IGC-2

WELCOME TO

NEBOSH IG IGC C NEBOSH INTERNATIONAL GENERAL CERTIFICATE TRAINING

IGC IG C-2 TÜV NORD, Trainin Tra inin g & Education Department, P.B. No - 46030, Abu Dhabi, UAE TÜV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

MASTER SLIDES

THE SYLLABUS IGC-2 1.

MOVEME MOV EMENT NT OF PEOPLE PEOPLE AND AND VEHICLES VEHICLES HAZARD HAZARDSS AND CONTRO CONTROLL

2.

MANUAL MANU AL AND MECHAN MECHANICAL ICAL HANDLI HANDLING NG HAZARDS HAZARDS AND CONTR CONTROL OL

3.

WORKING WOR KING EQU EQUIPM IPMENT ENT HAZARD HAZARDSS AND CON CONTRO TROLL

4.

ELECT ELE CTRI RICAL CAL HAZARD HAZARDSS AND CON CONTR TROL OL

NEB OHAZARD SNEB H IGC IG OC SH IGC IG C 5. FI FIRE RE HAZ ARDSS AND AND CON CONTR TROL OL 6.

CHEMIC CHE MICAL AL AND BIOLOGIC BIOLOGICAL AL HEALTH HEALTH HAZARDS HAZARDS AND CONT CONTROL ROL

7.

PHYSIC PHY SICAL AL AND PSYCHOLO PSYCHOLOGIC GICAL AL HEALTH HEALTH HAZARDS HAZARDS AND CONTRO CONTROLL

8.

CONSTR CON STRUCT UCTION ION ACTIV ACTIVITI ITIES ES HAZARDS HAZARDS AND CONTROL CONTROL

TÜV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

1

IGC IG CCONTENT –2 CONTROLL OF INTERNATIONAL WORKPLACE HAZARDS CONTRO UNIT UN IT – 1

MOVEME MOV EMENT NT OF PEO PEOPLEA PLEA ND VEH VEHICLE ICLESS HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL

NEBOSH IG IGC C CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND

HAZARDS AND CONTROL

CONTROL PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL

HAZARD AND CONTROL CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES – HAZARDS AND CONTROL


CONTENT MODULE MO DULE – 1 MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND VEHICLES HAZARDS AND MOVEMENT CONTROL





PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS

NEBOSH IG IGC C


2

IGC IG CCONTENT –2 CONTROLL OF INTERNATIONAL WORKPLACE HAZARDS CONTRO UNIT UN IT – 1

MOVEME MOV EMENT NT OF PEO PEOPLEA PLEA ND VEH VEHICLE ICLESS HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL



HAZARDS AND CONTROL




CONTENT MODULE MO DULE – 1 MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND VEHICLES HAZARDS AND MOVEMENT CONTROL






NEBOSH IG IGC C


2

MOVEMENT MOVEME NT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTRO CONTROLL SAFETY SIGNS The He Health alth and Sa Safety fety (S (Safe afety ty Signs and Signa Signals) ls) Re Regulatio gulations ns 19 1996 96  Signs must comply with design and colours in guidance.  Do not apply to road signs/parking.

v e a eg o r es :  Prohibition  Warning  Mandatory

NEBOSH IG IGC C

 Sa Safe fe Condit Conditions ions  Fire Fight Fighting ing


MOVEMENT MOVEME NT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTRO CONTROLL SAFETY SIGNS Prohibi Pro hibition tion Si Signs,War gns,Warning ning Sig Signs, ns, Ma Manda ndatory tory Sig Signs ns & Sa Safe fe cond conditio itionn Sig Signs ns

The sign

Shape

Color

White

Example

Prohibition

Circular

No smoking sign

Warning

Triangular

Mandatory

Circular

Blue

Hearing protection mandatory

Safe condition

Rectangular

Green

First aid

NEBO IGC YellS owH IG TC oxic Substance


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MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL SAFETY SIGNS Prohibition Signs,Warning Signs, Mandatory Signs & Safe condition Signs

NEBOSH IGC

TÜV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS Factors to consider in theselection of eyeprotection for useat work  Type and nature of the hazard (impact, chemical

splash, UV light, etc).

 Type & standard of protection. 

om ort user accepta

ty.

 Compatibility with other items.  Maintenance requirements.  Costs.

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 Training requirements.


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MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS Advantage and Disadvantage of safety goggles compared with safety spectacles Advantage of safety goggles over safety spectacles is: all around protection. Disadvantage of safety goggle: is the tendency to mist.

NEBOSH IGC


MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS Differencebetween Breathing apparatus and Respirator Respirator is a filter for removal of air contaminants. It is either half or full face respirator and it includes cartridge specific for the type of air contaminant e.g.: dust, vapour, fume, etc. Breathing apparatus is an apparatus supplying the wearer with clean air or oxygen to help breathing when present in hostile atmospheres (of very low oxygen levels or contaminated with high toxicity contaminants). It is either: fresh air hose apparatus, compressed airline apparatus or self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

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MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS Main limitations of a half-mask re-useable respirator  The filter selection.  Limited levels of protection. 

rgonomc cons erat ons com ort, t, etc. .

 Incompatibility with other equipment.  Limitations in oxygen deficient atmosphere.  Hygiene Problems

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MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS Limitations of personal hearing protection as a means of protection against the effects of noise  Poor fit.  Resistance to use. 

ncom orta

ty

 Incompatibility with other equipment  Cost of maintenance & replacement.  Hygiene problems.

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 Need for continuous supervision.  Communication problems


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MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS Factors to be considered in theselection and useof personal head protection at work  Type of risk (falling objects, impact,  The level of protection to 

entanglement, etc.)

be afforded.

omp ance w t stan ar s.

 Ergonomic factors (fit & comfort).  Compatibility with other equipment.  Cost.

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 Inspection to detect defects.  Proper storage. 

.


MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS Main types of personal hearing protection  Earplugs: are small pieces of

acoustic absorbing material.

 Ear defenders (ear muff): are designed to cover the ears externally with large cups held in position by a

an .

head

e cups conta n po yuret ane oam or qu .

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MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS Factors to be considered in thecorrect selection of respiratory protection for useat work  The nature of the contaminants (dust, vapours,  Contaminants concentration & 

ompat

fumes, etc)

toxicity.

ty w t ot er equ pment.

 Ergonomic issues.  Maintenance requirements.  Storage requirements

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 Conformance with standards.  Cost.


MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS Different types of hazard that may necessitate the use of special footwear  Falling objects: requiring use of steel-toe-caps.  Sharp objects: steel-in-soles. 

amma e atmosp ere: ant stat c ootwear.

 Molten metal: heat resistant boots and gaiters.  Electricity: rubber soles.  Wet environments: impermeable Wellington boots.

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 Slippery surface: non-slip soles.  Spread of contamination: washable boots. 

.


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MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS Different types of hazard that may necessitate the use of special footwear  Hot work: use leather glove.  Abrasion 

protection: use leather or PVC glove.

an gr p: use c ot g ove.

 Cut protection: use chain mail glove.  Paint spray: use rubber glove.  Electrical work: use natural rubber-latex glove.

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 Biological agents: use surgical glove (made of

latex)


MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS Practical limitations of using gloves as a means of protection.  Impairment of dexterity: on wearing gloves, dexterity is

impaired which means:

- Things might be dropped. - e cate a ustments cannot e accomp s e .  Entanglement

in machinery: on using glove on dealing with machinery as a drill, it will constitute an

entanglement hazard.  Torn or puncture: if the glove is torn or punctured it will expose the skin

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 If the glove material is not properly selected for the hazard it will

to the hazard.

not offer protection (as for example chemical

can penetrate the glove). .

  Infection of hand: if good hygienic practices

are not followed & the glove becomes internally contaminated.


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MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS General is sues relati ng to th e selec ti on an d u se of PPE th at wi ll h elp to ensu re i ts effectiveness in controlling hazards.  Appropriate

for the hazard: as for example respirator with gas cartridge for gases.

 Complying with standard with CE quality mark.  Adjustable

(if possible) to be fitted to the use so it will be comfortable and will be accepted by the user.

 Compatible with other items (if more than one PPE are used).

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 Not impairing mobility, vision, hearing, etc. of the wearer.  Not

affecting the ability to do the task (for example wearing gloves affect the wearer's ability to do fine

adjustments by hand.) o crea ng o er r s s as g oves or examp e may crea e en ang emen r s on wor ng mac nes as r s .  Of reasonable cost "regarding replacement, maintenance & training on its use."


MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS Factors that should be considered for PPE use;  Provision of the required information, instruction & training to

employees.

 Cleaning, inspection and maintenance requirement.  Storage requirements.  Procedure for replacement of damaged equipment.  System for reporting defects or loss.

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 Supervision and monitoring of use.


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IGCCONTENT –2 CONTROL OF INTERNATIONAL WORKPLACE HAZARDS UNIT – 2

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLEAND VEHICLES HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL

NEBOSH IGC CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH


HAZARDS AND CONTROL




CONTENT MODULE – 2 MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL





INCORRECT MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING



GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING



MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY



CASE STUDIES

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MANUAL A ND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL

Types of injury that could be caused by in correct manual handling of lo ads  Spinal disc compression  Torn 

on

ligaments s oca on

 Muscle strains  Hernias  Crushing injury

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 Fractures, cuts, burns



Strains: are injuries to muscles or the tendons that attach the muscles to your bones. By pulling too far on a muscle, or by pulling a muscle in one direction while it contracting in the other direction can cause injuries . of the muscle fibers.

NEBOSH IGC

Commonly Injured area of the Muscle Medical Head of the Gastrocnemius Muscle


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Sprain : is an injury to a ligament. A ligament is a thick, tough, fibrous tissue that connects bones together. Commonly injured ligaments are in the ankle, knee and wrist.

NEBOSH IGC


MANUAL A ND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL GUIDELINES FOR LIFTING AND LOWERING

FULL HEIGHT

REDUCE FOR INCREASE IN FREQUENCY

SHOULDER HEIGHT ELBOW NEB OSHEIGHT H IGC

45 TWIST REDUCE BY 10% °

90º TWIST REDUCE BY 20% KNUCKLE HEIGHT

MID LOWER LEG

TO START PUSHING / PULLING 25kg CONTINUOUS MOTION

10kg


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MANUAL A ND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL GOOD HANDLING TECHNIQUE GOOD BASE

Foot

position: feet to be shoulder width apart with

one eg orwar .

PROGRESSIVE RELAXATION

Be close to the load.  Allow

HEAD LOCK

the heavier part of the load next to you.

Lift with legs. "bend knees & keep back straight".

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Straight back.

UPRIGHT BA CK

Firm grip using full hand. Elbows in..

LOAD CLOSE TO BODY

Chin

in and "raise head while lifting, this will

ensure straight back."

USE THE LEG MUSCLES



Manual handling Manual handling: is moving or supporting a load by hand or body force. or It is the movement or support of a load by physical effort including: lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling or moving.

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Practical measures designed to reduce the risk of injury fro m manual handling activities at work:  Mechanization of manual handling activities (as use of  Team

forklifts, conveyor belt, etc.).

handling.

 The adoption of kinetic handling techniques.  Smaller, lighter and more stable loads.  Redesign task to reduce the need

for: stooping, twisting or overreaching.

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 Improving environmental conditions.

 Selection and training of personnel to carry out

manual handling activities.



Factors associated with working environment that may affect manual handling risks  Space constraints.  Floor conditions (slippery, uneven or varying in height).  Extremes of temperature.  Humidity.  Air

movements & ventilation.

 Lighting.

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 The physical layout: it may lead to excessive

carrying, lifting or lowering distance.


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MANUAL A ND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL Factors to be considered when making an assessment of manual handling operations. Load:

weight, size, stability, height, contents, outer surface, lack of rigidity (smoothness), the ease with

which it can be grasped, etc. Task:

distance of the load from the trunk, body movements & postures required (as stooping, twisting,

overreaching), excessive pushing or pulling, excessive handling distances, etc. Environment: ventilation, lighting, space, floor conditions, (slipping or tripping, uneven etc.), Individual: physical capabilities, health (fitness,

pregnancy, etc.) NEBOS H IGC


MANUAL A ND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL Task factors that may affect manual handling risks.  Position of load in relation to body: (handling loads close to the body are less hazardous).  Is the task requiring excessive pushing or pulling of loads.  s

e as requr ng oa s o e

 Is the task

e rom or o e re urne o e groun eve .

necessitates stooping while handling (restricted headroom as in confined space).

 Is the task necessitates overreaching (as in lifting loads & putting it in a store above head level).  Is the task involves twisting of the body.

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 Is the task imposing excessive handling distances.  Is the task 

imposing repetitive handling. .

 Is the task involving sudden movement of loads.  Is the task requiring pushing or pulling above or below waist level.


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MANUAL A ND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL A store man is required to placeboxes of metal components by hand onto shelves racking. L is t FOUR ty pes o f in ju ry to w hi ch t he s tore man may be at ri sk w hi le carry ing o ut th is operation. Outline the factors in relation to thetask that may affect therisk of injury. Examples of injuries are: Cuts, abrasion. Crushing injuries. Strained ligaments and tendons. Dislocations of joints. Hernias Bone fractures.

NEBOSH IGC

Task factors that may affect therisk of injury: . Excessive carrying, lifting or lowering distances. Excessive pushing or pulling. Pushing or pulling loads above or below waist level. The need to lift from and to return loads to the ground level. Task requiring stooping, twisting or overreaching. Task requiring repetitive handling with no sufficient rest periods.


MANUAL A ND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY A Case Study A manufacturing company used this “modified” fork lift truck to lift a worker. Because of the modification the trucks lifting mechanism failed causing him to fall two metres. he broke his back in the fall. ,

.

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MANUAL A ND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY TYPESOF FORK LIFT TRUCKS  LPG "gas“  Diesel  Electric

NEBOSH IGC


MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Types of hazards associated with the operation of forkli ft trucks . 1. Overturning: due to overloading, unsuitable ground, sudden brake, etc. 2. Collision . ontact w t

4. Manual handling

-

ot sur ace.

-

battery acid

-

batteries

-

LPG cylinder

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5. Explosive atmosphere from leaking cylinders. 6. Exhaust fume emissions. .

.

8. Electrical short circuit.


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MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Hazards and the corresponding precautions to be taken when changing batteries for fork li ft trucks. The Hazards accompanying changing batteries for fork lift truck:  Fire/ Explosion hazard.  Chemical corrosivity: due to battery chemicals.  Electrical hazards-short circuit.  Manual handling hazards: due to lifting of

batteries.

The precautions to be taken when changing batteries for a fork lift truck. Exclusion of ignition sources.

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Proper ventilation. The use of suitable PPE. Emergency washing facilities. Team handling of batteries or use

of mechanical aids.

Electrical safety precautions as: Insulating covers, non-conducting tools & proper connections.


MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Main hazards associated with electrically operated forklift truc ks. Electrical hazards: Explosion due to contact of live cables with the metal of the truck frame and the shorting of battery terminals by . Battery spark leading to ignition of hydrogen "Generated during charging" leading to dangerous explosion.

Non- Electrical hazards: Overloading

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Overturning Collision Loss of Load. Overhead obstruction. Truck failures.


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MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Ways in which a forklift truc k may become unstable whilst in operation.  Insecure, excessive or uneven loading.  Incorrect tilt and/ or elevation of forks when traveling. 

.

 Incorrect procedures to deal with slopes.  Cornering at excessive speeds.  Sudden braking.  Poor condition of tires.

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 Mechanical failure.


MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Items included in the checklist for the routine inspection of a forklift t ruck at the beginning of a work shift.  General condition of brakes & steering.  Warning devices (horns and flashing

beacons).

 Condition of tires.  Lifting mechanism (mast, chains, & fork).

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 Correct adjustments of seat & mirrors.  Oil leak.


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MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY EIGHT rules to follow when a forklift tru ck is left unattended in the workplace.  To

be left on a firm level ground in a designated area with the mast tilted slightly forward and the forks resting

on the floor. 

e truc s to e sw tc e o .

 The key to be removed and to be given to

a responsible person (to prevent unauthorized use of the truck).

 The truck should not be left until the brake has been applied.  To be parked away from other vehicles.

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 To be parked away from adverse environmental conditions as rains.  To be parked in a positions that does

not obstruct emergency exits/ vehicles, walkways, etc.



.

 If the truck is to be

left unattended for a long period, it may be useful to:

-Isolate electricity if the truck if it is electrically operated. -Remove the battery (if it is battery operated). -Remove LPG cylinder (if it is gas operated).


MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY EIGHT rules to follow when a forklift tru ck is left unattended in the workplace.

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MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY CASE STUDY This mobile elevating mobile work platform toppled over and killed one subcontractor, and injured another during demolition work. a manhole cover collapsed as the MEWP was moving. Although the men were wear ng arnesses

ey were s

rown on o a concre e oor.

e company was ne

,

un er

section 3 of HASWA.

NEBOSH IGC


MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY CASE STUDY Ou tl in e t he p rec au ti on s t o b e t ak en t o p rev en t ac ci den t t o em pl oy ees w or ki ng at g ro un d l ev el i n a workshop where heavy loads are lifted and transported by means of an overhead gantry crane.

NEBOSH IGC


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MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Rules to follow when a forklift truck is left u nattended in the workplace. 1, Key personnel (operator, slinger & signaler) are to be competent & properly trained. 2, Maintenance and statutory requirements of the crane and lifting tackle. 3, Audible & visual warning (that a dangerous lifting operation is taking place). 4, Ensuring security of the load. 5, Ensure load not exceeding SWL (safe working load). 6, Ensure load is lifted to the correctNEB height &OS is moved an appropriate speed. HatIGC 7, Ensuring that all those working in the area have been properly trained & adequately supervised. 8, Stand-by emergency services.


MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes.

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MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes.  The crane must be

suitable (test certificate, reach, lifting capacity, etc.)

 The crane is to be used on stable and level

base. "

  Avoid

“

obstructions/overhead lines.

 The height limit structure should be  Suitable lifting tackle.  Correct slinging techniques.

erected, decked with warning flags.

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 Ensuring competence of personnel

(driver, slinger, and signaler).

 Ensuring good visibility & communication.


MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Procedure for the safe lifting of a load by the use of a crane, having ensured that the crane has been correctly selected and positio ned for the job. The suitability of lifting tackle: Of a ood construction , sound material , ade uate stren th and ree rom defects. . Safe Work Load (SWL) to be displayed and not exceeded To be examined by a competent person every 6 months.

*The competence of the persons involved: Driver, Slinger, Signaler.

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*The load: To ensurethat: The load is secure. The load is lifted vertically. The load is balanced and controlled during the lift by the attachment of tag lines where necessary. *Proper Communication: between driver and banks men. *Rate of performing the operation: To perform each part of the operation as lifting, swinging, moving & lowering at a rate that maintains proper control. *Keeping the area clear of other persons. TÜV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

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MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Procedure that should betaken when slings are used to lift loads. The suitability of lifting tackle: Of good condition, sound material, adequate strength and free from defects. . To be examined by a competent person every 6 months.

Load handling & control: Slings to be attached to the lifting appliance correctly.

NEBOSH IGC

Use the slinging method that ensure security of the load (if using multiple slings "2 or 3 legged etc." the load should be evenly distributed so that no leg is overloaded.) The load is to be lifted vertically and to be balanced and controlled during lift. *Proper communication: between driver and banks men using correct signals and the use of radio. Never allow any person other than banks men to give signals. *Keep the area clear of other persons.


MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Main conditions required for the safe storage of ropes. Store need to be dry, well ventilated and free from corrosive atmosphere. Natural manmade fiber ropes should be stored away from direct sunlight. All stores should have: An area for simple maintenance, A security system. Recognized office areasNEBOSH

IGC


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MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Main precautions to be taken to ensurethe safe transport of hazardous substances by road.  Planning the route of transport.  Suitable

containers for hazardous substances (containers made of material not reacting with chemical,

secure y c ose , e c.  Segregation of incompatible materials.  Emergency information (HAZCHEM signs and TREM cards).  Emergency provisions (for first aid facilities

and fire extinguishers).

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 Appropriate

driver training (including fire fighting).


MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of accidents when pedestrians are required to work in vehiclemaneuvering areas.  Keep people and vehicle apart: by 

providing, where possible, specific routes for pedestrian.

.

 Suitable barriers at road entrances.  Separate access for pedestrians.  Road signs and barriers.

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 Speed limits for vehicles (in the form of speed humps, signs, etc)  Reflective clothes for pedestrians.  Adequate

lights for the area and the use of warning flash lights.


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MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Pr od uc e a c hec kl is t t hat c ou ld b e u sed i n t he d es ig n o f s af e s ys tem o f w or k d eal in g w it h pedestrian and operated vehicles.  Vehicles maintenance and certification.

a ways or pe es r ans.  Adequate

lighting.

 Warning signs.  Speed limit.

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 Required reflective clothes.  Separate access and crossing points for

pedestrians.

 Road barriers  Road signs.  Flash light.


MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Types of Jacks Screw jack

Hydraulic jack

NEBOSH IGC

Ratchet jack


27

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY General precautions to be observed when jacks are used.  Test

and certificate

 SWL marking   Load balance  Packing must be placed under the load.  One person to control the load when two jacks are used.

NEBOSH IGC

 Jack head & toe to be free from

grease.


MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Factors to consider when assessing the risks to a long distance delivery driver.  Route demands: complexity, road conditions, etc.  Duration of the 

journey.

ecur y ssues: e.g.: po en a or v o ence

 Means of communication available to the driver to be used in cases of emergencies.  Driver capabilities (physical & psychological) to cope with the demands of the job.  Level of training provided to the

driver.

NEBOSH IGC

 Vehicle maintenance.  Design and layout of the vehicle cab. 

,

,

.

 Means of handling materials available.  Emergency procedures in place.


28

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Means by which the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles within a workplace can be reduced.  Elimination of the risk (redesign task to eliminate the need for vehicles to reverse).

e ava a

y o an s men o ea

e ve c e.

 Good communication between vehicle driver and banks

men.

 Marking of the route of vehicles.  Proper lighting of the area.

NEBOSH IGC

 Speed limits within the workplace.  Worker to provide with visibility cloths to be useful especially at night.  Pro

er selection and rainin of vehicles "Rear view concave mirror".

 Availability  Audible

of mirrors in the work place especially on the turns and corners,

and visual alarms (flashing beacons).

 Proper supervision of driver acts.  Disciplinary action to be taken for any violations of unsafe acts by the drivers.  Control measures so that to

prevent the use of vehicles by unauthorized persons.


MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Hazards and the corresponding precautions in the use of conveyor systems for materials.

NEBOSH IGC


29

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY Hazards and the corresponding precautions in the use of conveyor systems for materials. Hazards

Precaution -Nip guards

Drawing in (nips)

-Fixed guards

Impact from falling objects

- Edge guards

Entanglement

-Ban on using jewellery, ties, loose cloths, etc

-- Covering with helmet, cap, scarves, hair net, etc. NEBOS H hair IGC -Guarding (fixed guards). -Emergency stop buttons.

Cuts, abrasions & crushing

-Trip devices. -Jump-out rollers (to push the victim out of danger)


IGCCONTENT –2 CONTROL OF INTERNATIONAL WORKPLACE HAZARDS UNIT – 3

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLEAND VEHICLES HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL



HAZARDS AND CONTROL




30

CONTENT MODULE – 3 WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL



MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICALHAZARDS



MACHINE GUARDING



ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MACHINE GUARDS



HIERARCHY OF CONTROL



TRIP DEVICES






MACHINE MAINTENANCE



CASE STUDIES

NEBOSH IGC


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY Mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery Non-mechanical hazards to the machinery operator Mechanical Hazards Associated with moving parts of Machinery.   Crushing  Entanglement  Shearing  Cutting

NEBOSH IGC

 Friction & Abrasion  Stabbing & Puncture  Drawing in  Ejection


31

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY Mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery Non-mechanical hazards to the machinery operator Mechanical Hazards Associated with moving parts of Machinery.

mpac  Crushing  Entanglement  Shearing

NEBOSH IGC

 Cutting  Friction & Abrasion  Stabbin

& Puncture

 Drawing in  Ejection


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY Mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery Non-mechanical hazards to the machinery operator Mechanical Hazards Associated with moving parts of Machinery. mpac  Crushing  Entanglement  Shearing

NEBOSH IGC


& Puncture



32


NEBOSH IGC


& Puncture




NEBOSH IGC


& Puncture



33


NEBOSH IGC


& Puncture




NEBOSH IGC

 Cutting  Friction

& Abrasion

 Stabbin

& Puncture



34


NEBOSH IGC


& Puncture




NEBOSH IGC


& Puncture

 Drawing

in

 Ejection


35


NEBOSH IGC


& Puncture



WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY Mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery Non-mechanical hazards to the machinery operator Non – Mechanical hazards include:  Noise  Vibration  Electricity  Hazardous substances as Gases

NEBOSH IGC

 Radiation  Heat Hazards   Hazards related to the operator


36

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY Details about Mechanical Hazards of Equipment Entrapment where parts of the body (as hands or fingers) are caught or trapped in parts of moving machines. It is either Nips When Trapping occurs between 2 moving parts) or Shear (where Trapping occurs between one moving against fixed part). Entanglement: where hair, clothes, jewellery, etc. are caught in parts of a revolving machine. Impact: where the body is impacted by moving parts or processed items.

NEB OSH Ejection: where the parts of the machine or materials beingIGC used fly out and hit the body. Contact: where the body touches: Sharp cutting edges, Abrasive surface, Hot items, Live electrical items, etc.


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY Provide Sketches to show clearly the natureof the following. Mechanical Hazards from the moving parts of Machinery; Entanglement, Crushing, Drawing in & Shear. Note: see photos Unit 9 - Page 2

NEBOSH IGC


37

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY Provide Sketches to show clearly the natureof the following. Mechanical Hazards from the moving parts of Machinery; Entanglement, Crushing, Drawing in & Shear. o e: see p o os n

- age

NEBOSH IGC


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY Mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drills and outline in each how injury may occur. Entanglement: where hair, clothes, gloves, etc become caught in the bit or chuck. Ejection: of a work piece or broken bit. Stabbing or puncture: from the end of the drill bit. Impact: from an unsecured (revolving) work piece.

NEBOSH IGC


38

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY Hazards associated with the useof photocopy machine. Sharp edges: during cleaning or clearing jams. Electricity hazards: due to faulty wiring. ot sur aces: ur ng copy ng. Exposure to chemicals (as cleaning solvents & dust during machine cleaning). Manual handling hazards :due to lifting paper & items to be copied Ozone exposure.

NEBOSH IGC

Ergonomic hazard; due to improper design of the workstation Ultraviolet light hazard.


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY Precautions that should be taken to ensurethe safe use of photocopying machine . Precautions to ensure safe use of Photocopying Machine are proper workstation design (space, lighting, layout, etc.), interlocked guards, adequate ventilation, warning signs (e.g.; relating to hot surfaces), Machine ma n enance, pro ec ve c o es e.g.; g oves w en rep ac ng oner appropr a e ra n ng regar ng sa e use, an electrical safety precautions with replacement of faulty wiring.

NEBOSH IGC


39

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY Possiblerisk to health and safety faced by theoperator of a pneumatic drill on highway. Noise hazards: the likelihood & consequences of noise exposure-Noise induced hearing loss. Vibration hazards: likelihood & consequences of vibration – white finger. e prox m ty o ve c es: w t

e r s o co s on.

Manual handling of equipment: with the risk of occurrence of back problems, etc. Dust: causing irritation of eye, respiratory tract, etc. Projectiles: with the risk of occurrence of eye injury.

NEBOSH IGC

Heat hazard: with the risk of occurrence of heat stroke. Bites by animals: is rare but may occur. ,

,

.


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY Basicsafety rules that could be given to a worker using hand tools: To wear the suitable Personal Protective Equipments (goggles, gloves, etc) To re ort an defects in he ool To be sure that work surface is clean (before using the tool) To use the tool by designed safe way

NEBOSH IGC

To clean the tool after use and to keep it in its designed location


40

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MACHINE GUARDS In relation to machine safety,outlinethe principleof the following types of machines guards: a fixed guard an interlocked guard

NEBOSH IGC



NEBOSH IGC


41


NEBOSH IGC


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MACHINE GUARDS In relation to machine safety,outlinethe principleof the following types of machines guards: a fixed guard an interlocked guard A fixed Guard: Is a physical barrier that prevent access to danger area.. Is not connected to machine controls. NEBOSH

IGC

With no moving parts. . .

.


42

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MACHINE GUARDS In relation to machine safety,outlinethe principleof the following types of machines guards: a fixed guard an interlocked guard An interlocked Guard is linked with machine controls such that the guard cannot be opened if the machine is in a dangerous condition or opening the guard cause the machine to become safe.

NEBOSH IGC


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MACHINE GUARDS Advantages and Disadvantages of a fixed machine guard. Advantage of a fixed guard: The simplicity (easy to inspect and maintain). Is more reliable (as it contains no moving parts).

NEBOSH IGC


43

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MACHINE GUARDS A situation where a fixed guard would beused. If the guard is removed, no protection is afforded. The guard is fixed and requires a special tool to remove meaning that the access, when required, will be difficult. As a physical barrier (especially if it is solid rather than meshed) may hamper inspection of the machine or the work being performed.

NEBOSH IGC


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MACHINE GUARDS A situation where a fixed guard would beused.

NEBOSH IGC


44

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MACHINE GUARDS Circumstancein which theuseof a fix guard is impractical.  Where there is a need for frequent access to danger area.  Where there is a

need for frequent maintenance operations (thus require frequent removal of the guard.)

 Where there is a need for clear vision of work piece.

NEBOSH IGC


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MACHINE GUARDS Advantages and Disadvantages of a interlocked machine guard. Advantages of an interlocked machine guards: It allows safe access (as for maintenance). Is convenient to use. It prevents access only when danger is present. Disadvantages of an interlocked guard: Complexity.

NEBOSH IGC

Difficult to test and maintain.


45

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MACHINE GUARDS Main features of an interlocked guard. Note: see photo (unit 9 page 4)

NEBOSH IGC


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL HIERARCHY OF CONTROL - MACHINES Hierarchy of Control measures that may be used to reduce the risk of injury from dangerous parts of machinery. Redesign task to eliminate the hazard (by avoiding the need for hazardous machines). . Engineering controls (Guards): If access to danger area is not required: -Fixed guard. -Distance guard.

NEBOSH IGC

If access to danger area is required: -Interlocked or Control guard. -Automatic uard.. -Trip Device -Adjustable guard. -Two-handed control guard. Provision of information, instruction and training. Use of suitable PPE. TÜV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

46

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL HIERARCHY OF CONTROL - MACHINES Precautions that should be taken for the routine maintenanceof machinery.  Segregation of the area (by barriers, warning signs, etc.)

to prevent unauthorized access.

 Ensure isolation of power sources. 

erm o wor nc u ng ss pa on o s ore energy as pressure re ease, coo ng o

o sur aces, e c. e ore

work commences.  Safe means of access

using ladders, scaffolding, etc.

 Installation of additional lighting and ventilation where needed.

NEBOSH IGC

 Ensuring competence of the staff and proper supervision for

the process.

 Provision of correct tools. 

,

,

,

,

..

 Stand-by personnel and first aid and emergency facilities.


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL TRIP DEVICES The principleof operation of Trip Devices:  Is a guard which

stops or reverse the machine before the operator reaches the hazard area.

 It relies upon sensitive trip mechanisms.  Its maintenance is  Example

top priority.

is the photoelectric guard used for hydraulic presses. It operates by creating a light - curtain across

the hazard area. If any of the beams is broken, the unit will stop.  Another

example is Trip mats which are positioned around a machine. It contains switches which stop the

NEBOSH IGC

machine when they are Trodden on.


47

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL CASE STUDIES A local authority employeeuses a Petrol driven trimmer to maintain roadside grass.  Outline the hazards of this operation.  Identify five typesof PPE required to beused.  Outline the control measures required to avoid the risk of this operation. Hazards are:  Equipment Hazards: as cutting, ejection, noise, vibration, etc.  Chemical hazards: due to exhaust fumes. Carbon monoxide hazards is a example.  Flying stones and sticks:

leading to eye injury, body bruises, etc. NEB OS Hcuts,IGC

 Feet and/or legs injury: due to

ground stones, projections, grass, etc.

 Biological hazards: due to contaminated ground. 

ea azar s: ue o wor ng un er e sun.

 Tripping hazards: piles of trimmed grass, etc.  Fire & explosions hazard: due to smoking for example in the area.  Collision by vehicles.  Bites by animals, snakes, etc.


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL CASE STUDIES A local authority employeeuses a Petrol driven trimmer to maintain roadside grass.  Outline the hazards of this operation.  Identify five typesof PPE required to beused.  Outline the control measures required to avoid the risk of this operation. The PPEs required:  Eye goggles: to protect eyes from flying stones/sticks.  Face shield: to protect face.

NEBOSH IGC

 Safety shoes & gaiters: to protect feet & legs.  Helmet: to protect from Sun & also from any

flying objects.

 Ear plugs and/or ear muffs: to protect from noise.  Suitable overall: to protect the body (visibility

belt or clothes are required if working at night).

 Respirators: to protect from fumes.


48

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL CASE STUDIES A local authority employeeuses a Petrol driven trimmer to maintain roadside grass.  Outline the hazards

of this operation.

 Identify

five typesof PPE required to beused.

 Ou tl in e

h e c on tr ol m eas ur es r e u ir ed o av oi d h e r is k o f h is o er at io n.

The control measures required: Safety checks for the area before starting work. To ensure:  No wet conditions that may cause slip hazard. NEBOSH IGC  No animals, snakes, etc.  The height and area of grass.  The width of the road and the expected impact of the operation on fluency of traffic.  Barriers around the area and warning signs.  Proper selection and training of workers for the job.  Proper selection and maintenance of equipment.  Electrical safety precautions as: use of circuit breakers, use of water proof cables, etc.  Workers to use the required PPE.  Immediate removal of trimmed parts.  Availability of first aid & emergency measures. TÜV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL CASE STUDIES A cleaneris required to polish floors using a rotary floor polisher.  Identify the hazards that

might be associates with this operation.

 Outlinesuitable measures

that might be used to minimize the risk.

The hazards include:  Entanglement.  Noise and vibration.  Electric shock.

NEBOSH IGC

 Chemical hazards due to chemicals used for cleaning.  Slips, trips, and falls.  Manual handling hazards: as back injuries.


49

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL CASE STUDIES A cleaneris required to polish floors using a rotary floor polisher.  Identify the hazards that

might be associates with this operation.

 Outlinesuitable measures

that might be used to minimize the risk.

The suitable control measures:  Signs referring to the hazard  Adequate

guarding of rotating parts of equipment

NEBOSH IGC

 Electrical safety precautions including  The use of residual current device.

 Check condition of cable & plug before use. 

sconnec rom power source w en c ang ng rus es or carry ng ou any a us men s.

 Avoid

contact with water.

 The cable should be properly recessed s o that not forming tripping hazard.  The cable should not be

stretched or over-extended.

 Keep lids and caps on chemicals.


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL CASE STUDIES Risk to workers using solvents on cleaning of equipment. The risks include:

Health risk: including: .



 Contact of solvents with the eye causing eye inflammation.  Inhalation of solvent fumes leading to:  Dizziness

NEBOSH IGC

 Effects on the Central nervous system.  Asthma.

Safety risk: including:  Risk of occurrence of fire.  Risk of occurrence of explosion.  Risk of occurrence of mechanical hazards as cuts, bruises & other types of i njuries.


50

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MAINTENANCE Examples of plant & equipment that require to be maintained by law.  Machine guards.  Lifting appliances and tackle.  Lifting equipment.  Steam boilers & pressure systems.

NEBOSH IGC

 Breathing apparatus.  Fire extinguishers. 

.

 Scaffolding.


WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MAINTENANCE Requirements for a safe system of maintenance.  Design: choice & installation of

appropriate plant, equipment, etc.

 Management: maintenance must be managed by experienced personnel and proper supervision.  n ormat on:

ma ntenance sect on must ave access o some n o

ata ase cover ng as s as: p ant an

process hazards, safe procedures, etc.  Training: is required for all maintenance workers.  Planning: plans for safe maintenance should be available.

NEBOSH IGC

 Equipment must be put into

operation and to be observed to make sure it is working properly.

 Monitoring: the working environment is required to be 

monitored to protect staff during maintenance. .


51

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL MAINTENANCE What sort of precautions maintenance workers should take when dealing with a damaged asbestos product.  Avoid

breathing in the dust (wearing respirator with dust cartridge is helpful).



Regulations.  Well-sealed, undamaged asbestos is often best left alone.  Make sure all asbestos

is clearly identified, sealed and protected against further damage.

NEBOSH IGC


IGCCONTENT –2 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL UNIT – 4




HAZARDS AND CONTROL

CONTROL PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL



52

CONTENT MODULE – 4 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL



CURRENT POTENTIALDIFFERENCE RESISTANCE OHM’S LAW



FUSE AND CIRCUIT BREAKER



RESIDENTIAL CURRENT DEVICES



EARTHING & REDUCED VOLTAGE



UNDERGROUND CABLES



ISOLATION & OVER CURRENT PROTECTION



CASE STUDIES

NEBOSH IGC


ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL DEFINITIONS – I, V & R Current (I): is define as the flow of electron and is measure in ampere. Potential (difference) (v): this represents the ”pushing power” required to move a current and is measured in volts. .

Oh m’s Law V= I x R

NEBOSH IGC


53

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL RISK OF INJURY Risk of Injury:  Electric Shock   Fires  Electric Arcing  Fires / Explosion

NEBOSH IGC

 Others


ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL RISK OF INJURY CURRENT

EFFECT

1 mA

PERCEPTION

5 mA

PAINFUL

15 mA

MUSCULAR CONTRACTION

50 mA

SEVERE MUSCULAR CONTRACTION RESPIRATORY FAILURE

80 mA

FIBRILLATION

100 mA

NEB OS H IGC CARDIAC ARREST


54

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL RISK OF INJURY – Safety Precaution Electricity Safety Precaution  Selection of equipment  Insulation

NEBOSH IGC


ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL FUSE & CIRCUIT BREAKER Fuseand Circuit Breakers

NEBOSH IGC


55

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES Residual current devices Typical an RCD will operate if a difference of 40 mA is detected for 30msec.  Low Voltage

APPLIANCE

 Earthing and double insulation  Safe systems of work  Maintenance and testing

NEUTRAL

LIVE

NEBOSH IGC

 Training and competence

C

SPRING PLUG

SOLENOID


ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK Steps to a Safe System of Work (Underground Cable) Plans Consult rior o work commencement

Cable locating devices Operated by trained competent persons

NEBOSH IGC

Follow manufacturers operating instructions

Safe digging practices Alongside potential line with hand tools no sharp picks etc.


56

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL FUNCTION OF A FUSE Functions and limitations of a fuseas an electrical protection device. The function of a fuse: The fuse is a weak link in the live supply that melts when heated by excess current flowing under fault conditions, thus protecting the equipment and it’s wiring.

The limitations of a fuse: - Its action is too slow to prevent electric shock. - It can be easily replaced inappropriately withOS a fuseH of higher rating. NEB IGC


ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL ADVANTAGES OF RCD Advantages of residual current device(RCD) over a fuse. Advantages of residual current device (RCD) over a fuse:  Rapid and sensitive electrical response.  Ease and safety of testing.  It is not easily defeated.

NEBOSH IGC


57

ELECTRICAL ELECTRIC AL HAZARDS AND CONTR CONTROL OL EARTHING & REDUCED VOLTAGE Princip Pr inciple less of ope opera ration tion of Ea Earthi rthing ng & Re Reduce ducedd Volta oltage ge type typess of ele electri ctrical cal prot protect ection. ion. Earthing  It

is a means of connecting electrical equipment and conductive items to earth by a cable or pipe work such

a

e ro rouu e o ea earr pr prov ov es e pa o ea eass res s an ance ce o a cu curr rren en ow ng un er au au co conn

ons. on s.

Reduced Voltage  Use

of the lowest practicable voltage should be practiced in every circuit (the use of 110 V) transformer is

recommended.

NEBOSH IG IGC C


ELECTRICAL ELECTRIC AL HAZARDS AND CONTR CONTROL OL ELECTRIC SHOCK & EMERGENCY RESPONSE Thee ef Th effe fects cts on thehuma thehumann bod bodyy of a se seve vereele reelectr ctric ic sho shock: ck: Primary effects: due to electric shock on the human body physiology leading to:  Painful shock.  Muscle

cram s & convulsions..

 Electric burns in skin & internal organs.  Cardiac & respiratory arrest.

Secondary effects: due to fall from aNEB height including for example: OSH IGC IG C  Fracture, bleeding, etc.  The emergency action to be taken if a person suffers a severe electric shock:  Isolation of the electric supply "if possible“  Removal of the casualty from

electric contact (using isolating material).

 Summoning help.  Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR).  Treatment of burns and other injuries.  Remaining with the casualty until m edical help arrives.


58

ELECTRICAL ELECTRIC AL HAZARDS AND CONTR CONTROL OL PORTABLE PORT ABLE ELECTRIC ELECTRICAL AL APPLIANCES Prac Pr actica ticall me measu asure ress to re reducethe ducethe risk of el elect ectric ric shoc shockk whe whenn usin usingg port portab able le el elec ectrica tricall ap applia pliance ncess  Proper selection of the equipment "to be

suitable for the purpose“.

 Inspection and testing of the equipment.  The use of

reduced voltage or battery-powered equipment.

 Double insulation.

NEBOSH IG IGC C

 Earthing.

 Use of protective devices (as RCDs &

fuses).

 Sound connections.  Proper storage of equipment.  Training to be given for equipment operators.


ELECTRICAL ELECTRIC AL HAZARDS AND CONTR CONTROL OL SAFETY OF PORTABLE PORTABLE ELECTRIC ELECTRICAL AL A PPLIANCES Portable Porta ble Ele Electrica ctricall Applian Appliance ce Inspe Inspection ction Che Checklist cklist Conte Content nt  Equipment is appropriate for the task.  Equipment is appropriate for the environment. 

.

 Equipment, cables, connectors, switch and plugs are free

from damage.

 Correct wiring.  Sound connections.

NEBOSH IG IGC C

 Protective devices (as fuses) are in place and are of correct rating.  Accessible

and appropriate appropriate means of isolation. isolation.


59

ELECTRICAL ELECTRIC AL HAZARDS AND CONTR CONTROL OL UNDERGROUND CABLES Preca Pr ecaution utionss to prot protect ect ag agai ainst nst el elec ectric trical al cont contac actt whe when: n: -Excava -E xcavating ting nea nearr under underground ground cable cables. s. -Worki -W orking ng in the vicin vicinity ity of ove overhe rhead ad powe powerr line lines. s.  Isolation of the

electrical supply.

 The identification of cable routes from  Marking of cable routes on sites.

plans and by the use of cable detector.

NEBOSH IG IGC C

 Digging with hand tools rather than by

mechanical excavator.

Workin Wo rkingg in the vici vicinity nity of ove overhe rhead ad powe powerr line lines: s:  Isola Isolation tion of

he elect electrical rical su l .

 Erection of barriers to define clearance distances.  Clear marking of danger zones (e.g.: with  Ensuring safe access routes under lines

signs).

(e.g.: with tunnels).

 Restriction of metal items as ladders or scaffolds tubes near the lines.


ELECTRICAL ELECTRIC AL HAZARDS AND CONTR CONTROL OL ISOLATION & OVER CURRENT PROTECTION Isolation: Refers to shutting off the electrical supply to an item of equipment or part of an electrical system by a safe means in order, for instance , to carry out maintenance work.

Overr curren Ove currentt prote protection: ction: Is a method of preventing the flow of excess current by cutting the supply under fault conditions by means of a fuse or circuit breaker NEB (as a miniature circuitIG breaker). OSH IGC C


60

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL MAINTENANCE A, Main hazards associated with maintenance on an electrical equipment. - Electric hazards: due to live work/ not isolated/ reenergized, lack of protective equipment, etc. - Ergonomic hazards: due to restricted working space, access or lighting.

B, Control measures to minimizethe risk of electric shock during such work. Provision of adequate working space, access and lighting. Adoption of good working practices.

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Provision of training & supervision. Electrical precautions including: Limited voltage supply. Use of residual current device Proper insulation or enclosure of equipment and wires.


ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL ELECTRICAL SAFETY A decorator uses a hand-held electric sander for thepreparation of wood prior to painting. 1)Checks to ensurethe electrical safety of the sander. 2)Other than electricity, the hazards associated with the use of the sander. The checks hat should bemadeare: Checks to ensurethat the equipment meets therecognized electrical standards: Fuses are of correct rating. Electrical connections are sound. Earthing continuity is achieved.

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Voltage is a low reduced voltage. Appliance is double insulated

Check by the user immediately beforeuse: Visual inspection of appliance general condition. Integrity of plug and cable. Integrity of any extension leads. Integrity of the sockets from which supply is taken. Further checks depending on type of equipment as to ensure that is protected by a residual current device Ensure the use of the appropriate plug for the environment (eg. Spark resistant plugs or water resistant plugs). TÜV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

61

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL ELECTRICAL SAFETY A decorator uses a hand-held electric sander for thepreparation of wood prior to painting. 1)Outline the checks that should be made to ensurethe electrical safety of the sander. 2)Other than electricity, identify FOUR hazards associatedwith the use of the sander. 2) Examples of the other hazard: Dust hazards. Noise hazards. Vibration hazards. Tripping due to trailing cables.

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Ergonomic hazard (related either to equipment design or to the way in which the work is carried out).


ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL ELECTRICAL SAFETY A decorator uses a hand-held electric sander for thepreparation of wood prior to painting. 1)Outline the checks that should be made to ensurethe electrical safety of the sander. 2)Other than electricity, identify FOUR hazards associatedwith the use of the sander. 2) Other hazards: Dust hazards. Noise hazards. Vibration hazards. Tripping due to trailing cables.

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Ergonomic hazard (related either to equipment design or to the way in which the work is carried out).


62

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL ELECTRICAL SAFETY - Inspecti ons Items included on a checklist for the routine inspections of portable electrical appliances:  Casing of appliance: in good condition.  Cable secure and not damaged.  Plug: not damaged.  On/Off button: accessible, not damaged

and working efficiently.

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 Fuses: fitted and correctly rated.

 Equipment: operated at reduced voltage where appropriate and/ or fitted with residual current device.

.


ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL ELECTRICAL SAFETY Dangers associated with electricity  Electric

shock: is dangerous as it can cause stopping of heart and respiratory rhythm and necessitates rapid

interference.  Tissue burns: electric burns are deeper than other  Fire

burn types and take longer time to heal.

and explosion: electrical spark is one of the ignition sources that may initiate a fire. Unsafe electrical

equipment may give sparks that can catch fire if near to a paint can for example.  Secondary

effects: such as falling from a height as a result of electric shock. This will lead to fractures,

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bleeding, organs damage & death.


63

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL ELECTRICAL FIRE SAFETY Measure to minimize the risk of firefrom electrical equipment  Proper selection of the electrical equipment: with CE quality mark, suitable for the task, etc.  Inspection of the equipment by the user prior to use.

.



 Ensuring circuits and sockets are not over loaded.  Disconnecting the equipment from electricity when it is not in use.  Ensuring the electrical motor vent are

uncovered (to prevent its overheating).

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 Regular inspection, testing and maintenance by competent persons.  Uncoil cables (to protect cables

from mechanical damage and to prevent build-up of heat).


ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL ELECTRICAL SAFETY Features of an environment that could increase the risk from using portable electrical equipment.  Wet

environment electric shock can occur due to the use of electric equipment in a wet environment (water is

electrically conductive) amma e a mosp ere w c can pre spose o re a spar comes rom e equ pmen .  Windy

environment can predispose to falling hazard especially on using equipment in a work at height using

improperly secured ladder.  Poor lighting can predispose to accidents (as

tripping on trailing cables, etc.)

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 Poor ventilation affect the efficiency of the operator and increase the  Noise same effect as poor  Floor condition sli

likelihood of human error.

ventilation in addition to interference with good communication.

er or uneven loor can lead o sli in or ri in while usin he e ui ment. .


64

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL ELECTRICAL SAFETY - CASE STUDY A 19 year old worker was killed when he opened an access door at the rear of this collating machine. he attempted to clear a blockage. the company was fined £30,000 under section 2 of HASWA and another £1500 under MHSAWand EAW regulations

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ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL ELECTRICAL SAFETY - CASE STUDY A fork-lift truck supply company was fined £3,000 following a routine inspection by theHSE. this fuse box had exposed live connectors which were highly dangerous. The company was fined under regulation 7 of the electricity at work regulations 1989

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65

IGCCONTENT –2 FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL UNIT – 5

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLEAND VEHICLES HAZARDS AND CONTROL

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL



HAZARDS AND CONTROL




CONTENT MODULE – 5 FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL



PORTABLE FIRE EQUIPMENT



EXTINGUISHING AGENTS



FIRE SPREADING



STORING FLAMMABLE SOLVENTS



IGNITION SOURCES



FIRE IN WORKPLACES



MAINTENANCE OF FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS



CONTROL OF FIRE

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66

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS Reasonwhy water is not used as anextinguishingagent for useon fire involving:  Petroleum  Electrical

Spirit

Equipment

e ro eum p r Because petroleum spirit will float on water and will therefore continue to burn, or vaporize to form an explosive cloud water may also spread the fire over a larger area.

Electrical Equipment

NEBOSH IGC

The electrical conductivity of water is well known and thus water extinguisher can lead to the risk of electric shock and possible explosion.


FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT Factors to install portable firefighting equipment  Accessibility

to users.

 Proximity to fire exits and escape routes. 

.

 Location off the ground with adequate support.  Suitable type in relation to

the hazard present.

 Protection against damage and

weather.

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67

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL CLASS - D FIRE Meaning of Class D Fire Is the type of fire involving metals as Sodium, M agnesium, Potassium, Titanium, Calcium, Zirconium, Lithium and Zinc.

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FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL CLASS - D FIRE EXTINGUISHER Extinguishing agents suitable for Class D fire Extinguishing agents suitable for use in Class – D fire: - Powdered Graphite - Powdered Limestone - Sand

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68

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL IGNITION SOURCES TO FLAMMABLE SOLVENT STORE Ignition sources to storage and use of flammable solvents - Naked flame - Hot surface - Friction Sparks - Electrical sparks

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FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL IGNITION SOURCES TO FLAMMABLE SOLVENT STORE Extinguishing agents to the fireinvolveflammable solvents and Mode of Action Extinguishing Agent Dry Powder Foam

Mode of Action -Exclusion of Oxygen -Smothering -Cooling

Sand Carbon dioxide

-Smothering -Smothering NEB OSH IGC


69

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE SPREAD Firespread  Conduction: Materials as metals are good

heat conductors while glass and wood are insulators.

 Convection: When a gas is heated it expands and becomes less dense and thus it moves

up. This explains the .

 Radiation:

Heat is transferred as invisible rays through the air. Example: Clothes hung near an electric heater

for drying could ignite and flame can jump across a street to the building nearby.  Direct burning: of a combustible material in naked flame.

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FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS – FLAMMABLE SOLVENTS Safety precautions for storing and using flammable solvents  The quantities of flammable solvents stored. (To be kept to

the minimum).

 Flammable solvents container type. (To be made of material not reacting with the chemical & to be

securely

.  Precautions

for storerooms and cabinets. (To be in an external separate area, of proper layout, with good

lighting, ventilation, good housekeeping & proper stacking of chemicals).  Exclusion of ignition sources.

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 Prevention of flammable vapor build-up.  Signs and marking.  Provision of the fire

fighting equipment.

 Provision of emergency arrangements.


70

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE RULES Rules to reduce therisk of fire starting in work place  Good housekeeping measures  Refuse and waste disposal control 

a e s orage o amma e su s ances

 No-smoking policies  Hot work permits  Proper design and regular maintenance of machines to

avoid hot surfaces

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 Controls on Contractors  Safe electric systems 

-

 Do not cover ventilation outlets on

equipment e.g.: Computers, Heaters, etc

 Security issues/ arson prevention


FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL HOSE REELS Advantages and Disadvantage of hose reels Advantage  It provides a continuous supply of water and at a greater force than that provided by extinguishers.  Users do not need to place themselves in close proximity to the

fire.

Disadvantage  The effort to position the hose.

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 The possibility of the hose compromising fire and smoke barriers by passing through doorways.  The hose becoming a

tripping hazard and hindering evacuation. .


71

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL HOSE REELS Factors to install hose reels in thework place  Accessibility

to user

rea o e covere 

Prevention of obstruction and facilitation of escape. (Reel should be situated adjacent to an exit such

that the user is placed between the fire and escape route)

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 Hose reels should be recessed in order to prevent obstruction of an escape route  It should be placed in a position where it would be less prone to

misuse and vandalism


FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL IGNITION SOURCES AND PREVENTION Different types of ignition sources and precautions to prevent firestarting Ignition Source

Precautions

Naked Flame

Care in using instruments with Naked flame & to exclude any flammable substance nearb .

Electrical sparks

Electrical protective measures (as Isolation, Earthing, Fuses, Maintenance & Safety system of work, Spark proof equipment).

Heat build-up

Machine lubrication, Appropriate ventilation Avoid covering ventilation holes.

Hot work

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Hot work permits. Warning signs.

Cigarettes

Prohibiting smoking.


72

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE Inspection and maintenancerequirements of fireextinguishers in the workplace Inspection Usually takes the form of routine (e.g.: monthly) visual checks.

-Extinguishers are in place. -Extinguishers have not been discharged. -Extinguishers bear no obvious damage.

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Maintenance

It is more extensive than inspection. It usually involves annual tests by a competent person. The aim is to ensure: -The integrity of the extinguisher. -Replacement of equipment found to be faulty.


FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE CLASSIFICATION Classification of Fire and Extinguishing Medium Fire A

Type of Fuel Solids (as wood, glass, clothes, papers, etc.)

Extinguishing Agent *Water *Dry Powder *Foam

B

Liquids (as petroleum & paints)

*Dry Powder

C

Gases (as Acetylene, Hydrogen Sulphide, natural Gas)

*Foam

Metals (as Sodium, magnesium, Aluminum

*Powdered Graphite *Powdered Limestone

D

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*Dry Powder

*


73

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE SPREAD & CONTROL Control of Fire Spread  No access ramps.  No floor openings.

-



.

 Fire doors to prevent flame & smoke spreading.  Casing of metals by insulating materials to avoid spread of fire by conduction.  Partitions between buildings to prevent fire spread by  Automatic  Use

radiation.

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Sprinkler System.

of extinguishers (water, foam, halon, dry powder or CO2 types). The extinguisher should be of sufficient

number, of a type suitable for the class of fire expected, properly sited and regularly inspected & maintained, training of workers about firefighting.  (Firefighting

Training is a necessity for all workers in the workplace and not only for those who are working with

the fire "Firemen"), and regular fire fighting drills should be conducted.


FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE ESCAPE Assistingthe escapeof persons in theevent of fire  Sufficient

escape routes (wide, properly lit, ventilated, with no slipping or tripping hazards, with no-

obstructions, no too lengthy, ("Keep travel distance to a minimum").  Sufficient fire exits (open to the

outside, fire resistant exit door, etc.).

 Separate escape routes & fire exits for disabled.  An

effective alarm system.

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 Proper insulation and stability of building  Regular fire evacuation drills.


74

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE TRIANGLE Fire triangle and methods of extinguishing

ar va o n

oo ng Heat

Fuel Fire

NEBOSH IGC Triangle Oxygen

Smothering


FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE CONTROL Starvation: is removal of the fuel from the neighborhood of the fire. Dividing the fire into small fire can be considered also as a starvation method.

Smothering : is exclusion of oxygen from the fire environment. Fire needs oxygen to continue same as human needs oxygen to breath. Dry powder, CO2 and sand are extinguishing agents acting by smothering.

Cooling : is removal of the heat component: Water extinguishers act by this way.

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75

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE Ways a person could beharmedby fire in a work premises Burns: Due to fire flame. The consequences of burn will depend on: - Site of the burn. -

.

- Degree of the burn (1st degree, 2nd degree or 3rd degree burn). Scald: are tissue burns due to hot liquids as oils, fats, etc. Electric shock: due to electrical fires (as that involving equipment as T.V.). Electric shock can occur also if using

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water extinguisher for extinguishing electric fires. Asphyxia: due to inhalation of smoke which replaces oxygen in the atmosphere. Trauma & dama e to bod or ans: due to ex losion. Psychological effects. Secondary effect as fracture, bleeding, etc. (after falling from a height for example).


FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL A WORKPLACE

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76

IGC IG CCONTENT –2 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HA ZARDS AND CONTROL UNIT UN IT – 6

MOVEMENT MOVEMEN T OF PEOPLEAND VEHICLES HAZARDS AND CONTROL FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL



HAZARDS AND CONTROL




CONTENT MODULE MO DULE – 6 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL 

CHEMICALAGENTS



HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES



HEALTH EFFECTS



NEBOSH IG IGC C

SOLVENTS



ROUTES OF ENTRY IN TO HUMAN BODY



MANAGING RISK



CASE STUDIES


77

CHEMICAL CHEMI CAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL CHEMICAL AGENTS State Sta te of Che Chemical mical age agents nts Solids Including Fibres, Dusts And Fumes

Liquids Including Mists

Gases

NEBOSH IG IGC C

Including Vapours


CHEMICAL CHEMI CAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL CHEMICAL AGENTS Effec Ef fects ts on the body from ha haza zardou rdouss subs substan tance cess Irritant is a substance that causes an inflammation of the skin, eyes or respiratory tract. Examples: organic solvents, detergents, cement dust, ammonia, chlorine.

Corrosive is a substance that reacts with body proteins and has a penetrating and burning effects on the parts of the body with which they come i nto contact "skin, eyes, gastrointestinal tract". Examples: phenol, ammonia, sulphuric acid, caustic soda, etc.

NEB OSHeffect IGC IG Ca target organ or body system. The (poisonous) on Toxic is a substance that has an adverse substance causes its adverse effect when taken in relatively small dose. The effect is either acute or chronic. Example: lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.

Carcinogens are substances capable, often after long periods of exposure, causing disorders to cell growth and may lead to cancer. Example: asbestos, vinyl chloride, chromium.


78

CHEMICAL CHEMI CAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL CHEMICAL CHEMI CAL AGENTS AGENTS - Toxic Substances Toxic Toxic is a substance that has an adverse (poisonous) effect on a target organ or body system. The substance causes its adverse effect when taken in relatively small dose. The effect is either acute or c ron c. Example: lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.

Acute hea health lth effe effect ct Acute health effect is an adverse effect resulting from a single or short-term exposure and producing an

NEBOSH IG IGC C

immediate or rapid effect. Examples: corrosive action, narcosis and primary irritation.

Chronic Chro nic hea health lth effe effect ct Chronic health effect is an adverse health effect resulting from prolonged or repeated exposures with a gradual or latent and often irreversible effect that may often go unrecognized for a number of years. Example: Cancer, sensitization dermatitis & damage to body organs.


CHEMICAL CHEMI CAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL CHEMICAL CHEMI CAL AGENTS AGENTS - Toxic Substances Local: action is at the site of contact such as the skin, mucous membranes of eye, nose, mouth, throat or respiratory or gastro-intestinal tract

Systemic: action is at a point remote from the point of contact after the substance has been .

Toxicity: is a measure of the ability of a substance to produce harm in the human body.

NEBOSH IG IGC C


79

CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL CHEMICAL AGENTS - Toxic Substances Spillage In relation to the spillage of a toxic substance from a ruptured drum stored in a warehouse: ways in which persons working in closevicinity to thespillagemight beharmed.  Direct contact with the skin  Direct contact with eyes  Inhalation of fumes or particles  Ingestion of the materials (direct which is rare and

indirect through contaminated hands and ingestion

NEBOSH IGC

while eating, drinking or smoking at work).  Slipping hazards.

 Hazards: depending on the chemical nature of

the substances (as flammability for example).


CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL CHEMICAL AGENTS - Toxic Substances Spillage In relation to the spillage of a toxic substance from a ruptured drum stored in a warehouse: ways in which persons working in closevicinity to thespillagemight beharmed. Procedure .



 Make an initial assessment to

determine extent of spillage, type of spillage (liquid, powder, etc.).

 Summon help: from emergency services (if this is required).  Deal with the spillage

according to its type (for example, in liquid spillage, use absorbent material).

NEBOSH IGC

 Issue the appropriate PPE to those involved in dealing with the spillage.  Give

appropriate first aid and medical treatment to any person who might have been harmed by the initial

spillage.  Ongoing health surveillance for the persons exposed to the  Safe disposal of the spilled

initial spillage.

substance together with any contaminated material.


80

CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL CHEMICAL AGENTS A s ho e r ep ai rer i s r eq ui red t o t ri m s ol es b y h an d g lu in g t hem o n t o s ho es w it h a s ol ven tbasedadhesive. The measures to minimize the health risks from the tasks. Solvent hazards and ergonomic hazards are the main health hazards. Followin are he main measures re uired o minimize he health risk:  Measures for solvent hazards:  The use of adhesive of lower toxicity solvent.  The installation of local exhaust ventilation system and ensuring adequate general ventilation.  Ensuring adhesive containers are closed when not in use.  The prohibition of eating or smoking in the work area. NEB OS H IGC  The use of appropriate PPE (gloves, overalls, etc.).  Prohibition of used of naked flames and other spark causing by equipment.  Health surveillance programme to identify the early signs of any ill health effects.  roper wor stat on es gn o re uce stoop ng, w stng, overreac ng, etc.  Good standard of seating and lighting.  Reduce constant pressure on the body by varying the task, job rotation or by providing breaks away from the work.  Use proper ergonomically designed tool (with a proper handle & kept sharp to minimize the force required, etc).


CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL ROUTES OF ENTRY Routes of chemical agents entry to the body By inhalation: if the chemicals agents is in the form of dust, vapour, fume, gas, etc. it is the most rapid route of entrance.

y con ac w

e s n: c em ca s can e er: rr a e e s n causng erma s. ene ra e e s n causng

systemic toxicity. Damage the skin directly (such as acid)

By ingestion: can occur directly (by mistake if chemicals are not properly labeled) or indirectly through hands contaminated with chemicals and reaching the mouth during eating, drinking or smoking.

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Injection: chemicals may injected hypodermically on sharps etc. or they may be injected at high pressure e.g form hydraulic hoses.


81

CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF CHEMICAL INDICATOR Advantages and limitations of using a chemical indicator (stain detector) tube to monitor the atmospheric concentration of hazardous substances. The advantages are:  Cheap.  Simple and easy to use.  The limitations are:  It requires correct assembly with a properly sealed joint between the tube and bellows pump.

pump NEBOS H strokes. IGC

 It requires effective counter for the number of  It requires the reagent to be  Cross reactively of the 

homogeneously distributed in the tube.

reagent with other substances can occur.

eac on n e u e s a ec e

y empera ure an pressure:

 Change of temperature of 10 C can cause a reaction rate to be double.  Change in altitude can cause problems. The tube has a shelf life so care is

required to ensure the tube is currently operative.

Due to reagent complexity, adjustments cannot be made on one spot

sample.


CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL AT WORK Factors to consider when managing the risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals at work Factors related to purchasing the hazardous chemicals as:  Purchasing the chemical with the least hazards.  Ensuring that material safety data sheet is

supplied with the substance.

Factors related to transportation of the hazardous chemicals:  To

follow instructions including: proper stacking, exclusion of ignition sources, driver training, emergency

equipment, etc.  Safety signs including HAZCHEM and TREM cards.

NEBOSH IGC

Factors related to the storage of the hazardous chemicals  To be stored in a separate external area, which is

properly ventilated, adequately lit, of a suitable temperature.

 Proper stacking.  Good housekeeping.  Keeping incompatible chemicals apart.  Exclusion of ignition sources.  Stand by-emergency equipment as

fire extinguisher, etc.


82

CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL AT WORK Factors to consider when managing the risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals at work Factors related to use of the hazardous material:  The amount required only to be used. 

, ’

,

while dealing with it, etc. (this information is included in the substance safety data sheet) Factors related to the disposal of the substance:  The safest way for disposal of the substance.

NEBOSH IGC

 The precautions required for disposal workers.


CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL AT WORK Forms an airborne hazardous substancesmay take Dust: are solid particles suspended in the

air. It is created by such operations as grinding.

Vapour: is the gaseous form of a liquid. It can

result from heating a liquid. .

 Gas: is a formless chemical that occupies the area in which it

is enclosed.

NEBOSH IGC


83

CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS Occupational exposure standard (OES) Occupational exposure standard (OES) is the concentration of an airborne substance averaged over a reference period at which according to current knowledge, there is no evidence that it is likely to be injurious to employees if ey are expose

y n a a on ay a er ay o a concen ra on.

Maximum exposure limit (MEL) Maximum exposure limit (MEL) is the maximum concentration of an airborne substance, averaged over a

NEB H IGC reference period, to which employees mayOS be exposed by inhalation under any circumstances. MEL is either short-term exposure limit (giving rise to acute problems) or long term exposure limit (giving rise to chronic problems) . Maximum exposure limit should never be exceeded.


CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS Actions managements could take when MEL has been exceeded. Immediate actions:  Removal of people from the area. 

topp ng process or use o

e su stance.

Long term actions:  Process review and process change to safer one (if feasible).  Assessment

and improvement of existing controls.

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 Review monitoring system.  Health surveillance.


84

CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS Hierarchy of measures of controlling exposure to a hazardous substanceat work. Elimination of the substance (by process Substitution of the substance by a  so a

on o

change thus removing the need for the substance).

less hazardous one.

e su s ance y o a enc osure o

Segregation of workers (by dividing up the Changing work method in order to

e process .

workplace).

reduce exposure (e.g.: painting instead of spraying).

Local exhaust or dilution ventilation.

NEBOSH IGC

Safety signs. Personal protective equipment (PPE )


CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS In fo rm at io n t hat s ho ul d b e i nc lu ded o n h azar d d at a s heet s up pl ied w it h a h azar do us substance: The name of the substance.  ts

p ys ca an c emca propert es.

Substance concentration.  The nature of hazard caused by the substance. Relevant standards related to the substance (e.g.: OES).

NEBOSH IGC

Precautions to be taken in Measures to be taken in 

storage, transport, use & disposal of the substance.

cases of emergency (e.g.: spillage or accident exposure) including first aid measures. .


85

CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS Information that employees should receive when there is a risk that their work will expose them to a substance hazardous to health. The nature of the substance.  u

stance poss e e ects.

How the substance to be

used, transported or stored.

The control measures available. The PPE required on dealing with the substance (and issues relating to how to use, how to

NEBOSH IGC

clean, how to

report defects and so on). Importance of personal hygiene on dealing with the substance. 

"

-

".

Importance of health surveillance: to detect signs of

early exposure to the substance.


CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL VENTILATION Dilution Ventilation Dilution ventilation is designed to induce a flow of air through a room such that contaminants are sufficiently diluted by the coming air. This is achieved by the use of inlet fans to ensure a supply of c ean a r.

NEBOSH IGC


86

CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL VENTILATION Natural Ventilation Natural ventilation provided by opening windows or doors is also sometimes included as a form of dilution ventilation, although any flow of air is less certain and therefore it cannot be thought of as an "eng neer ng" so u on o an a r orne con am nan pro em.

NEBOSH IGC


CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL VENTILATION Circumstances to use dilution ventilation  Contaminants of low

toxicity.

 Contaminant of low concentrations. 

n orm y evo ve con am nan s.

 Low density contaminants (not dust).  Areas

where there is a non specific point of release.

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87

CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL VENTILATION Main components of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system

NEBOSH IGC


CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL VENTILATION Circumstances to use dilution ventilation 1.

Exhaust inlet (hood)

2.

Ducting

3.

Purifying system (filter)

4.

Fan and motor

5.

Exhaust outlet

FLUE FILTER

DUCTING

FAN

NEBOSH IGC HOOD

CAPTOR

RECEPTOR


88

CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL VENTILATION Factors affecting the efficiency of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system  Lack of maintenance and testing.  Unauthorized alteration.  na

equa e es gn.

 Overwhelming by increased contaminant levels.  Wear or corrosion of fan blades.  Blocked filters.

NEBOSH IGC

 Hood being placed too far from the source of the contaminant.


CHEMICAL A ND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL VENTILATION LEV is to be maintained by law every 14months LEV maintenancerequirements between the statutory dates  To check if the filters are blocked.  To check if there is any

obvious damage.

 To check if there is overwhelming by  To check if there

increased contaminant level.

are obvious unauthorized alterations.

NEBOSH IGC

 To adjust the hood in the correct angle.  To lubricate moving parts.  To

check effectiveness of the motor.

 To

check blades.


89

IGCCONTENT –2 PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL UNIT – 7




HAZARDS AND CONTROL

CONTROL

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL



CONTENT MODULE – 7 PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL 

HEALTH EXPOSURES



RESPIRATORY DEFENSE MECHANISM



REPARABLE DUST



BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS



BIOLOGICAL ORGANISM



TARGET ORGAN

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90

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL RESPIRATORY DISEASES Respiratory diseases causedby exposure to dust at work.  Asbestosis.  Asthma,

Silicosis. Byssinosis. Farmer's lung.

Bronchitis, Emphysema & Lung cancer.

Definitions  Silicosis

is a respiratory disease caused by inhalation of silica

NEB H ofIGC dust, which leads to inflammation andOS scarring the lung tissue.  Byssinosis

is an occupational disease of the lungs caused by

as flax, hemp, or sisal.


PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL RESPIRATORY DISEASES Respiratory diseases causedby exposure to dust at work.  Farmer's

Lung is an allergic disease usually caused by breathing in the dust from moldy hay.

However, dust from any moldy crop--straw, corn, silage, grain, or even tobacco--can also cause Farmer's Lung.  Acute

bronchitis is an infection of the bronchial (say: “brawn-kee-ull”) tree. The bronchial tree is

NEB OS Hlungs. IGC made up of the tubes that carry air into your When these tubes get infected, they swell and mucus (thick fluid) forms inside them. This makes it hard for you to breathe. 

-

. ’

by smoking. Having emphysema means some of the air sacs in your lungs are damaged, making it hard to breathe.


91

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL RESPIRATORY DEFENSE MECHANISM Body's respiratory defense mechanisms against atmospheric dust.  Anatomical

structure: Nose and nasopharynx are perpendicular to Trachea and this helps reduce

velocity of inhaled air by collision with nasopharynx. Respiratory

ciliary's escalator: Particles impinge on the mucous lining of respiratory tract are moved

upwards by small hairs or cilia).

NEB OS H IGC coughing to remove any foreign irritating material.

Reflex actions: as sneezing &

Phagocytosis: Is a mechanism by

which particles in the alveoli are engulfed and digested (by the aid

o p agocy es .


PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL ELIMINATING DUST Control measures to eliminate or reducedust in a work environment  Elimination of dust (by process change).  Substitution (e.g. use of pellets instead of  Reduced time exposure (as to

powders).

reduce the amount of grinding required).

 Isolation (enclosure of the process e.g. in a glove box).

NEBOSH IGC

 Local exhaust ventilation (LEV): To extract dust close to source.  Vacuuming instead of sweeping.  Dust Suppression by wet methods.  Damping down.  PPE (respirator, …)


92

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL RESPIRABL E DUST Respirable Dust Respirable dust is an airborne dust of such a size that it is able to enter the lungs during normal respiration. Dust of 5 microns size or less is respirable.

NEBOSH IGC


PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL ASSESSING WORKPLACE DUST Ways to assess thelevels of dust in a workplace  Visual signs of dust accumulation.  Dust lamps.  Direct reading instruments.  Sampling using pumps and filters followed by analysis.

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93

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS A ND CONTROL Biological Hazard - Occupational Diseases  Hepatitis  Weil's diseases (Leptospirosis) 

eg onna res sease

 Anthrax  Tetanus

NEBOSH IGC


PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS A ND CONTROL Biological Hazard - Occupational Diseases Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic lower vertebrates (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, antelopes, and other herbivores), but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or tissue from infected animals. Tetanus, commonly called lockjaw, is a bacterial disease that affects the nervous system. It is contracted through a cut or wound that becomes contaminated withIGC tetanus bacteria. The bacteria can get in through even NEB OSH a tiny pinprick or scratch, but deep puncture wounds or cuts like those made by nails or knives are especially susceptible to infection with tetanus. Tetanus bacteria are present worldwide and are commonly found in soil, dust and manure. Infection with tetanus causes severe muscle spasms, leading to "locking" of the aw so the patient cannot open his/her mouth or swallow, and may even lead to death by suffocation. Tetanus is not transmitted from person to person.


94

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS A ND CONTROL Biological Hazard - Occupational Diseases Control measures to reduce the risk of infection from Anthrax:  Disinfection of materials infected with Anthrax spores (as wool).  Procedures for disposal of potentially infected materials (as

meat, milk, etc.).

 Protection of personnel dealing with infected animals (by using

the appropriate PPE).

NEBOSH IGC

 Proper ventilation.


PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS A ND CONTROL Biological Hazard - Occupational Diseases Control measures to reduce the risk of infection from Hepatitis:  Immunization of groups at risk  Use of disposable syringes  Strict care in

blood transfusion procedures

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 Procedures for proper disposal of hospital refuse (including syringes &  Boiling of water or

needles)

water super chlorination

  Health surveillance


95

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Routes of Entry Possibleroutes of entry of biological organisms into the body  Inhalation  Ingestion  Injection  Entry through open wounds  Through eyes

NEBOSH IGC

 Entry through body orifices as: nose,

ear, anus, vagina, etc




PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Contro l Measures Control measures to reducethe risk of infection from biological organisms.  Disinfection for materials or equipment contaminated with the agent.  Good personal hygiene.  Immunization: vaccination.  Water control (by boiling or chlorination).  Proper disposal of wastes.

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 Use of the appropriate PPE.


96

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Contro l Measures Typical symptoms of Dermatitis  Skin inflammation  Dryness of skin  Cracking of skin  Rash

Substances to causeDermatitisNEBOSH IGC  Solvents as xylene, turpentine  Cement dust  Chrome  Nickel compounds  Formalin  Wood

dust


PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Contro l Measures Preventive Measures 

Specific control measures designed to prevent occurrence of dermatitis  Elimination of the dermatitis causing substances (by  Substitution (e.g. use of pellets instead of

process change).

powders).

Engineering methods as: 

Splash guards to minimize contact with the substance.



Segregation of workers.

NEBOSH IGC

 Ventilation.

e me o s or us .  Good personal hygiene.  Use of barrier and after work creams.  Use of specific PPE.


97

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Target Organ Target Organ Target organ is the part of the body that sustains an adverse effect when exposed to or contaminated by a particular harmful substances or agent. Examples:  Skin is the target organ of Dermatitis.

NEBOSH IGC

 Liver is the target organ of Hepatitis.


PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Personal Hygiene Personal hygienic practices to reducethe risk of ingestion of a hazardous substance  Regular hand washing.  Restriction of smoking and eating in the workplace.  Removing and cleaning contaminated clothes.  The use of suitable PPE (as gloves).

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98

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Asbestos Exposure Asbestos Exposure Diseases  Asbestosis  Lung cancer  Mesothelioma

Asbestosis, the pulmonary fibrosis caused by asbestos fibers, develops after years of exposure to the

NEB OS IGCthe worker develops increasing breathlessness asbestos fibers. After the fibrosis becomes wellH established often with cough, sputum and weight-loss. Mesothelioma:- The National Cancer Institute states that: "Malignant mesothelioma, a rare form of cancer, is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in the sac lining the chest (the pleura), the lining of the abdominal cavity (the peritoneum) or the lining around the heart (the pericardium)."


PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Asbestos Exposure Asbestosis likely to be encounteredin a building duringinnovation work  Wall and roof panels  Pipe lagging  Coating as fire resistant encapsulation of metal

girders

 Insulation materials  Gaskets

NEBOSH IGC


99

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Risks to Pregnant Women Factors that may increase risks to pregnant women  Excessive movement and physical activities.  Manual handling activities: as lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling, etc.

Lack of essential nutrients in the diet as Proteins, Calcium, and iron. Intake of excess fats or carbohydrates.

NEBOSH IGC

 Smoking: whether active or passive.  Alcohol

and drug abuse.

 Indiscriminate use of legal drugs: without medical

advice (Panadol is an example).

 Exposure to radiation: as Medical X-Ray.  Infection by biological agents as German measles virus. (German measles is a mild infectious illness

caused by the rubella virus)  Stresses & psychological disturbances. TÜV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Indications of Dust Problem Possible indications of a dust problem in workplace  The process carried out may suggest that dust will be generated e.g.: Grinding.  Dust

in the atmosphere: may be visible particularly in a beam of sunlight or by the beam from a

tyndall lamp.  Visual

signs of dust accumulation: Deposit of dust might be evident on benches, articles,

equipment, etc.  Air

NEBOSH IGC

monitoring: by drawing air through a filter, then analyzing the filter, this will help to detect low

dust concentrations..  Dust effect on health: as  Impaired

coughing, sneezing, asthmatic symptoms, etc.

respiratory function due to dust inhalation (as detected by health surveillance tests as X-

Ray or Pulmonary function tests.).


100

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Exposure Exposures; 

Carbon Monoxide



Legionella



Asbestos 

Hepatitis Health Effects i) Carbon Monoxide

ii) Asbestos

iii) Legionella

iv) Hepatitis Virus

Situation of exposure

*Headache

*vehicle repair premises.

*Drowsiness

*underground car park.

*Possible Asphyxia and death

*boiler with a defective flue.

*Asbestosis *Lung cancer

*Maintenance work for a building where asbestos is contained.

*

*

* Legionnaires disease manifested by flulike symptoms, pneumonia and in 15% of cases death can occur.

*air conditioning systems and cooling towers where water droplets are released into atmosphere.

*Jaundice, fever, abdominal pain.

*Medical and paramedical personnel exposed to needle stick injuries.

NEBOSH IGC

* Liver cell failure is the serious result.

.


PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Foundry Exposure Possibleeffects on health caused by working in a hot environment such a foundry Dehydration: due to loss of fluids. Heatstress in theform of;  Heat syncope  Heat cramps  Heat exhaustion

NEBOSH IGC

 Heat stroke

ea ras Radiant heat burns Eyeinfection or cataracts


101

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Vibratin g Hand Tools In relation to the ill-health from the use of vibrating hand-held tools: The typical symptoms are: 

Numbness of fingers.



.



Swollen painful joints.



Reduction in manual dexterity (things may fall form hands and fine adjustment by hand cannot be achieved).

Thecontrol measures are:

NEBOSH IGC



Eliminate the risk: by process change to eliminate the need for using vibrating hand-held tools.



Reduce the risk: To modify operating procedure so that the pressure upon the tool required by operator is reduced.



Proper selection of equipment and maintenance.



Reducing time of exposure of operators to vibration (this may necessitate recruitment of new staff).



Health surveillance to detect the early sings and symptoms of vibration illness.



Use of appropriate PPE (as gloves to keep hand warm). TÜV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – A CASE A fitter is employed to lay carpet tiles using a solvent-based adhesivein such circumstances. Thepossible health effects are; 

Affecting the skin causing dermatitis.



If reach the eye causes eye inflammation.

If fumes are inhaled it will lead to;

NEBOSH IGC



Effects on Central Nervous System. 

Dizziness



Narcosis



Respiratory sensitization leading to asthma.


102

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – A CASE A fitter is employed to lay carpet tiles using a solvent-based adhesivein such circumstances. The control measures are;  Elimination: Suggest the use of other

alternatives for this process to elim inate the need for using solvent.

 Substitution: Use materials which are less

hazardous.

 Provision of adequate instructions and training of workers about;

Hazards of adhesive materials.

NEBOSH IGC

How to use it safely (safe system of work)

The importance of wearing the suitable PPE  Provision of adequate ventilation in the area.

.

  Provision and use of the

required PPE (as gloves, goggles, respirators, overall, etc.).


PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Routes of Entry Possible routes of entry of biological organisms into the body Inhalation: inhaling air contaminated by disease agents as bacteria, viruses, etc. is a common and



rapid way of entrance of biological organisms into the body. 

Direct: through drinking and / or eating contaminated drink or food. Indirect: through contaminated hand from soiled materials. 

Injection: through;

NEBOSH IGC

Syringes and needles transmitting diseases as hepatitis. Insects as anopheles causing malaria. 

Through cuts & wounds: leading to; Local infection of the wound. Systematic illness as tetanus.



Through the eye: as due to housefly leading to infective conjunctivitis.



Through body orifices: as nose, ear, anus, vagina, etc.


103

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Preventive Measures Measures to prevent possibleeffects on health while working in hot environment as foundry. 

Gradual exposure of workers to heat (to achieve physiological adaptation to heat).



Reducing the time of exposure to heat.



Rest breaks in shady areas.



Barriers or shields between hot source & workers.



Taking workers away from the hot source.



Use of suitable clothes by the workers according to the type of heat;

NEBOSH IGC

Minimum clothes if heat is by conduction. Clothes to reflect heat if heat is by radiation. . 

Sufficient supply of water and salts to replace the fluids lost.



Provision of information to workers regarding; Heat hazards. How to protect the body from heat hazards. TÜV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Dermatitis Factors influence the likelihood of dermatitis occurring in workers handling dermatitis substances 

Type of dermatitic substance.



Form of dermatitic substance (solid, liquid, vapor, fume, etc.).



Concentration of dermatitic substance.



The individual susceptibility of workers.



NEB H IGC Duration & frequency of exposure toOS the substance.



The use of after work creams.



The use of PPE.


104

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Asbestos Types of asbestos commonly found in a buildings 

White asbestos



Blue asbestos



Brown asbestos

NEBOSH IGC


IGCCONTENT –2 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL UNIT – 8




HAZARDS AND CONTROL


HAZARD AND CONTROL

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES – HAZARDS AND CONTROL TÜV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

105

CONTENT MODULE – 8 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES – HAZARDS AND CONTROL



ERGONOMIC



NOISE EXPOSURE



RADIATION EXPOSURE



CONSTRUCTION DEMOLITION & EXCAVATION



WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL



WASTE MANAGEMENT

NEBOSH IGC


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL ERGANOMIC ERGONOMICS Ergonomic is designing a task to suit the individual in terms of physical and mental capabilities and the individual's expectations.

NEBOSH IGC


106

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL ERGANOMIC Factors to be consideredwhen assessing risks to health of a user of DSE  Screen characteristics (definition, flicker, reflections, glare, etc.).  Design & dimensions of  Adjustability

equipment: as desk, chair, keyboard, screen, etc.

of equipment: as chair, screen, etc.

 Work space: enough for workers to

move during work.

 Work environment: lighting, ventilation, comfortable temperature, reduction of noise,

etc.

NEBOSH IGC

 Software ergonomics: size, colours, delays, etc.  Rest breaks: to be

provided (this require redesigning task).

 User characteristics: posture, eye

sight, pregnancy, etc.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL ERGANOMIC Factors to consider in an ergonomic assessment of a workstation to be used by an operator of a visual display unit (VDU).  Height and position of keyboard & 

screen.

es gn o c a r: o e a usta e, w t sw ve capa

ty, w t goo um ar support an o e s ope so at on

seating thigh is parallel to the ground".  Adjustability

of screen.

 Screen characteristics (definition, color, reflection, glare, etc.

NEBOSH IGC

 Environmental factors: as lighting, temperature, humidity, work space, noise, etc


107

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL ERGANOMIC Work activities that may gives riseto WRULDs (Work related Upper Limb Disorder).  Keyboard use (DSE operators).  Assembly

work.

 Supermarket check operator.  Hair dressers.  Cleaners.

NEBOSH IGC


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL ERGANOMIC Measures that can be taken to reducethe risk of WRULDs.  Redesign task (e.g.: automation to avoid repetitive manual tasks).  Work organization (e.g.: job rotation).  Equipment design: as keyboard, screen, chair, desk, etc. for

DSE operators.

 Proper selection and training of personnel.

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108

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL ERGANOMIC Po ss ib le ef fec ts o n h eal th t hat m ay b e c au sed b y t he p oo r er go no mi c d es ig n o f a VDU workstation. WRULDs: manifested by pain in neck, shoulder or upper limb usually following repetitive tasks as DSE use, assembly work, etc. Eye strain: manifested by diminution of vision, headache, etc. and it usually result from poor lighting in work area, not enough distance away from the screen, reflections, glare, etc. Fatigue and stress: manifested by NEB lack of concentration, irritability, lack of temper, etc. and is usually due to OSH IGC continuous work. (with no breaks). -

.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL ERGANOMIC A computer user has complaint of neck and back pain.Outline the features associated with the workstation that might have contributed towards this condition.  Screen

position: improper layout of screen or to be at an incorrect height leading to repeated head

movement.  Chair: is at incorrect height or the seat back is incorrectly adjusted.  Lighting: poor general or local lighting.

NEBOSH IGC

 Reflections & glare on the screen will force the user to adopt awkward postures to avoid them.  Exposure to draughts.  The sitting of ancillary equipment (as printer) will also impose awkward movements as twisting.


109

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL ERGANOMIC Features of a suitable seat for sedentary work.  To be adjustable: to suit different users of different heights.  To be provided with swivel capability: to allow  Adequate

movement without twisting the body.

lumbar support should be provided by the seat back.

 Seat should be sloped so

that on seating, the thighs are parallel to floor.

 Seat is to be provided with armrest.

NEBOSH IGC

 Footrest is to be provided (to be used when required).  Tilt capability is required in

particular circumstances.

 The base should be stable and depending on the type of activity it may need castors. 

o e ma e o ma er a appropra e or e env ronmen .


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL ERGANOMIC Possiblehealth risks associated with working in a seated position for a prolonged period of time.  Back problems: due to damage in vertebrae or in back muscles.  Problems due to static posture: as musculoskeletal disorders of neck, shoulders, arms, elbows, wrists, etc.  Effects on joints, tendons & ligaments.  Numbness or tingling: due to 

compression & entrapment of nerves.

NEBOSH IGC

Circulatory problems as restricted blood flow to limbs that can eventually lead to deep venous thrombosis

(D.V.T.).  Cardiovascular health problems e.g.: elevated blood

pressure.

.  Obesity and its subsequent health problems.


110

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL ERGANOMIC Symptoms of WRULDs and the factors that will increase the risk of occurrenceof WRULDs *Symptoms of WRULDs: symptoms appear in the upper limb (neck, shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist & hand) and include:  Dull aching pain.  Inability to grasp

things securely.

 With continued progress of the case, the victim may become incapacitated and lose ability to use the part.

*Factors increasing risk of WRULDs:NEBOSH

IGC

 Repetitive movements: without sufficient break times.  Awkward

postures: as stooping, twisting, overreaching.

 mproper seec

on o

 Improper training of the  Improper

e wor ers or e o : e wor er s no

enoug o per orm e o .

worker.

design of the workstation: including insufficient space, improper chair, keyboard and screen

position, etc.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL NOISE The possibleeffects on health from exposure to noise. Possibleeffects on health from exposure to noise: Short-term effects:  Acute

acoustic trauma: sudden damage of ear drum due to intense noise levels as in explosion.

 Temporary

threshold shift: due to fatigue of hearing cells conveying frequencies outside the conversation

speech range.

Long-term effects:

NEBOSH IGC

 Tinnitus: ringing in the ear due to intense stimulation of auditory nerve over a period of time. 

Permanent threshold shift: due to death of hearing cells conveying frequencies outside the conversation

speec range.  Noise-induced hearing loss: due to death of hearing cells

conveying conversation speech frequencies.

 Fatigue or stress.


111

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL NOISE dB (A) & Daily personal noise exposure (LEP1d)  dB

(A): is a scale for noise measurement. It is a decibel scale with A-weighting is included in the scale to

mimic the response of the human ear in filtering sound. (the human ear is less sensitive to low frequencies).  Daily

personal noise exposure (LEP1d): is the continuous equivalent noise level, expressed in dB (A) and

measured over an 8 hours working day.

NEBOSH IGC


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL NOISE Types of engineering controls that may be used to reducenoise Absorption : using barriers of porous material (e.g.: foam) to reduce sound energy, e.g.: baffles. Damping : the use of rubber, cork, or similar material to reduce structure borne noise (these materials are to be fitted as pads, ,

.

. .

.

Silencing : the use of silencers to suppress noise generated when air, gas, or steam flow in pipes or are exhausted to atmosphere.

Isolation: in acoustically-quiet booths. Screens: to reduce direct noise transmission. NEBOSH

IGC

Lagging : can be used on pipes carrying steam or hot liquids. Process change: e.g.: presses instead of hammers, Bolting instead of riveting. . Keeping sudden velocity changes in pipe work and ducts to a minimum.

Enclosure: surrounding the noise source with sound absorbing material (the effect is limited until total enclosure is achieved). Equipment design : e.g.: use of nylon gears. Proper maintenance & lubrication of machines.


112

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL NOISE Frequency & Intensity Frequency of sound: it refers to pitch of the sound. It is the number of cycles or waves/second and is measured in Hz.

Intensity of sound: refers to loudness or amplitude of the sound and is measured in decibels. A= Amplitude (Amplitude is proportional to sound pressure.) λ = Wave length (Lamda).

NEBOSH IGC

Frequency, or number of cycles per second, has unit in Hertz (Hz).


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL NOISE Short-term and long-term actions required to tacklea noise problems Short-term plan: Turning the noisy machine around may reduce noise levels. . Taking the worker away from noisy equipment. Use of ear PPE (ear plugs or ear muffs).

Long-term plan: Purchasing new equipment with no NEB or very little noise. OS H

IGC

Design quieter processes. Use of:

- silencers. - absor tive materials - damping. - screens.

Segregation of workers. Reducing time of exposure to noise (it may require recruitment of additional staff). Fitting cut-out devices that trigger if pre-set noise limits are exceeded (noise alarms). TÜV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

113

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL NOISE Noise source, peopleat risk and control measures for the following situations: -Construction or roadwork -Bottling plant -Disco/ night club -Telephone call center Noise Source

People at Risk

1.) Construction/

Heavy mechanical

-operators.

Road works

Digging or piling.

-& those in immediately in vicinity (at a high risk).

Noise from filling line

-reduce noise at source (muffle road drill for example).

-Members of the public & passers by (at low risk)

-issue PPE.

-workers in the area

-restrict access to essential personnel only.

NEBOSH IGC 2.) Bottling plant

Control Measure

-wear hearing protection in the bottling area. 3.) Disco/night club

Noise from the music

-disco jockeys & staff (at high risk). -members of the public (at medium to high risk

-limit sound levels at source by fitting cut-out devices that trigger if preset noise limits are exceeded. -limit staff exposure time

4.) Telephone call center

Noise from telephones & general office noise

-operators with low risk of hearing damage but high risk of effects of stress

-use of appropriate material for construction, including the use of partitions & furnishing. -work to be interrupted by breaks.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL NOISE Components of sound-level meter The main components of sound level meter:  Microphone assembly.  Electronic

measuring and amplification "including: preamplifier, input amplifier, weighting network, output

amplifier & rectifier.  Indicating meter.

NEBOSH IGC


114

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL RADIATION Ionizing radiation Ionizing radiation is a type of radiation with high energy potential and general ability to penetrate, ionize and damage body tissues and organs. Example is x-rays.

NEBOSH IGC


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL RADIATION Suitable measures to control of ionizing radiations  Reducing time of exposure to 

ionizing radiation.

Shielding (interposing material between radiation source and exposed person): materials of high mass

number are chosen for shielding.  Distance:

increasing the distance between radiation source & those exposed will reduce the radiation dose

received.  Automatic

alarms: if radiation levelNEB exceedsOS certain limits. H IGC

 Monitoring external radiation dose: by use of film  Health surveillance: to detect early sings 

badges or thermo luminescent dosimeters.

of exposure to radiation.

roper sposa o ra oact ve wastes.

 Wearing the suitable PPE: to prevent radioactive material from being inhaled, ingested or coming into contact

with skin.  Warning signs to refer to Radiation hazard.


115

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL RADIATION Types of non-ionizing radiation giving an occupational source Type of non-ionizing radiation

Occupational

Ultraviolet-rays

-Physiotherapy -Welding (arc welding)

Infrared-rays

-Furnaces -Glass blowing.

Radio frequency

NEBOS-Radio, H IGC TV -Dryers, heaters -Ovens, cookers

crowaves

- a ar


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL RADIATION Health effects associated with the exposure to non-ionizing radiation  Actinic

keratitis (arc eye): due to welding arc and is manifested by eye pain, lacrimation & photophobia.

 Eye cataracts.  Erythema or burning of skin.  Premature skin aging.  Skin cancer.

NEBOSH IGC


116

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL RADIATION Workplacesources of ionizing radiation  Medical x-ray equipment.  Smoke detectors.  X-ray for scrutiny of welds

NEBOSH IGC


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL RADIATION Possibleeffects on health arising from exposure to ionizing radiation  Skin effects: reddening, blistering & ulceration.  Loss

of hair.

 Eye cataracts.  Sterility.  Radiation sickness (with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea).

NEBOSH IGC

 Cell damage including genetic mutation.  Cancers as leukemia, skin

cancer, etc.


117

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL RADIATION Suitable measures for control of non-ionizing radiation  Unauthorized people should not gain access to the

radiation area.

 Reduce the time of exposure to the minimum "this require changing system of work".  Shielding: to be suitable for the hazard (for example: metal in case of microwaves).  Working from a distance.  Wearing the appropriate clothes.

NEBOSH IGC

 Wearing the appropriate PPE.  Increasing ventilation.

 Maintenance of heaters or dryers can 

help to prevent leak of stray energy.

e uce me o exposure o sun an use sun creams o ac as a s e .

 Health surveillance to detect early signs

of exposure.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL RADIATION Controlling exposure to ionizing radiation  Enclosures: by a concrete and/or lead encasement or the use of a glove box.  Shielding: by barriers or screens.  Segregation: by distance (to increase the distance between radiation source &  Reducing time of exposure of  Ensuring

receivers).

employees to radiation.

appointment by the employer of radiation protection adviser & radiation protection supervisor to

assist in radiation control strategies.NEBOSH  Monitoring

IGC

of exposure to radiation (either environmental monitoring or personal monitoring as for example

by film badges). 

roper sposa or ra oact ve wastes.

 Training and supervision for workers dealing with ionizing radiation as

x-ray workers for example.

 Good personal hygiene practices.  The use of the required PPE.


118

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL RADIATION occupational sources and state the possiblehealth effects of; i. Ultraviolet rays. ii. Infrared rays. .

. Oc cu pa ti on al s ou rc e

H ea lt h e ff ec ts -Effects on the eye: arc eye (actinic keratitis).

Ultraviolet rays

-Physiotherapy

-Effects on the skin:

-Arc welding

*Erythema

NEBOSH*Premature IGCaging *Cancer

Infrared rays

-Furnaces

-Effects on the eye:

-Glass blowing

*Eye cataract -Effects on the skin: *Skin burns (Skin irritation)

Radio frequency

-Radio, T.V. -Dryers, heaters

Microwaves

-Oven, cookers, -Radar

The major hazards are the absence of pain on exposure thus deep-seated burns may occur. The major hazard is the absence of pain on exposure thus deep-seated burn may occur.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL RADIATION Categories of peopleat risk from UV radiation  Nurses  Physiotherapists  Printing machine operators  Food and drink irradiators  Laboratory workers  Lighting technicians

NEBOSH IGC


119

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL CONSTRUCTION, DEMOLITION & EXCAVATION Main hazard associated with construction work  Chemical

hazards in different forms (air borne as dust, fumes, vapours, gases from materials as cement

powder, organic solvents, etc. liquids as adhesive, tar, etc.). 

,

,

,

,

.

 Noise: from sources as vehicles, air compressors, cranes, pneumatic hammers, power saws, etc.  Vibration: occur with pneumatic hammers, hand held tools,  Heat: Roofers are exposed to sun,

etc.

working beside hot engines, heated pots of tar, etc.

X-ray can occur on checking welds. NEBOS Hexposure IGC

 Radiation: UV rays of the sun is an example.

 Falls: due to unstable footing, unguarded holes, slip

off scaffolding or ladders, etc.

 Manual handling hazards: leading to back problems, hernia, etc.  Diseases:  Attacks

as histo lasmosis, influenza , T.B. . ., etc..

by animals.

 Social problems: due to intermittent &

constantly changing pattern of life of construction workers.

 Ergonomic hazards.  Electrical hazards.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL CONSTRUCTION, DEMOLITION & EXCAVATION Precautions to ensure the safety of children who might be tempted to gain unauthorized access into a construction site  Reduce the likelihood of access (by fences, signs, security patrols, etc.). 

nsurng sa e y o

e s e y:

- Filling, covering or fencing excavations. - Removing or boarding ladders. - Immobilizing machinery.

NEBOSH IGC

- Locking away chemicals and tools. - Reducing the height of materials. -

.

- Clearing rubbish & debris.


120

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL CONSTRUCTION, DEMOLITION & EXCAVATION Health and safety precautions when undertaking demolitions work  Barriers & fences to protect from falling debris.  Means of preventing falls from

height.

 Identification and isolation of services.  Warning signs.  Removal of debris from upper levels by the use of Elephant trunks.

NEBOSH IGC

 Means of suppressing dust. (e.g.: damping down).  The identification and correct removal of  The use of 

hazardous substance such as Asbestos & Lead.

properly maintained equipment.

eans o preven ng prema ure co apse or e co apse o a o n ng proper es.

 Competent personnel.  Use of the

suitable PPE (e.g.: hard hats, ear defenders, mask, footwear, etc.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL CONSTRUCTION, DEMOLITION & EXCAVATION Main precautions when carrying out the excavation work  Detection of services (from plans,

use of cable/pipe detectors).

 Support of sides.  Storage of materials and take it away from edge.  Stop blocks to prevent vehicles from falling into excavation.  Barriers and guard rails.  Safe means of access/egress.  Testing for

NEBOSH IGC

and ventilation of fumes.

 Means of pumping out water. 

ompetent personne .

 Use of suitable PPE.


121

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL CONSTRUCTION, DEMOLITION & EXCAVATION Hazards associated with the useof a cement mixer  Manual

handling hazard: controlled by the use of mechanical aids as conveyor belts for

example, by reducing the weights of the loads, by proper selection and training of handlers, etc.  Ergonomic

hazard: controlled by the proper sitting of materials to reduce awkward

movements as twisting, etc, by proper workstation design, good light, etc.  Cement

health hazards: "irritant & corrosive" to be controlled by the establishment of safe

system of work, good hygienic practices, useOS PPE as gloves, masks, etc. NEB Hoveralls, IGC  Electrical hazards (if the mixer is

electrical): to be controlled by regular inspection and testing

of equipment, reducing current voltage, safety at the power supply, safety of wires, cables, etc. an

e use o res ua curren ev ces, e c.

 Hazard

of petrol driven mixer to be controlled by measures as: provision of safe storage

facilities for the fuel to protect against the risk of fire, training in fueling procedures and the prohibitions of mixer use in confined spaces to protect from exhaust fumes as carbon monoxide. TÜV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL CONSTRUCTION, DEMOLITION & EXCAVATION Possiblecauses of a dumper truck overturn on a constructionsite  Overloading of the bucket of  Uneven loading of the truck

the truck. bucket.

 Cornering at excessive speeds.  Incorrect driving across slopes.  Driving too close to the edges of embankments or excavations.  Hitting obstructions.

NEBOSH IGC

 Inappropriate tire pressure.  Mechanical defects of the truck.


122

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZA HAZARDS RDS AND CONTROL CONTROL CONSTRUCTION, DEMOLITION & EXCAVATIO EXCAVATION N Desig De signn fe feat ature uress of a dum dumpe perr tr truck uck int inten ende dedd to mi minim nimiz izee th thee ris riskk of anover anovertur turnn  The position of the

truck center of gravity.

 The width of the wheelbase.  Roll-over protection.  The use of seat belts.

NEBOSH IG IGC C


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZA HAZARDS RDS AND CONTROL CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL Che heck cklilist st fo forr th thee sa safe fe us usee of su susp speend ndeed acc cceess equ quip ipme ment nt,, su such ch as a wi wind ndow ow--cl cleeani ning ng cradle.  Condition of cables 

on

on o pu ey eyss

 Safety of platform boards  Presence of guardrails  Presence of barriers below work area

NEBOSH IG IGC C

 Presence of signs  Communication arrangements   Use of PPE as harness


123

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZA HAZARDS RDS AND CONTROL CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL Circu Ci rcumst mstan ance cess in whi which ch it wou would ld be ina inappr ppropr opria iateto teto ca carry rry ou outt wor workk at he heigh ightt fr from om la ladde dder r  Inappropriate task (e.g.: where two hands are needed or where the

work area is large).

 The equipment or materials to used are heavy and awkward. 

or at exc excess ess ve e g t.

 Work of a long duration where use of ladders will lead to ergonomic body problems.  The ladders cannot be secured or made stable.  The ladder cannot be protected from vehicles.

NEBOSH IG IGC C

 Adverse

weather conditions. conditions.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZA HAZARDS RDS AND CONTROL CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL In re relat lation ion to sa safe fe ac acce cess ss for cons construc truction tion work ab above ove grou ground nd le level vel:: - Me Mean anss by a la label beled ed ske sketch,the tch,the comp compone onent nt pa parts rts of an inde indepe pende ndent nt tie tiedd sca scaffol ffolds. ds. - Pr Prec ecaauti utionswhen onswhen usi using ng a la ladde dderr as a me mean anss of ac acce cess ss to thesca thescaffo ffold. ld. Main components of independent tied scaffold:  Upright poles.  Diagonal poles.

NEBOSH IG IGC C

 Bracing (transverse & longitudinal).  Sole plates & base plates.  Working platform.

 Toe board. For edge protection.  Ledger & transoms.  Tie to the structure.


124

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZA HAZARDS RDS AND CONTROL CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL In re relat lation ion to sa safe fe ac acce cess ss for cons construc truction tion work ab above ove grou ground nd le level vel:: - Me Mean anss by a la label beled ed ske sketch,the tch,the comp compone onent nt pa parts rts of an inde indepe pende ndent nt tie tiedd sca scaffol ffolds. ds. - Pr Prec ecaauti utionswhen onswhen usi using ng a la ladde dderr as a me mean anss of ac acce cess ss to thesca thescaffo ffold. ld. Types of independent tied scaffold:

Lightt duty Ligh duty:: where one platform is used at any one time e.g.: for painting. General Gene ral purpose: where up to 4 platforms can be used. Example for general maintenance. two light duty platforms are used. Example for masonry work. Heavy He avy duty: where 2 heavy duty and NEB OSH IG IGC C


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZA HAZARDS RDS AND CONTROL CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL In re relat lation ion to sa safe fe ac acce cess ss for cons construc truction tion work ab above ove grou ground nd le level vel:: - Me Mean anss by a la label beled ed ske sketch,the tch,the comp compone onent nt pa parts rts of an inde indepe pende ndent nt tie tiedd sca scaffol ffolds. ds. - Pr Prec ecaauti utionswhen onswhen usi using ng a la ladde dderr as a me mean anss of ac acce cess ss to thesca thescaffo ffold. ld. Precautions when using a ladder as a means of access to the scaffold:  Ensuring suitability of the ladder (regarding type, length, free from  Securing the

damage, etc.).

ladder.

NEBOSH IG IGC C

 Use of the ladder on a firm and level ground.  Safe position of the ladder (e.g.:

away from traffic routes).

 Correct height to base ratio of 4:1

,

,

.

 Platform at top to be kept clear of obstruction.  Ensuring removal at the end

of the day.


125

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL Factors contribute to the collapseof an independent tied scaffold  Incorrect design or 

assembly.

Unstable foundations (unconsolidated ground, close proximity to excavations, inadequate sole plates & base

plates).  Unauthorized alteration (e.g.: removal of ties).  Overloading of platforms.  Adverse

weather conditions.

NEBOSH IGC

 Collision by vehicles.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL Precautions to prevent materials falling from a scaffold whilst work is being carried out  The close boarding of platforms.  The provision of toe boards, brick guards, nets, etc.  Good housekeeping to prevent the build-up of materials on

the scaffold.

 The use of netting, particularly where the public are at risk.

NEBOSH IGC


126

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL Main hazards associated with theuse of ladders at work and how to avoid these hazards.  Falling

hazard: due to slipping or due to insecure ladder (on top and/ or base).

 Falling

materials over passers by (due to no guarding of area, no signs, etc.).



ectr ca azar : ue to p acng meta c a ers or wet woo en a ers near power nes.

 Collision

of ladders by vehicles: if the area is not guarded.

 Weather

hazards as heat, cold, etc.

How such hazards may be avoided:  Before

 Guarding 

NEBOSH IGC

using ladder be sure it is free from slippery substances. of the work area & the use of signs & markings.

Make sure ladder is firmly secured (tied at top, secured at bottom or footed by a second person if no more than 3 meters .

,

, .

.

 Ensure correct slope of ladder (75 0 angle) corresponding to a ratio of 4:1.  Ensure

that rungs are level and free from defects.

 Metallic

ladders & wet wooden ladders to be away from power lines.

 Ensure

that ladders are regularly inspected & maintained.

 Use

of the required PPE.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL Features that you would look for in properly erected scaffolding The features that you should you would look for in a properly erected scaffolding are: Correct design with adequate load bearing capacity, adequate foundations, structures should be erected by competent persons, all working platform edges should be adequately protected. (by toe boards, net, handrails, etc.), safe stacking of all materials resting on platforms, no overloading of platforms, working platforms provided with safe means of access, and check inspection records to ensure regular inspection.

NEBOSH IGC


127

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL Independent scaffolding Independent scaffolding is a scaffolding independent of the structure to which access is required. It has many types:

Independent tied scaffold : which are tied to the structure for stability (for example to a window). Independent mobile towers : which are towers formed with scaffold tubes and mounted on wheels. They have single working platforms with hand rails and toe boards all around.

NEBOSH IGC


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL Precautions when contractors are carrying out work on a fragileroof  The use of roof ladders or crawling boards. As an absolute minimum, 2

ladders or boards are needed. (never

step onto a fragile roof).  The fragile area is to be covered and the cover should extend a minimum of

1 meter up the roof.

NEBOSH IGC


128

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL Precautions necessary for the safe use of a mobile access tower. Precautions for safe useof mobiletowers:  Erection 

should be in accordance with manufacturer's recommendation.

recton, a terat on

 It

smant ng to e one y competent persons.

should stand on a firm level base.

 Scaffold  Proper

tubes to be free from defects e.g.: bent sections.

bracing to prevent twisting and collapse.

NEBOSH IGC

 The

ratio of the minimum base dimensions to the height should not exceed: 1:3 in external use & 1:3.5 in internal use.

 The

maximum height of free standing tower is 9.75 meters.

 The

maximum height of tied tower is 12 meters. "



".

 Platforms should be properly supported and fully boarded.  Toe boards & guard  Ladder

rails to be provided to prevent falls of workers and/ or materials.

or stepladders should not be placed on the platform to gain extra height for working.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL Precautions necessary for the safe use of a mobile access tower. Precautions for safe use of mobile towers:  Tie the mobile tower if:

-The scaffold is likely to be exposed to strong winds. -The tower base is too small for the height. -The tower is to be used for operations like: Grit blasting, Heavy drilling, Water jetting.

NEBOSH IGC

-If necessary to lift materials & equipment up.  On using a mobile tower, make sure the castors are locked.  Toe

boards & guard rails are to be provided for a platform of more than

1.5 meter height. The guard rails should be 3 feet above the platform. 

Before moving tower, be sure no power lines obstructions, holes in the

ground, etc.  Push the tower from the base.


129

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL Precautions that may be neededwhen carrying out repairs of theflat roof of a building  Provision of safe access

to the roof: by scaffolding and/or ladder.

 Edge protection: to prevent falling of people and

/ or materials.

 Barriers around the area below the roof to prevent access to the area.  Netting under the roof is

sometimes required.

 Means of transporting materials to and from the work area.

NEBOSH IGC

 Protecting workers from weather conditions as sun, rains, winds, etc.  The proper positioning and the safe use  equipment as: bitumen boilers &

of hazardous

gas cylinder.

 Special Measures for fragile roof. Never

step on fragile

 roof directly. Use roof ladder or crawling boards. (these are 

to be laid across the roof surface).

Wearing the suitable PPE (harness is required in addition to other PPE items as helmet, gloves, safety

shoes, overall, etc.).


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL Woodwork on the exterior of a two-storey office building is to be repaired during July this year. Preparation work will be carried out from a mobile tower scaffold using blow lamps, scrapers and an electrical hand-held sander. en y

e measures

a s ou

e a op e n or er o pro ec aga ns

e anger o peop e an

or

materials falling from the scaffold. 2)Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk from electricity when using the portable sander. 3) List four other hazards arising from the preparation work and for each hazards, state the possible means of protection.

NEBOSH IGC


130

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL 1) The measureof required are:  Erection

of scaffold should be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation.

 Erection of scaffold to be done by competent persons.  Barriers

(by tape for example), warning signs and flash light around the work area.

 Scaffold

should rest on firm level ground.

 Scaffold

tubes to be free from defects.

 Proper

bracing to prevent scaffolding collapse.

 Castor

wheels to be locked while working.

NEBOSH IGC

 To tie the mob ile tower if there are  To

winds or if using heavy materials or equipment.

be of a safe height: no to exceed: 9.75 meter for mobile towers & 12 meters for tied independent towers.

 Safe

ratio of base dimensions to height: 1:3 in external use & 1:3.5 in internal use.

 Use

safe ladder is to properly secured.

 Toe

boards and guard rails to be adequate enough to prevent persons and materials falling.

 Close

boarding of platform.

 Never

move the tower while people and / or materials are still on platform.

 Good

housekeeping of materials on the platform.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL 2)The practical measures to reduce the risk from electricity:  Use

certified suitable sander free from any defect.

 Check  Use

the cable condition and connections.

double insulated cable with impact proof cover/water proof cover.

 Use low voltage (110v).  Fit  If 

protective device as residual current breaker (RCB) or fuse.

possible use battery powered equipment (to avoid electrical risk).

Earthing: to connect the equipment to earth so that in fault conditions, earth will constitute the least resistant pathway for

NEBOSH IGC

current.  Proper

training and competence of users.

 Regular  Proper  Use

inspection and maintenance of equipment.

storage of the equipment.

the proper PPE


131

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL

Hazard

Precautions

*Heat hazard: due to working under the Sun

- Reducing time of exposure. - Frequent rest breaks in a shady area. - Wear suitable clothes and wear caps or helmets. - Sufficient fluid and salt intake.

*Manual handling hazard: due to lifting paint materials

- Mechanical handling (as by the aid of forklifts). - Team handling. - Use of proper PPE (as cloth glove).

- Training workers about good kinetic handling techniques NEB OSH IGC *Ergonomic hazards: due to awkward postures during painting

- Proper workstation design. - Safe system of work. - Workers training & supervision at work. - Task to be interrupted by rest breaks.

*Exposure to asbestos & or lead: while removing old paints.

- Identification & segregation of Asbestos materials.

*Paint health hazards: as dermatitis, asthma, effects on central nervous system, dizziness, etc.

- Use of protective clothes and required of PPE (as rubber gloves, masks, etc.)

*Fire and explosion: due to hot work or ignition source close to painting cans.

- Avoid hot work as cutting, grinding, welding, etc. close to painting cans.

- Use of appropriate PPE (respirator with dust cartridge).

- Reducing time of exposure.

- Exclusion of all ignition source (including smoking) in painting area.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL Doing repainting work using tower scaffold, The likely hazards of this operation. The required control measures to avoid risk from this operation. Health hazards due to exposure to paint: leading to dermatitis, asthma, effects on central nervous system, dizziness, etc. Also lead hazards due to removal of old paints.

Ergonomic hazards: due to awkward posture & movements during painting.

NEBOSH IGC

Manual handling hazards: due to carrying heavy cans & other equipment. Heat hazards: due to working under the Sun. Falling hazards: due to:  The use of unsafe

ladder.

 Improper boarding of the platform.  Inadequate toe boards, guard rails & bracing.  Collapse of the tower

due to many reasons (improperly erected tower, doing unauthorized alterations, use of

defective scaffold tubes, or erection on non firm & non level ground). TÜV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

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CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WORKING ABOVE GROUND LEVEL 

Collision with power line & other obstructions.



Falling of materials (if toe boards & guard rails are inadequate)

 The precautions: 

Erection of the tower scaffold should be in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations.



Erection alteration and dismantlin of ower scaffold o be done b com etent ersons.

 Tower scaffold should stand on a firm level base. 

Scaffold tubes to be free from defects.



Proper bracing to prevent twisting & collapse.



Base dimensions to height should not exceed: 1:3 in internal use & 1:3.5 in internal use.

 The

NEBOSH IGC

maximum height is: 9.75 meters for free mobile tower & 12 meters for tied independent tower.

 Tower should never be moved while people or materials are 

still on the platform.

Platform should be properly supported & fully boarded.

 Toe

board & guard rails to be provided to prevent falling of workers and / or materials.

 To make sure that castors are locked before use. 

Before moving tower, be sure no power lines / obstructions or holes in the ground.

 Training of painters about how to

work safely.



Use protective clothes and PPE during painting (as gloves, suitable overall, face shield, respirator).



Good supervision of the painting process.



Good communication.



Stand-by first aid and emergency services.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WASTE MANAGEMENT Issues to be considered by an organization to ensure safe system of work on dealing with waste collection & disposal. For collection of waste,consider the following: 

s assessment o ent y e azar s assoc ate w t waste co ect on.

 Collect waste at regular basis and avoid its accumulation.  Use

waste containers of sufficient number, of a suitable material and of adequate size and to positioned in

accessible locations with signs referring to it.

NEBOSH IGC

 Avoid

overfilling of waste containers.

 Waste container to be easily opened and to be securely closed to avoid attraction of flies, insects, etc. 

.

 Health surveillance for workers dealing with waste

collection.

 Provision of required PPE for workers involved in waste collection.


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CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL WASTE MANAGEMENT Issues to be considered by an organization to ensure safe system of work on dealing with waste collection & disposal. Fordisposal of waste,consider the following: ,

  Assess

the chemical and effective load of the waste.

 Monitor

the environment (pre and post disposal).

 Waste  Safe  Use

.

.

disposal work permit is required for some special wastes.

NEBOSH IGC

method for dealing with by-products of waste disposal (as dumping of ash resulting from incineration).

of properly trained personnel for waste disposal.

 Health surveillance for disposal workers.  Stand-b  Use

emer enc e ui ment or events as ire, etc..

of required PPE by disposal workers.

Regulations concerned with waste are:  Waste

Management Licensing Regulation 1994.

 Special Waste Regulation 1996.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL CONTROL MEASURES Hierarchy of control measures  Elimination  Substitution.  Engineering controls (including work permit)  Administrative

Controls

- Reduced time of exposure. - Training.

NEBOSH IGC

- Safety signs. - First aid and emergency measures. - ea t surve ance. - Use of PPE.


134

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL CONTROL MEASURES Thekey items how to deal with any hazard question According to the work activity performed: If the work is outdoor, consider: 

ea er azar s as ea , co , ra ns.

 Bite by animals, snakes, insects, etc.

If work is at the roadside, consider:  Collision by vehicles.

NEBOSH IGC

 If the work is dealing with grass or other plant consider: insect bites.  If the work is dealing with water (as fro cleaning canals), consider:

Drownin hazard.. Trench foot hazard. Leptospirosis (Weil's disease)  If

the work is requiring manual handling (as lifting painting cans, cleaning material, etc, etc.) consider:

manual handling hazard.


CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES - HAZARDS AND CONTROL CONTROL MEASURES Thekey items how to deal with any hazard question According to the work activity performed:  If

doing tasks as painting, floor cleaning, keyboard use, assembly work, etc., consider: Ergonomic hazard.

 If

an equipment is used, consider: Equipment hazards (mechanical & non mechanical)

 If the equipment used is petrol driven, consider:

Carbon monoxide hazards. Nitrogen oxides hazards.  If

working in a confined space, consider:

NEBOSH IGC

Atmospheric hazards (as lack of oxygen or toxic fumes). Entrapment. Biological hazards. Equipment hazards. Manual handling hazards.  On

doing repainting, consider: Hazards due to removal of old paint: as lead exposure. Hazards of painting (as health hazards, fire, explosion, manual handling, ergonomic and weather hazards).


135

IGC-2

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