetración en las glándulas gástricas y formación de nódulos que contienen tres o cuatro larvas en desarrollo.
11 a 28 días
No
No
L3 con vaina
Directo: Desenvainamiento de la L3 en el rumen penetración de la L3 en las glándulas glándulas gástricas de la mucosa del abomaso (fase histotrópica) salen a la luz las L4 L5 copulación puesta de huevos.
Tam Tamaño: 160-200 µ x 70-100 µ Características: Bordes paralelos, puntas redondeadas, mórula con muchas células.
La bolsa copulatriz (A) del macho se distingue porque tiene lóbulo dorsal asimétrico con una costilla dorsal ramificada a modo de Tam Tamaño: Y (B), que en 80 x 40 µ ocasiones puede ser confundida con las Características: espículas (C). ovalados, segmentados, cámara de aire,
Rumiante
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Cooperia
C. curticei curticei C. oncophora C. punctata C. momaste omasterri
♂ 4,5-7 mm
♀ 5-9 mm
Dilatación cervical con estriaciones transversales muy evidentes. Tiene forma de coma.
15 a 18 días
Rumiantes
No
No
L3 con vaina
Directo: Desenvainamiento de la L3 Penetración de la L3 en la mucosa (fase histotrópica) Muda a L4 Muda a L5 y vuelve a la luz Adulto Copulación Puesta de huevos.
No
No
L3 con vaina
Directo: Este nematodo tiene un ciclo vital directo. Las larvas infectivas se desarrollan sobre todo en pastos húmedos o lugares lugares encharcados al exterior, menos frecuentemente dentro de los establos. Son bastante sensibles a la sequedad y temperaturas bajas. El ganado puede infectarse por vía oral a cualquier
Tam Tamaño: 80 x 40 µ Características: ovalados, segmentados, cámara de aire, cáscara fina.
Hyostrongylus
Parasito hematófago
H. rubidus rubidus
♂ 4-7 mm
♀ 5-10 mm
De color rojizo y aspecto filiforme
3 semanas Cerdo
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Nematodirus
De zonas frías
N. filicollis N. spatigher N. hel helvetianus N. battus N. oiratianus
♂ 10-15 mm
♀
Presenta dilatación cefálica y espículas muy largas y delgadas (macho).
15 a 32 días
15-25 mm
La hembra termina truncada y con un pequeño espolón.
Tam Tamaño: 140-180 µ (se diferencian bien del resto de los tricostrongílidos) Característricas: bordes curvos, puntas acuminadas, mórula con 8 células.
Rumiantes
No
No
L3 con vaina
Directo: L a larva larva no rom rompe pe el huevo huevo hasta que evoluciona voluciona a L3. Tanto en el interior de los huevos como tras la eclosión, son muy resistentes a condiciones climáticas adversas, pueden sobrevivir hasta más de 10 meses, y son capaces de hibernar. Desenvainamiento de la L3 -> penetración en la mucosa intestinal (entre las vellosidades, fase histotrópica) -> en cuatro días se forma la L4 (N. battus) (Las L4 de algunas especies especies de Nematodir atodirus pueden entrar en hipobiosis durante varios meses antes de completar su desarrollo). -> muda a L5 y vuelve a la luz intestinal -> Adulto -> Copulación -> Puesta de huevos.
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Familia Dictyocaulidae Genero spp. Dictyocaulus
Especie
D. filaria D. viviparus D. arnfieldi
Tamaño
♂ 3-8 cm
♀ 5-10
Morfología
Huevo
PPP
3a4 semanas
Hospedador definitivo
Ovinos bovinos y equinos.
Hospedador intermediario
No
Hospedador paraténico
Formas infectantes
No
L3 con vaina
Ciclo biológico
Directo: Las hembras son ovo-vivíparas, los huevos poseen la L1 en su interior (en D. filaria posee un botón cefálico). Eclosionan y migran por la tráquea, son deglutidas
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Súper familia Strongyloidea
Familia Strongylidae Sub familia Strongylinae (grandes estróngilos) Genero spp. Strongylus
Especie
S. equi equinus nus
Tamaño
♂
Morfología
Huevo
PPP
8a9
Hospedador definitivo
Equinos
Hospedador intermediario
No
Hospedador paraténico
Formas infectantes
No
L3 con
Ciclo biológico
Directo:
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Triodontophorus
T. serrat rratus T. tenuico icolis T. brev revica icauda T. mino inor
Equinos
♂ 1,2-2 cm
♀
Tam Tamaño: 80 x 40 µ
1,5-3 cm 3 dientes aserrados
No
No
L3 con vaina
Directo: Las L3 desenvainadas invaden la pared del intestino grueso donde se desarrollan a L4 antes de emerger a la luz del intestino y mudar a L5.
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Chabertia
Ch. ovina
42 días
♂ 1,3-1,4 cm
Tam Tamaño: 50 x 100 µ
♀ 1,7-2 cm
Características: Son de color blanco,
Rumiantes
No
No
L3 con vaina
Directo: L3 penetra la mucosa del intestino delgado donde mudan a L4. Se fijan durante bastante tiempo en los tejidos del intestino delgado, y unas 4 semanas tras la infección las larvas L4 alcanzan el colon, y pasan al ciego donde mudan a L5 que regresan al colon y se fijan en la mucosa intestinal del hospedador mediante su cápsula bucal.
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Familia Ancylostomatidae Genero spp. Ancylostoma
De zonas tropicales y subtropicales
Especie
Tamaño
A. caninum ♂ A. brazili raziliense 10-12 A. duodenale mm
♀ 14-16
Morfología
Huevo
PPP
Hospedador definitivo
14 a 21 días (2 a 3 semanas)
Perro, gato y hombre
Hospedador intermediario
No
Hospedador paraténico
Formas infectantes
No
L3
Ciclo biológico
Directo: La infección se realiza por penetración de la piel o por ingestión de las L3. L3. I nfecc nfección ión oral: Ingresan vía oral y van directo al intestino donde
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Súper familia Spiruroidea
Familia Spiruridae Genero spp. Habronema
Especie
H. muscae
Tamaño
♂ 8-14 mm
Mundial
♀ 13-22 mm Sin dientes
H. microstoma
♂
Morfología
Huevo
De color blanco, poseen 2 pseudolabios trilobulados con o sin pequeños dientes faríngeos. El esófago es corto, la parte anterior es Tam Tamaño: muscular y la 50 x 12 µ posterior es Características: glandular. larvados
16-22 mm
♀ 16-25 mm El macho presenta la
PPP
2 meses
Hospedador definitivo
Equinos
Hospedador intermediario
Moscas (Stomoxys calcitrans y Musca domestica)
Hospedador paraténico
No
Formas infectantes
Ciclo biológico
Huevos con L1 en HI y L3 en HD
Indirecto: Los huevos larvados o las L1 son eliminados con las heces y son ingeridos por los estadios larvales de las moscas. El desarrollo a L3 tiene lugar en forma sincronizada con el desarrollo de la mosca (HI). Cuando la mosca se alimenta alrededor de la boca del caballo las larvas pasan de la probóscide de las moscas a la piel del caballo y son ingeridas. El desarrollo hasta L5 tiene lugar en la zona glandular del estomago aproximadamente en 2 meses. Las larvas también pueden ser depositadas sobre heridas o ser aspiradas a los pulmones invadiendo los tejidos, pero no completan su desarrollo.
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Draschia
Mundial
D. megastoma ♂
2 meses
Equinos
7- 10 mm
♀ 10-13 mm
Moscas (Stomoxys calcitrans y Musca domestica)
No
Huevos con L1 en HI y L3 en HD
Indirecto: Se comporta como Habronema. Pero en el estomago se agrupan en colonias alrededor de las cuales se desarrollan grandes lesiones nodulares. Esto sucede en el funduz.
Escarabajos coprófagos
No
Huevos con L1 en HI y L3 en HD
Indirecto: Los huevos larvados o las L1 son eliminados con las heces y son ingeridos por los escarabajos coprófagos y en estos tiene lugar el desarrollo a L3. Los escarabajos son ingeridos por los cerdos, las L3 se liberan y penetran profundamente en la mucosa gástrica y se desarrollan hasta L5 en unas 6 semanas.
Son blancos, la parte Tam Tamaño: anterior esta 300 µ separada del resto Características: del cuerpo por una larvados constricción.
Ascarops
A. strongy strongylilina na ♂
4 semanas Cerdos
10-15 mm
♀ 16-22 mm La pared de la
Tam Tamaño: 30-40 µ
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Physocephalus
P. sexalatus
6 semanas Cerdos
♂ 6-13 mm
♀ 20-22 mm
La cutícula cervical esta dilatada con tres aletas a cada lado. La hembra posee un pequeño apéndice en la cola.
Tam Tamaño: 30-40 µ Características: Larvados, cubierta gruesa rodeada por una membrana fina
Escarabajos coprófagos
Aves
Huevos con L1 en HI y L3 en HD
Indirecto: Ídem anterior
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Súper familia Filarioidea
Familia Setaridae Genero spp. Setaria
Mundial
Especie
Tamaño
S. equi equina na S. labiatopapillo sa
10 cm
Especie
Tamaño
♂ ♀ 13 cm
Morfología
Huevo
Blancos. Son vivíparos Presenta un anillo quitinoso alrededor de la boca Los machos tienen espículas desiguales. La vulva de las hembras está próxima a la boca. Las microfilarias alcanzan sólo unos 0,25 mm de longitud.
PPP
8 a 10 meses
Hospedador definitivo
Rumiantes y equinos
Hospedador intermediario
Mosquitos
Hospedador paraténico
No
Aedes, Culex y Anophel Anopheles
Formas infectantes
Ciclo biológico
Microfilarias (L1) con vaina en el HI y L3 en HD
Indirecto: Varias especies de mosquitos ejercen la función de hospedadores intermediarios. El desarrollo de las L3 en el hospedador intermediario dura unas dos semanas (12 días aprox.). Las hembras adultas de Setaria en la cavidad abdominal del hospedador producen microfilarias que entran en el flujo sanguíneo y son tomadas por los mosquitos al chupar sangre. También pueden darse infecciones prenatales.
Formas infectantes
Ciclo biológico
Familia Onchocercidae Genero spp.
Morfología
Huevo
PPP
Hospedador definitivo
Hospedador intermediario
Hospedador paraténico
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Ciclo típico filarioide, salvo que las microfilarias se localizan en los espacios tisulares de la piel y no en la sangre. Los adultos se localizan en el tejido fibroso, usualmente en ligamentos y tejido conectivo intermuscular.
Dirofilaria
Zonas tropicales y cálidas
D. inm i nmitis itis D. repens
♂ 15-20 cm
♀ 20-30 cm
Color blanco nacarado
Son vivíparos
6a7 Perro y meses en raramente perros. al gato De 8 a 9 meses en gatos con pocas microfila -rias
Mosquitos Aedes, Culex y Anopheles
No
Microfila rias (L1) sin vaina de 300 µ en el HI y L3 en HD.
Indirecto: Las microfilarias presentes en la circulación sanguínea son ingeridas por el mosquito, en el cual se desarrolla hasta L3 tras aproximadamente 15 días. Luego el mosquito vuelve a picar a un animal he inocula las L3 que migran por lo tejidos subcutáneos y subserosos, y mudan dos veces. Desde la última muda, las filarias jóvenes alcanzan el corazón a través de la circulación venosa y se alojan en el ventrículo derecho, arteria pulmonar y vena cava posterior.
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Microfilaria
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Súper familia Dioctophymatoidea
Familia Dioctophymidae Genero spp. Dioctophyma
Especie
D. renale
Tamaño
♂ 15-30 mm
Morfología
De color vinoso. La cutícula es estriada
Huevo
PPP
De 4 a 48 meses según la
Hospedador definitivo
Hospedador intermediario
Perro, Anélido gatos, oligoqueto zorro, visón
Hospedador paraténico
Formas infectantes
Ciclo biológico
Peces y ranas
En HI el huevo y en HD la
Indirecto: Los huevos eliminados a través de la orina llegan a los cursos de agua y son digeridos por los anélido
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Súper familia Trichuroidea
Familia Trichuridae Genero spp. Trichuris
Mundial
Especie
T. vulpis lpis T. ovis T. suis
Tamaño
♂ 4-8 cm
♀
Morfología
Huevo
PPP
6 a 12 semanas
Hospedador definitivo
Rumiante, canino, felinos,
Hospedador intermediario
No
Hospedador paraténico
Formas infectantes
No
Huevo con L1 o L2
Ciclo biológico
Directo: Tras salir del hospedador a través de las heces, las larvas infectivas se desarrollan dentro de los huevos
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Capillaria
Mundial
C. obsignata De 10 a Parásitos muy C. caudinflata 60 mm delgados C. contorta C. aerophil aerophila a C. plica C. hepatica
Aves Aves y 3a4 mamíferos semanas / Mamiferos 6 semanas
maño:
Ta
Lombriz de tierra (ocasional)
No
Huevo con L1 o L2
Directo o indirecto según la especie: Aves: C. obsignata y C. caud caudinf infllata ata se localiza en intestino delgado, y C. contorta en estomago y buche. Las dos últimas de ciclo ciclo indirecto (lombriz). Mamíferos: C. aerophil aerophila a en vías respiratorias, de ciclo directo. C. plica en vejiga y de ciclo indirecto (lombriz). C. hepática en hígado y los huevos se depositan en
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Familia Trichinellidae Genero spp. Trichinella
Especie
T. spiralis iralis
Tamaño
Morfología
♂
Esófago largo con
♀
células.
1,5 mm una sola hilera de Mundial
3-4 mm
Huevo
PPP
¿10 días?
Hospedador definitivo
Hospedador intermediario
Cerdo y No hombre (a casi todos los mamíferos)
Hospedador paraténico
Formas infectantes
No
L1 enquistad a en el musculo
Ciclo biológico
Directo: F ase ase intest intestiinal Ingestión de las larvas enquistadas en músculos (carnivorismo). Digestión y liberación de larvas. 2 a 5 días después las larvas llegan a L5 entre las vellosidades del intestino delgado, al producirse la
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Phylum Arthropoda
Familia Ixodidae Genero spp.
Especie
Morfología Larva
Boophilus
B. micropl croplus
No ornamentadas, con ojos ojos y sin festones. Los palpos y el hipostoma son cortos. Los machos presentan escudo ventral.
♂ 3 mm
♀13 mm
Estadios Metalarva Ninfa
600µ 1 mm 3 pares de Inmóvil. patas. Blancas. 2 hileras de dientes en el hipostoma El escudo cubre 2/3 de la superficie total, y con el tiempo se retrae hasta solo cubrir ¼.
1 mm Se observan espiráculos respiratorios. 4 pares de patas. Triple hilera de dientes. Hialinas.
Ciclo biológico Metaninfa
2,5-4 mm comienza a evidenciarse el dimorfismo sexual. Color marrón grisáceo.
Las garrapatas del género Boophilus son del tipo de 1 regiones tropicales y subtropicales. Atacan sobre todo a los bovinos. Actualmente se prefiere incluir a estas garrapatas dentro del género Rhipicephalus. La larva se alimenta de sangre (4 días) y en 6 a 7 días, muda a ninfa, la cual tiene cuatro pares de patas; la ninfa se ingurgita de sangre y en 6 o 7 días muda a adulto, diferenciándose en machos y hembras (neogina), las que se ingurgita de sangre para caer repletas de sangre en 6 o 7 días, para un ciclo parasítico total de 18 a 21 días . Las hembras fecundadas (partenogonia) repletas de sangre se dejan caer al suelo (teleogina) donde ponen los huevos y mueren (kenogonia). Cada hembra pone unos 4500 huevos (en 14 días). Estos tardan entre 2 y 20 semanas en eclosionar, según las condiciones climáticas: el calor y la humedad aceleran el proceso. Las larvas apenas se se desplazan del lugar donde hospedador y se dan en
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Alimentación de la ninfa 3 - 12 días Muda de ninfa 16 - 291 días Alimentación de la hembra 5 - 27 días Supervivencia de larvas en ayuno 540 días Supervivencia de ninfa en ayuno 584 días Supervivencia de adultos en ayuno 1,053 días En condiciones favorables el ciclo se desarrolla tan rápido como 91 días, pero se puede extender a más de 2,000 días, es decir el problema puede quedar por este tiempo en el hábitat de la mascota.
Ixodes
I . ricinus ricinus I . canisug canisuga a
Son garrapatas sin adornos, sin festones y sin ojos. Los palpos son largos y la parte ventral de machos y hembras
Es una garrapata de 3 hospedadores y el ciclo requiere 3 años. Las garrapatas mismas se alimentan unos pocos días cada año, como larva el primer año, ninfa en el segundo año y adultos en el tercero. La copula tiene lugar en el hospedador. Los estadios inmaduros de I. ricinus se fijan en aves y reptiles. Los adultos prefieren mamíferos, incluidos los bovinos, ovinos y caprinos, pero también caballos, ciervos, perros, etc. Los adultos pueden sobrevivir hasta 27 meses sin encontrar un hospedador. El ciclo vital completo puede durar hasta 4 años, según las condiciones climáticas y ecológicas. Según las
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de las casas.
L os estad estados os de lar arva va y ninf ninfa a son los los que se al aliimentan, pe perrmane anece cen n sobre sobre el el hospe hospedad dador or durante meses.
Ornithodoros
O. moubata
Vive en el suelo de chozas, cabañas, establos o bajo cerca de grupos de árboles en los que suele congregarse el
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Familia Psoroptidae Genero spp. Psoroptes
Especie
P. ovis ovis P. bov bovis P. equi P. cunicu cunicullllii
Morfología Los ácaros (0,4 a 0,75 mm de largo) no perforan la piel del hospedador y chupan la linfa. De forma ovalada, con largas patas. Aparato bucal puntiagudo, protuberancias abdominales abdominales
Ciclo biológico El ciclo vital dura entre 4 y 6 semanas, según las condiciones ambientales. Las hembras ponen unos 100 huevos. Ni los huevos ni los ácaros eclosionados sobreviven sobreviven más de 2 o 3 semanas fuera del hospedador. hospedador. Las infestaciones son más severas durante las épocas frías. f rías. Comienzan a menudo en la base de la cola, de los cuernos, o en el cuello de donde se extienden por todo el cuerpo.
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Otodectes
O. cynoitis
Cuerpo ovoide. Patas que se proyectan hacia el exterior del cuerpo. Se localizan en el conducto auditivo de perros y gatos principalmente. Apodemas se observan observan próximos al segundo segundo par de patas. Los machos no tienen lóbulo bien definido, el borde posterior se encuentra arranurado. arranurado.
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Familia Sarcoptidae Genero spp. Sarcoptes
Especie
S. scabiei
Morfología
Es redondo, de 0,4 mm (400µ) la hembra, el macho es más chico (≤ 300µ). Las patas son cortas y gruesas, y escasamente se proyectan del cuerpo. Los tarsos del 1º, 2º par de patas de las hembras, y en e n los 1º, 2º,
Ciclo biológico
Son todos ácaros aradores La infestación en las especies de mamíferos suele empezar en la cabeza y orejas, se extiende después al cuello y de allí a todo el cuerpo. En aves (knemidocoptes) afecta las patas. Las hembras fertilizadas excavan túneles en la piel (hasta el estrato granuloso) en los que ponen los huevos que eclosionan a los 3-5 días. Las larvas y ninfas se desarrollan en los túneles o bien las larvas de 6 patas
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Familia Cheyletidae Genero spp. Cheyletiella
Especie
Ch. yasg yasguri uri Ch. Ch. parasitivoras Ch. blakei
Morfología Mide 400µ de longitud y muestra un estrechamiento a la mitad. Los palos son muy voluminosos, dando apariencia de otro par de
Ciclo biológico
Parasitan a perros y gatos, ocasionalmente al hombre. Los ácaros viven en el pelo y solo visitan la piel para alimentarse. Su ciclo es similar al de Chorioptes y Psoroptes, y se completa en 2 semanas.
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Phylum Protozoa Subphylum Sarcomastigophora Clase Sarcodina
Familia E ndoamoe ndoamoedi didae dae Genero spp. Entomoeba
Especie E . hysto hystoililitica itica E . coli coli
Morfología
Ciclo biológico
Pueden encontrarse en forma de trofozoíto, que se Ciclo directo mueve por pseudópodos, y en forma quística, En el estadio de trofozoíto se reproduce por fisión binaria. inmóvil, cuando las condiciones no son favorables. TROFOZOITO 10-40µ Cuando se enquista la ameba es redonda, se achica y elimina las vacuolas digestivas. Se desarrolla una membrana gruesa, y el núcleo se divide (el Nº de núcleos del quiste maduro difiere según la especie). El quiste es la forma infectante. Los núcleos y el citoplasma se dividirán en 8
QUISTE 5-20µ
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Clase Mastigophora
Familia Tripa Tripanosomatida idae Genero spp. Trypanosoma
Especie T. cruz ruzi (hombre bre y animales domesticos) esticos)
T. theileri ileri (bovinos)
T. equinu inum (equinos)
Morfología El núcleo es ovoide y central. Tienen forma de hoja, alargada o parcialmente redondeada. El único flagelo que poseen nace de una estructura llamada corpúsculo basal (que se encuentra en el extremo posterior) y recorre todo el largo del parasito hasta el extremo anterior y esta unido a lo largo de su longitud al pelicelo para formar una membrana ondulante. Cerca del corpúsculo basal se encuentra otra formación llamada kinetoplasto que contiene ADN y es parte de la única mitocondria alargada que posee el parasito. Tamaño: T. cruz ruzi 20µ T. theileri ileri 125µ x 50µ T. equinu inum 25 25µ x 4µ
Ciclo biológico Ciclo indirecto Los miembros de este genero pueden ser patógenos ( T. T. cruz ruzi, estercoraria responsable del mal de chagas) o no, son transmitidos casi todos por artrópodos hematófagos en los cuales se produce su multiplicación: SALIVARIAS: cuando la replicación ocurre en el tracto digestivo y la probóscide del artrópodo, de forma que la infección se transmite durante la alimentación a través de su saliva. ESTERCORARIAS: la multiplicación se produce en el intestino y la transmisión se realiza por la materia fecal del artrópodo. La multiplicación se produce por fisión binaria.
(sin kinetoplasto) Leishmania
Atacan al perro y al hombre. L . tropica tropica L . donovani donovani L . brazil brazilien iensis sis PROMASTIGOTA 14 a 20µ x 1,5 a 3,5µ
Ciclo indirecto. Como organismo ovoide en los macrófagos posee un kinetoplasto de forma redonda
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Orden Trichomonadorida
Familia Monocercomonadidae Genero spp. Histomona
Especie
H. meleagridis
Morfología De forma redondeada u oval. Presenta un solo flagelo aunque lo pierden al entrar a la mucosa o en los tejidos tejidos hepáticos. Mide de 6 a 20µ. Ataca al pavo
Ciclo biológico Ciclo indirecto Se multiplican por fisión binaria.
Familia Trich Trichomonadida idae Genero spp. Trichomonas
Especie Morfología Cuerpo piriforme, poseen un núcleo en la parte anterior. T. foe foetus T. gallina llinarum rum Presentan un blefaroblasto formado por numerosos cuerpos basales (kinetosomas). Tiene Tiene varios flagelos, 3 a 5 según la T. gallina llinae especie, que se dirigen hacia la parte anterior. Uno de ellos se extiende hacia atrás para formar la membrana ondulante a lo largo del citoplasma, y luego se continúa como flagelo libre. Desde el blefaroblasto y a lo largo de la base de la membrana ondulante, corre un filamento que se lo llama costa. La presencia de este caracteriza a la familia. El axostilo es una varilla hialina con la función de esqueleto que se extiende a lo largo de la célula y generalmente se proyecta posteriormente.
Ciclo biológico Ciclo directo. Se multiplican por fisión binaria.
T. foe foetus 3 flagelos anteriores y 1 posterior. Ataca a bovinos 10-25µ x 3-15µ
T. gallina llinarum rum T. gallina llinae 4 flagelos anteriores y 1 posterior. En la parte anterior presenta citostoma. Atacan alas gallinas. 7-15µ x 5-13µ
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Orden Diplomonadorida
Familia Hexamitidae Genero spp. Giardia
Especie G. lamblia G. canis
Morfología El trofozoíto es piriforme y de simetría bilateral. Presentan 2 núcleos y 2 juegos de 4 flagelos, 6 de los cuales emergen como libres en intervalos alrededor del cuerpo. La cara dorsal es convexa y la cara ventral presenta un disco adhesivo que le permite fijarse a las células del epitelio intestinal. El quiste presenta 4 núcleos y restos flagelares. TROFOZOITO 10-20µ QUISTE 10-14µ
Ciclo biológico Ciclo directo.
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Subphylum Apicomplexa Clase coccidia
Familia Cryptosporididae Genero spp. Cryptosporidium
Especie
Morfología Ooquistes esféricos de 1,5 a 5µ.
Ciclo biológico Monoxenos
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Toxoplasma
T. gondii
Ooquiste maduro: mide 12µ, es esférico, y tiene 2 esporocistos con 4 esporozoítos. Trofozoítos: 3,5 a 7µ x 2,5 a 4µ. Tienen forma de medialuna
Heteroxenos facultativos Hospedador definitivo (gatos):
La infección se produce por la ingesta de taquizoítos y quistes con bradizoítos en los músculos de los HI (generalmente roedores), aunque la transmisión directa por ooquistes entre gatos también puede ocurrir. La ingestión de bradizoítos maduros es el mecanismo más importante y da lugar a la eliminación de mayor Nº de ooquistes que cuando la infección se adquiere a partir de otros estadios. Después de la infección la pared del quiste es digerida en el estomago del gato y en el epitelio intestinal los bradizoítos liberados liberados inician un ciclo de esquizogonia esquizogonia y gametogonia gametogonia desarrollando y culminando culminando en la producción de ooquistes ooquistes en 3-10 días.
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Orden Piroplasmida
Familia Babesiidae Genero spp. Babesia
Especie B. bovis o argentina
Morfología Su ubicación es intracelular, mas comúnmente comúnmente en los eritrocitos, aunque se lo puede encontrar en otras células. Su tamaño es reducido de 2 a 5µ. Las formas son diversas: anulares, ameboidales, piriformes,
Ciclo biológico Cuando una garrapata succiona sangre con merozoítos en los glóbulos rojos del animal parasitado, tiene lugar en ella un ciclo complejo. En apariencia, en una primera etapa, se produce una conjugación de gametos (gametogonia) y luego una multiplicación por esquizogonia en las células intestinales, la hemolinfa y el ovario de la garrapata. De esta forma las larvas que nazcan serán las portadoras y potenciales transmisoras de
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