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“ISMOS” Y “OLOGÍAS” Un estudio de religiones, sectas y nuevos movimientos religiosos desde una perspectiva Latinoamericana Latinoamericana
Publicado en SCRIBD
por Dorothy Bullón Agosto, 2014
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Durante la historia de la humanidad ha habido muchas guerras que tienen la religión como su motivo. Aun esto ocurre en el siglo XXI. Si cada religión se queda en sus trincheras creyendo que son los dueños de su divinidad y de la verdad, solamente va a ver fricciones cada vez más dolorosas; más familias divididas por religión; países, como Irlanda del Norte, con dos bandos de vecinos viviendo incertidumbres, así también viven los serbios y croatas, sunís y chiitas, israelíes y palestinos y la lista sigue... Este libro tiene el propósito de presentar un pequeño estudio, a vuelo de pájaro, de las religiones, sectas y nuevos movimientos religiosos que encontramos en América Latina. La autora espera que la lectura sea amena y que estimule una investigación mayor. Debemos ser personas que conozcamos, y respetemos las creencias de otras personas y sepamos tenerlas como amigas. Enseño un curso sobre Religiones, Sectas y Nuevos Movimientos Cristianos en el Seminario Nazareno de las Américas, San José, Costa Rica. Ellos me invitaron escribir un Módulo basado en mis notas de clase para ser empleadas como libro de texto en cursos especialmente en línea. Ese trabajo fue el esqueleto de este pequeño libro. La mayoría de la información incluida en este libro se ha encontrado a través de centenares de páginas Web del Internet. Internet. Se invita abrir la página de cada movimiento para escucharles a ellos mismos ya que tenemos esta ventaja que podemos ir a las mismas fuentes para estudiarlas estudiarlas y ser más objetivos. Además en la bibliografía bibliografía hay una lista de páginas donde uno puede encontrar respuestas apologéticas a varios de estos grupos. En todos los casos hay que escudriñar lo bueno y rechazar lo que no responde a la buena y sana doctrina.
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TEMAS EN EL LIBRO Capítulo I ¿QUÉ ES LA RELIGIÓN? Religión como fenómeno universal Adherencia actual La experiencia religiosa Las sectas Los nuevos movimientos religiosos
Capítulo II El trasfondo religioso de América Latina Las religiones autóctonas Los conquistadores católicos Religiones afro caribeñas Protestantismo La situación contemporánea contemporánea El postmodernismo
Capítulo III Las tres religiones monoteístas Cristianismo: las iglesias ortodoxas, católicas y protestantes La Iglesia Ortodoxa La Iglesia Católica La Iglesia protestante Judaísmo Islam Movimientos religiosos que surgen del Islam
Capítulo IV Las tres religiones de origen oriental El Hinduismo La Sociedad Internacional para la Conciencia Krishna El Budismo La Verdad Suprema (Aum Shinrikyo) El Taoísmo El Taoísmo occidentalizado
Capítulo V Religiones autóctonas El mundo de los espíritus
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Oraciones a los dioses Chamanes (brujos) Movimientos que son influenciados por estas religiones La Santería
Capítulo VI Sectas de origen cristiano cristiano Sectas escatológicas Los Testigos de Jehová Los Adventistas del Séptimo Día Sectas destructivas La secta “La puerta del cielo Los Davidianos Sectas que funcionan como organizaciones religiosas con trasfondo cristiano La Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los Últimos Días La Iglesia de la Unificación Dos sectas nuevas desde Latinoamérica La Iglesia Universal del Reino de Dios (IURD) Creciendo en Gracia
Capítulo VII Movimientos en la l a iglesia cristiana Movimiento ecuménico Movimiento feminista cristiana Movimiento de liberación Movimiento de santidad Movimientos de renovación Movimiento de la teología de la prosperidad Movimiento de guerra espiritual Movimiento con énfasis en discipulado Movimiento del rescate de los 5 ministerios Movimiento de raíces hebreas o “judaísmo cristiano” Movimiento emergente Movimiento de las iglesias virtuales
Capítulo VIII Movimientos religiosos y sectas de origen no cristiano Nueva Era Neo-paganismo Nuevos movimientos religiosos/ nuevas religiones Las ciencias ocultas
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Los modernistas pronosticaron que para el final del siglo XX la religión habría de desaparecer en el mundo. Se equivocaron en gran manera. Ahora más personas son religiosas, como nunca antes. Hay avivamientos de todo, hinduismo, taoísmo, budismo, cristianismo, brujería y un montón de “ismos” y “ologías”. En esta primera sección es necesario dar algunas definiciones. ¿Qué es la religión? ¿Qué es una experiencia religiosa? ¿Qué es una secta? ¿Cuáles son las características de una secta? ¿Qué es una secta destructiva? ¿Cómo debemos definir en el mundo de hoy a los movimientos religiosos?
La religión se basa en un sistema de creencias acerca de lo sobrenatural, lo sagrado, o lo divino. Los religiosos se adhieren a códigos morales, prácticas y valores asociados con sus creencias. A través de los miles de años que existe la especie humana se han desarrollado incontables formas y credos religiosos. La religión satisface una necesidad humana para encontrarse espiritualmente. Las religiones tratan de responder a algunas de las preguntas más fundamentales de la vida:- ¿Por qué estamos aquí y para qué existimos? ¿De dónde viene este universo? ¿Quién nos hizo? ¿De dónde vienen los fenómenos naturales? ¿Por qué existe el bien y el mal? ¿Cuáles son las causas y efectos de nuestro universo y existencia? ¿Existe un poder sobrenatural? ¿Existen poderes buenos y malos que influencian nuestra vida? ¿Qué podemos hacer para que nos hagan bien a nosotros? ¿Después de la muerte qué pasará? ¿Si existe Dios cómo puedo p uedo conocerle? ¿Cómo puedo tener paz en un mundo conflictivo? ¿Con qué parámetros mido lo éticamente correcto? ¿Por qué hay sufremiento en el mundo? Las diferentes religiones tienen respuestas variadas a estas preguntas. Encontramos las siguientes prácticas en alguna forma en la mayoría de las religiones y movimientos religiosos en el mundo de hoy: la oración, la adoración, la necesidad de congregase con otros de la misma creencia, ayunar, peregrinaje a un lugar sagrado, liderazgo en la forma de clérigos o sacerdotes, ceremonias y ritos según la tradición religiosa, lista de creencias, código de conducta específica para
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Dios en la Biblia, los musulmanes en el Corán, los budistas en “el camino de las ocho verdades” como parte de una religión basada en la ética desarrollada por Buda. Algunas religiones como el cristianismo pregonan la necesidad de una relación personal con Dios. En cuanto a la vida después de la muerte hay una variedad de ideas: la reencarnación y eventual llegada al brahmán hindú o nirvana budista, el cielo e infierno musulmán, purgatorio, cielo e infierno católico; un lugar selecto en el cielo para ciento cuarenta y cuatro mil, de los Testigos de Jehová; el cielo e infierno que creamos para nosotros aquí, para los humanistas. Hay por lo menos cuatro maneras como la gente de diferentes religiones se ha acercado la una a la otra, expresadas por cuatro actitudes hacia los demás. En primer lugar está el exclusivismo. exclusivismo. Las religiones exclusivistas mantienen que tienen la única verdad y que hay que convertir a los demás. Los cristianos tienden a ser exclusivistas porque creen que Jesús es el camino a Dios y que no hay otro (Juan 14:6). Los judíos y los musulmanes tienen una posición semejante. Por el otro lado está el inclusivismo. inclusivismo. Hay movimientos religiosos que reconocen la verdad en varios sistemas de creencia. Los hindúes, budistas y Bah’ai están en esta categoría. Creen que la revelación es un proceso continuo y que todas las grandes religiones del mundo tienen en el fondo un origen divino. Las personas que tienen creencias pluralistas no pluralistas no hacen distinciones entre las creencias. Cada uno, según ellos, es válido para cada cultura. Todos los caminos pueden dirigir a Dios. En el sincretismo, la sincretismo, la gente mezcla elementos de diferentes religiones y crea una nueva religión haciendo una fusión. Esto lo vemos muy a menudo en América Latina, por ejemplo la santería cubana, vudú de Haití y “umbanda” y “macumba” de Brasil y los “rastafarios”.
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RELIGION Cristianismo Islam Secular/No religioso/Agnóstico/Ateo religioso/Agnóstico/Ateo Budismo Hinduismo Religiones autóctonas Religiones afroamericanas afroamericanas Regiones tradicionales de África Sijismo Espiritismo Judaísmo Baha'i Jainismo Sintoísmo: Caodaísmo Zoroastrismo Tenrikyō Neo-Paganismo Unitarismo universalista/unitarismo + universalismo Rastafarianismo Cientología
ADHERENTES en millones o miles 2300 1977 1100 200 a 1600 (Dato incierto por la población tan grande de China) 900 300 100 100 23 15 13.3 5 4.2 4 4 2.6 2 1 800 mil 600 mil 500 mil
¿Qué es lo que autentica una experiencia religiosa? Los sufís de Sudán danzan hasta que se caen en trance; muchos hindúes y budistas meditan empleando la técnica de yoga para desasociarse de su realidad; hay muchos grupos cristianos que
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otros es asociarse con el diablo y hacer la religión al revés, mientras que para otros grupos existe la necesidad de experimentar su religión a través de ritos y ceremonias mágicas, o de danzas. Hay palabras como “misticismo”, “mesmerismo”, “estados alterados de conciencia” que describen fenómenos extraños en la religión. Todos estos pueden ser experiencias experiencias religiosas. La religión satisface a algunas personas porque sienten placer, es emocionante. Otros sienten una comunicación con un ser sobrenatural, sienten la presencia de Dios. Para otros lo que es importante es escuchar un buen sermón donde pueden emplear su mente para entender a Dios. Para otros es una experiencia de la santidad y majestuosidad de Dios; lo que un teólogo, Rudolph Otto, llama “lo numinoso.” La gente busca sentir paz, gozo, ser amada por Dios y la comunidad de fe. Se siente realizada cuando tiene una dimensión espiritual en su vida. Se puede sentir un poder espiritual, por ejemplo en un acto milagroso o en un acto de exorcismo. También la religión para algunas personas los llena de sentimientos de culpa y temor. 1. Algo más sobre el misticismo Nuestro estado normal de conciencia es el de estar despiertos o dormidos. Pero la ciencia reconoce que el cerebro puede funcionar en otros estados que pueden ser llamados “trances, hipnosis, éxtasis” o “estados alterado de conciencia” (EAC). 2. ¿Cuáles factores alteran los estados de conciencia? El “estado alterado de conciencia” puede ser un fenómeno natural o parte de una experiencia religiosa. Como podemos ver en el siguiente comentario, hay varias formas de llegar a alterar la conciencia o entrar en éxtasis o trance. Ayunos prolongados alteran la química sanguínea produciendo irritabilidad y hasta alucinaciones. Cuando hay una quietud completa y la estimulación sensorial es reducida la gente experimenta EACs. El silencio y poner la mente en blanco es una técnica que líderes de diversas religiones emplean con este fin. Una persona que es aislada de los demás y vive en silencio y soledad, puede comenzar a tener alucinaciones, escuchar voces y sentir estas experiencias experiencias extrañas. Cuando la atención es enfocada en una cosa, es una tarea como cualquier
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una migraña o un ataque epiléptico, estado de delirio con fiebres altas, el uso de venenos, el abuso de drogas adictivas como el alcohol, pastillas de dormir. Las drogas alucinantes que muchos jóvenes toman abren la puerta a una experiencia alterada de conciencia. La hiperventilación puede afectar a la mente. Esto es algo que puede pasar en un culto muy emotivo. La gente que hiperventila comienza a sentir mareos, con sensaciones de electricidad en sus manos y otras sensaciones asociadas con entrar en un EAC. La química de la sangre es alterada causando estos efectos. La presión arterial cae, la gente suda especialmente por las palmas de las manos, y pueden desmayarse. Las personas que entran en trance o éxtasis describen sus experiencias en términos muy similares a los cristianos. Hablan de sentir paz, ver mucha luz, tener visiones, sentir alegría, entre otros. Como se puede ver, uno puede entrar en un “estado alterado de conciencia” en un servicio religioso, o en una celda en una prisión, o en una clase de yoga, o en un ayuno prolongado. El éxtasis o el trance pueden ser compartidos por enfermos, drogadictos o gente buscando experiencias religiosas. 3. Consecuencias de entrar en un estado alterado de conciencia Se experimentan alteraciones en la manera de pensar como por ejemplo cambios en la memoria, percepción, atención, y juicio, pérdida de coherencia. Un sentido alterado de tiempo donde hay un sentimiento que el tiempo no corre. Pérdida de control sobre uno mismo. La gente puede comenzar a sentir mareos, se sienten impotentes. Hay cambios en expresiones emocionales. Puede haber cambios drásticos de emociones: temor y depresión, o por el contrario alegría o euforia. Hay cambios a la imagen del cuerpo; se siente diferente, liviano o a veces, muy pesado. Puede haber un sentimiento de choquecitos eléctricos, inhabilidad de ver bien, volverse insensible al dolor. La persona llega a desasociarse con su realidad. Experimentan cambios perceptuales, por ejemplo, pueden tener alucinaciones, o un aumento en imágenes visuales. Puede haber un cambio de sentido o significación. Sentimientos de iluminación profunda, o de lo inefable. Pueden persistir memorias vividas, pero no pueden ser comunicadas en palabras. El lenguaje es inadecuado para describir lo que
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uno. Sin embargo, nuestro Creador sabe de este estado de conciencia y cuando Él quiere se revela a algunas personas en visiones o sueños. Así fue en el caso de Pedro en Jope, que en ayunas entra en éxtasis y tiene una visión (Hechos 10:9). Desde el punto de vista cristiano, el consumismo espiritual es idolatría cuando las experiencias en sí mismas reemplazan la devoción sacrificial a Jesús y el servicio al prójimo. El propósito de cada bendición es recibir poder para servir. No es necesario tener una experiencia extática para ir al cielo.
Habiendo visto algo sobre la religión en general y las experiencias religiosas en particular, debemos hacer algunas definiciones. La palabra secta viene del latín secare, que significa sectar, cortar. También se ha dicho que la palabra viene de 1 secedere, que significa separarse. En ambos casos siempre está presente la idea de separación. En esta obra vamos a emplear la palabra “ secta” para secta” para las expresiones religiosas que la apologética ha definido formalmente como desviaciones de la fe cristiana u otra religión; mientras m ientras que “los “ los movimientos religiosos” religiosos” son aquellos grupos nuevos que están entre nosotros sin ser definidos en profundidad. Todavía no han sido catalogados por los filósofos o teólogos apologistas como sectas. Algunos son positivos, otros negativos. Estas definiciones son propias a esta obra ya que para muchos, algunas sectas son nuevos movimientos religiosos. Una secta es un grupo religioso que se ha ramificado de una religión establecida más grande. Las sectas tienen muchas creencias y prácticas en común con la religión de la cual se han separado, pero se distinguen por un número de diferencias doctrinales. Las sectas, en el sentido sociológico, son generalmente tradicionalistas y conservadoras e intentan volver su religión de origen a su pureza
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2. Características de una tendencia sectaria Liderazgo fuerte Muchos de estos grupos tienen líderes fuertes y de carácter carismático. El grupo se enfoca en el líder a quien da su lealtad y se comprometen celosamente. El liderazgo dicta en detalle cómo deben actuar y pensar los miembros. A veces tienen que llevar la ropa que el liderazgo decide. Muchas veces el líder supuestamente supuestamente tiene una gran misión para salvar a la humanidad y por eso hay presión para seguirle. Muchas veces su líder es considerado un mesías o una encarnación de algún dios. Generalmente el líder no tiene que rendir cuentas a una autoridad superior. En varios de estos grupos los líderes inducen un sentimiento de culpa si la gente no cumple con los requisitos para tenerlos bajo su control. Desaniman a los seguidores a hacer preguntas o dudar. A veces castigan a los que hacen preguntas llevando a cabo un lavado cerebral. Creencias Nacen dentro de la religión cristiana o se basan en otras religiones. Las sectas cristianas son grupos que además de la Biblia tienen otros libros ‘revelados ‘ revelados’’ o ‘mensajes proféticos’ proféticos’, redefinen o niegan una o más de las doctrinas esenciales a la fe cristiana y añaden elementos que según ellos son necesarios para ser salvos. En el mundo cristiano, generalmente estos grupos pretenden tener su base en las enseñanzas bíblicas y se forman en organizaciones cristianas, como por ejemplo la Iglesia de Cristo de Los Últimos Tiempos (los mormones). Se asocia a la idea de seguir a un maestro, un líder carismático quien supuestamente ha tenido inspiración divina
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reunión de preparación para la primera comunión y después ir a la conferencia de la ‘Nueva Acrópolis’ Acrópolis’
Para esta obra, un nuevo movimiento religioso es un grupo espiritual o filosófico que todavía no ha sido reconocido como una denominación o secta. Puede ser de origen cristiano o no. Más adelante vamos a analizar brevemente ejemplos de ambas categorías. Los nuevos movimientos religiosos son un fenómeno mundial y están muy presentes en nuestro continente americano. Comienzan a demandar la atención no sólo de los noticieros, de los espectáculos televisivos disfrazados de investigación, sino también de los que estudian desde la ciencia los fenómenos socioreligiosos. Así que el hablar de nuevos movimientos religiosos, es de uso común entre quienes están dedicados a las ciencias sociales y los líderes pastorales eclesiásticos. En esta época de postmodernismo, donde cada uno se siente libre para interpretar o reinterpretar su entorno, el pluralismo es evidente. Parece que hay un despertamiento despertamiento de todo lo religioso. En suma, la religión es un fenómeno universal que ha durado desde el principio y aún después de todos los ataques del modernismo está más fuerte que nunca. Este fenómeno puede clasificarse en grandes religiones mundiales pero también existen sectas y nuevos movimientos religiosos que considerar. En el próximo capítulo examinaremos el trasfondo religioso del Continente Americano.
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¿Cuál es la historia religiosa de nuestro continente? Realmente ha habido muchas influencias como por ejemplo las religiones autóctonas de cada país y región, las invasiones española y portuguesa, las influencias traídas de África con los esclavos, la obra misionera católica y protestante durante los últimos 150 años, y finalmente más de una década de internet que nos ha metido en el pluralismo y la globalización.
Es muy importante reconocer que antes de los españoles, la gente de las Américas era muy religiosa. Cada grupo en cada país tenía su sistema religioso bien definido. Pertenecían a los grupos de las religiones primales o autóctonas (ver más adelante para más información al respecto). No eran como algunos conquistadores decían ‘animales desalmados’ desalmados’. Los antiguos sistemas religiosos de los mayas, Chavín de Huantár, Chimú, Inca, Tiahuanaco, (entre otros) están registrados en cerámica, en textiles y grabados en piedra. Los cronistas describieron las experiencias religiosas al llegar a estas tierras, de estos, grupos como por ejemplo los Nahualt. El hombre andino era animista pero a la vez creía en Viracocha, el Dios Creador y en Inti, el dios/sol. Temía a los señores espíritus de los cerros de alrededor. Realizaba cultos de fertilidad fertili dad a la madre tierra (la ‘Mama ‘M ama Pacha’ Pacha’) para que ella le diera buenas cosechas. Los arqueólogos y los antropólogos han hecho muchos estudios sobre las religiones prehispánicas. Es una riqueza cultural nuestra y a la vez es la base sobre la cual el catolicismo tuvo que construir. Siempre ha estado presente
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Brasil, de Venezuela, de Colombia, Perú, Panamá (entre otros países). Estos esclavos trajeron consigo lo único que podían traer de su mundo en África, su religión. Otra vez hubo una fusión, esta vez de religiones africanas basadas en el espiritismo autóctono con el catolicismo. Así es que nacen movimientos religiosos como la santería santería en Cuba, el vudú en Haití, ‘macumba’ y ‘umbanda’ en Brasil. Movimientos que hasta hoy tienen muchísima influencia en estos países.
En la mayoría de los países, los primeros protestantes provenían provenían de las iglesias de trasplante, las iglesias establecidas en Europa o Estado Unidos que necesitaban establecer una congregación para sus adherentes en ultramar. Por ejemplo los anglicanos establecieron una iglesia en la mayoría de los capitales de América Latina para los ingleses fuera de su país. Un grupo inter-denominacional que trabajó en el siglo XIX fue la Sociedad Bíblica que mandó colportores como Diego Thompson y Francisco Penzotti, quienes vendieron Biblias y ayudaron a las comunidades a establecer iglesias protestantes. protestantes. Para los comienzos del siglo veinte ya habían llegado muchas denominaciones de Estados Unidos y el viejo continente. Sus misioneros trabajaron abnegadamente, cruzando los mares y países estableciendo las iglesias. Así es que llegaron al continente los metodistas, los presbiterianos, los bautistas (entre otros). Es importante destacar aquí un hecho. En la conferencia mundial del Concilio Mundial de Iglesias realizada en Edimburgo en 1910, decidieron no mandar misioneros a América Latina porque consideraban que la Iglesia Católica ya tenía una fuerte presencia, y no hacía falta más evangelización. Esta decisión tuvo dos efectos. Unas
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Durante los años noventa del siglo pasado arribaron olas de filosofías e influencias diferentes. Pasemos un rato analizándolas. Pero tenemos que realizar un pequeño repaso por la historia de los últimos cuatro siglos para ubicarnos. Durante el período medieval la iglesia controlaba el pensamiento de la gente. Todas las universidades estudiaban teología en una forma filosófica. Los profesores eran curas o monjes. La cultura estaba dominada por la religión. A nadie se le ocurriría pintar un cuadro que no fuera religioso, por ejemplo. Con el Renacimiento, la Reforma Protestante, los cambios políticos de los siglos XV y XVI, las cosas comienzan a cambiar, y un proceso de secularización empieza. Las universidades se abren a otras carreras. Comienzan a descubrir nuevos continentes; que el mundo ya no es el centro del universo; que giramos alrededor del sol, y que el mundo es redondo; ideas revolucionarias para aquellos tiempos. Se inventó la imprenta y así los libros no estaban en manos de monjes copistas. Cualquier persona podía escribir un libro, imprimirlo y divulgarlo. Así es que poco a poco nace la era moderna. La era de la ciencia comienza, la era humanista, la era en la cual el hombre se cree capaz de cualquier cosa.
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rock, los Beattles Los Rolling Stones, la gente Hippie, los ‘Flower Power’, Power’ , y Los levantamientos estudiantiles. Lo que estaban gritando es que todo eso no tenía sentido. Ellos comenzaron a ir a los Gurúes, a tomar drogas, a fumar marihuana, a emborracharse, a vivir en comunas, a dejar de creer en ningún valor, solamente vivir por el presente. Vivir por la experiencia de ese día, dormir con quien sea. Este ambiente comienza a afectar más seriamente a los Estados Unidos con la impopular guerra con Vietnam. Una guerra altamente científica que mataba a miles de jóvenes vietnameses y americanos. Otros miles fueron lesionados físicamente o mentalmente. Estamos hablando de la gente que hoy en día anda por los cuarenta o cincuenta. Son los padres de los jóvenes de hoy. A la cultura de los jóvenes ‘re ‘ rebeldes’ beldes’ hay hay que sumar Hollywood y todas las películas que ellos han producido, que han afectado grandemente a la sociedad de hoy. En los últimos diez a quince años hay que sumar el efecto de la música juvenil producida en increíbles videos virtuales con mensajes diversos. La televisión trae el mundo a nuestra sala, con ella los mensajes subliminales de los productores de cine que tienen una multitud de concepciones del mundo anticristianas, posmodernas, confusas en filosofía, y consumistas. Una cultura suma mente ‘yoísta’ es construida. El arte se ha vuelto absurdo, la música cacofonía clásica. El mensaje que se tiene es que
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2. Pluralismo y fin de la ética Todo es relativo. La sociedad acepta variedad de dioses y demonios. Ninguna cosmovisión es la única. Todos los valores son relativos. Cualquier cultura puede ser relevante. La ética ha sido relativizada hasta su aparente desaparición.
3. Retorno a lo religioso y lo sagrado Grandes frustraciones con eventos como el derrumbamiento del marxismo han puesto en duda los valores del modernismo. La gente está buscando en la religión, despreciada por la modernidad, sentido y magia, lo sobrenatural. La ruptura del mito que la ciencia tiene todas las repuestas para construir un mundo mejor lleno de paz y de felicidad está causando un enorme vacío en nosotros. La gente clama por lo trascendental. Los hombres vuelven a hablar de Dios. El hombre posmoderno siente la necesidad de creer pero rechaza la religión institucionalizada institucionalizada que pertenece al viejo orden. Hay un regreso a los dioses europeos pre-cristianos. Hay mucho interés en las religiones orientales.
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El ser humano posmoderno es instantáneo y efímero. efímero. Quiere comidas rápidas: Mira la televisión con el dedo en el botón de canal viendo varias canales a la vez. Lo esencial es la superficie inmediata e instantánea. No hay nada tras el rápido movimiento de imágenes sucesivas. El ser humano posmoderno es hedonista en busca de felicidad. felicidad. No tiene centro ni objetivo. No es religioso ni ateo. Todo lo que le interesa es pasarla bien. Hay una idolatría ido latría del cuerpo (ejercicios, dieta, macrobióticas, entre otras cosas.) Busca la felicidad basada en el hedonismo. Esta búsqueda de felicidad está cimentada en el consumismo y convierte al hombre posmoderno en un ser lleno de la necesidad compulsiva de consumir buscando productos cada vez más estimulantes, impactantes, nuevos y refinados. El ser humano posmoderno es un ser psicológico. psicológico. La psicología ocupa el lugar más importante de la nueva religiosidad, constituyéndose en un elemento catalizador en la nueva cosmovisión del mundo. Los estreses de la vida, las sombras que destruyen la felicidad son atendidos por la psicología y la religión
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En este capítulo trataremos del Cristianismo, el Judaísmo y el Islam, tres grandes religiones que adoran al mismo Dios (Dios, Yahvé o Alláh). El cristianismo incluye las tres grandes ramificaciones de la fe cristiana e incluye también grupos más pequeños (como son los armenios, siriacos y los cópticos).
El cristianismo, es la religión más grande del mundo. Se estima que más que dos billones de personas, una buena parte de la población del mundo dice ser cristiana. Esta cifra incluye Ortodoxos, Católicos, Protestantes de todas las denominaciones y además las sectas cristianas. La mayoría de las personas incluidas en estas cifras, sin embargo, son solamente cristianos nominales. Al principio la cristiandad estaba unida. Hubo dos momentos históricos de
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La Iglesia Ortodoxa no tiene un papa. Tiene patriarcas que gobiernan sobre países con autonomía. Veneran el patriarca de Estambul (antigua Constantinopla) pero él no tiene el poder de un papa. Los sacerdotes pueden casarse. El bautismo es por inmersión. Hay monjes que no se casan y se escoge los obispos de entre los monjes. Lo que realmente distingue la ortodoxia ortodo xia es su liturgia. La palabra ‘ortodoxia’ quiere decir la verdadera adoración. Ellos creen que toda la vida es adoración. En la adoración comunitaria usan la liturgia escrita por Juan Crisóstomo. La adoración en la iglesia es cuando juntos se dan la alabanza, acción de gracias y gloria a Dios como
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más involucramiento de laicos en las iglesias, y el movimiento carismático ha tenido raíces fuertes dentro del catolicismo (para más información ver http://mbsoft.com/believe/tsc/rcatholi.htm)). soft.com/believe/tsc/rcatholi.htm Movimientos que surgen del catolicismo Dentro de la Iglesia Católica existen muchas órdenes como los Franciscanos, los Dominicanos, los Jesuitas, para mencionar unos cuantos. Opus Dei (la obra de Dios) que vamos a examinar, es un movimiento de santidad para los laicos dentro de
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3. LA IGLESIA PROTESTANTE Se calcula que el número de cristianos evangélicos o protestantes representa unos 800 millones globales (Pew Forum, 2011) distribuidos en 41,000 diferentes denominaciones (Center for the Study of Global Christianity 2011 ). En resumidas palabras hay diferentes tipos de iglesias. En primer lugar están las iglesias confesionales que surgieron en el tiempo de la Reforma que son la Luterana, la Anglicana, la Reformada, la Presbiteriana y la Menonita (o Anabautista). Después de unos años surgieron más divisiones, por ejemplo los Bautistas, los
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¿Quiénes realmente son los judíos? Un buena pregunta. ¿Realmente son descendientes de Abraham? Probablemente muy pocos judíos lo son. Muchas personas durante los siglos se convirtieron al judaísmo por la puerta del proselitismo. Otros judíos se casaron con gentiles, un proceso que se vio aún en las narraciones del Antiguo Testamento. Podemos decir entonces que los judíos no son una raza y corre muy poca sangre de Abraham en sus venas. Hay judíos blancos, judíos etíopes, judíos latinoamericanos y judíos medio orientales. Todos ellos tienen una cosa en común, su religión.
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la tradición Judía. Este grupo quiere dar testimonio que hay un grupo creciente de judíos quienes creen en Jesús como su Mesías y el Salvador del mundo. Se juntan personas judías y no judías en una organización coherente que comparte la visión para el avivamiento dentro del judaísmo, y busca introducir el pueblo judío a su Mesías Jesús o Yeshua. Se estima que podría haber un número considerable de sinagogas en los Estados Unidos, que son de judíos mesiánicos. (Para más información sobre el judaísmo (ver http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismo http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismo)) .
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punto focal del Islam hacia el cual todo musulmán apunta cuando ora. Dos años
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El matrimonio es el medio más importante para establecer el reino de Dios en la tierra. Familias que adoran y temen a Dios son los ladrillos de la paz mundial. Resumen de ‘la teología’ de Moon, Moon, Dios quiso que Jesús encontrara una esposa ideal para producir hijos perfectos para poblar el mundo y cambiarla. Jesús falló, los judíos lo crucificaron, entonces fue necesario un segundo Mesías para completar los que Jesús no pudo hacer. Cada persona debe ser nacida de nuevo, de nuevos padres (Moon y su Sra.) para cumplir con el Plan de Dios de redención. Prácticas El matrimonio forma una parte importante en su estructura. Hablan del sexo absoluto que es la abstinencia antes del matrimonio y fidelidad después. Moon a veces arregla matrimonios entre gente de diferentes países y a veces conduce matrimonio en masa con miles de parejas a la vez. Una bendición de parte de Rev. Moon, supuestamente limpia el pecado original. Organizaciones relacionadas La iglesia de la Unificación (y el Rev. Moon personalmente) personalmente) ha acumulado una cantidad enorme de dinero, lo han invertido, y consecuentemente controla el interés en muchas compañías como como Pyonghwa Motors. Los ‘Moonies ‘ Moonies’’ representan una fuerza en la política coreana. En los Estados Unidos son dueños del periódico del ala derecha Washington Times , y en América Latina, el periódico semanal Tiempos del Mundo. En suma, es notorio que esta secta anda en caminos que no siguen las enseñanzas bíblicas. El Sr. Moon se presenta como una deidad. Tanto los mormones como La Iglesia de la Unificación manejan grandes sumas de dinero y por ello ejercen cierto poder comercial y político. ¿Qué va a pasar a su movimiento ya que el Sr. Moon murió? (Ver http://es.wiki http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_ pedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_la_Unificacio la_Unificacion n ).
En los últimos 30 años están apareciendo sectas latinoamericanas. Vamos a estudiar dos desde Brasil “La Iglesia Universal” y desde Puerto Rico “Creciendo en Gracia” 1. LA IGLESIA UNIVERSAL DEL REINO DE DIOS (IURD) La Iglesia Universal del Reino de Dios (IURD) más conocida como ‘Pare ‘ Pare de Sufrir’ Sufrir’ se declara ser cristiana, evangélica y pentecostal.
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Historia La Iglesia Universal del Reino de Dios que en algunos países de habla hispana se ha cambiado varias veces de nombre, (se ha denominado Oración Fuerte al Espíritu Santo, Comunidad Cristiana del Espíritu Santo, Arca Universal o o Familia Unida o Jesús es el Señor) fue fundada el 9 de julio de 1977 en Brasil, por el pastor evangélico Edir Macedo Bezerra junto con otros pastores. Macedo, quien se autoproclamó ‘Obispo’, había trabajado como cajero de la lotería l otería del Estado de Río de Janeiro, antes de d e convertirse en pastor protestante. Al comienzo de la década de 1990, la Iglesia Universal atravesó las fronteras brasileñas para instalarse inicialmente en Uruguay y en Argentina, y desde este momentos han cruzado las fronteras rápidamente y ahora están en muchos países de América Latina y el resto del mundo. Desde el comienzo, los obispos, los pastores y los obreros promueven cultos con sesiones de exorcismo, liberación y sanidad. En los cultos predican la id ea de que la mala suerte de las personas se debe a la presencia del demonio. Como salida para esos males la iglesia les ofrece a los fieles un discurso que predica que la pobreza es obra de Satanás y promete a las clases más pobres ascenso social, usando las promesas de la Teología de Prosperidad. Actualmente existen más de 8 millones de fieles en Brasil. La Iglesia está en más de 180 países (en toda América Latina, en algunas ciudades de Estados Unidos, Europa, África y Asia). Son dueños en Brasil de un banco, dos periódicos, una revista, 30 emisoras de radio y la red televisiva TV Récord con 25 repetidoras en todo el territorio. Producen unos ingresos millonarios, todos libres de impuestos. En San José de Costa Rica, la IURD compró una sinagoga judía, en US$ 2.000.000, y la transformó en su sede. Creencias Para un observador no estudioso del fenómeno religioso, la Iglesia Universal parecería un grupo similar a otros evangélicos pentecostales. Por ejemplo creen en la deidad de Jesucristo, la Trinidad, la resurrección corporal de Jesucristo y la salvación por gracia a través de la fe. La mayor parte de su credo copiado arriba es conservador en su naturaleza. La mención de que Dios el Padre se manifiesta primero, luego el Hijo en segundo lugar y en tercer lugar el Espíritu Santo suena un poco como la vieja herejía del Modalismo. El punto que se podría cuestionar seriamente es que los diezmos son tan importantes como la Palabra de Dios. En esta forma, desde su base doctrinal tienen una justificación para pedir cuanto quieran. Es, sin embargo, lo que el obispo Macedo incorpora como nuevos elementos que poco tienen que ver con lo bíblico. Central a las enseñanzas de Macedo es la lucha contra los demonios y la teología de la prosperidad y el uso de amuletos y objetos varios en los cultos. Ellos añaden el uso de elementos físicos como puntos de contacto para la fe. Basan esto en pasajes como cuando Jesucristo usó barro para curar a un ciego (San Juan 9:7), o el apóstol San Pablo cuando utilizó trozos de sus
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Muchos de los cultos de la IURD son cultos de liberación de espíritus y de su opresión. En todos sus templos se ora por la liberación de espíritus, tales como hechicería, adulterio, fornicación, celos, pleitos, envidias, borracheras, homosexualidad, VIH SIDA, entre otros. Para la IURD todos los problemas son causados por Satanás y todos pueden ser resueltos participando de una liberación o exorcismo acompañado de donaciones monetarias. Para recuperar la salud y la felicidad, para resolver problemas económicos, se deben realizar ritos simbólicos y utilizar objetos que ellos mismos producen y venden. Las prácticas Ya hemos mencionado las sesiones de liberación y sanidad. También hemos hecho alusión a las ofrendas como parte de la Teología de la Prosperidad. En algunos cultos de la IURD levantan hasta dos ofrendas por reunión. Otros elementos diferentes y cuestionables son el uso de cosas o amuletos para adquirir beneficios religiosos o espirituales. En todas sus congregaciones en el mundo el lunes, es el día dedicado a la prosperidad. Miércoles y domingo, son los días del Espíritu Santo. El viernes, la liberación (parecido al martes) y el jueves, la familia (el sábado, las actividades se encargan a los obreros y a los pastores auxiliares, ya que es el día del descanso del pastor titular). Aunque los temas sean distintos, una práctica se repite todos los días, los intensos pedidos al pago de los diezmos. La secta es conocida por la comercialización de productos mágicos, supuestamente traídos de Jerusalén u otras partes de Palestina, que son utilizados para recuperar la salud, para librarse de influencias satánicas, para conseguir la bendición familiar y la prosperidad económica. Lo que sigue es una lista de algunos de esos productos mágicos: El manto de la descarga de la fe es supuestamente un trozo de tela traído de Israel y luego es ungido y consagrado y ligeramente pasado por todo el templo; las personas deben levantar los brazos y con sus manos tocar el manto para que haya una descarga de fe, y tengan una cobertura sobrenatural y ningún mal les toque. La rosa consagrada. consagrada. Son rosas ungidas con aceite, consagradas que deben pasarlas por las paredes del hogar en oración, para que absorban los malos espíritus, la mala suerte, la pobreza y que después de hacer esto deben dejarla por una semana en algún lugar del hogar o de la oficina o del trabajo que estuviera lleno de mala suerte, y al cabo de una semana traerla de nuevo al pastor donde allí serán quemadas en un ritual de exorcismo declarando que todo lo malo era consumido por el fuego y que nunca más les volvería a hacer daño. Las vidas de los feligreses se cambiarán por la fe en la rosa y el poder que ella posee por la unción del aceite procedente de Israel que fue puesto sobre la Rosa.
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Otros amuletos como la “rosa iluminada”, la “espada de la conquista” hecha de caucho y cortada a mano, “piedras de la tumba de Jesús”, “sal del Mar Muerto”, “arena de la playa del Mar de Galilea”, entre otros supuesta s reliquias palestinenses. palestinenses. Pero todos estos implementos de buena suerte no son gratis del todo porque aunque dicen ser gratis, inicia la persecución psicológica, manipulando las mentes y los corazones, incentivándoles a dar sus diezmos y ofendas a cambios de las bendiciones que recibirán. Conclusiones La Iglesia Universal de Reino de Dios es una obra misionera brasilera. Por sus ideas expuestas arriba aunque tengan creencias que en el papel parecen ser ortodoxa en la práctica ellos están haciendo cosas que no están de acuerdo con las enseñanzas de la Biblia. La Teología de la Prosperidad no tiene sus bases en una sana hermenéutica bíblica. Echar la culpa a los demonios por todo el mal, es en esencia negar la razón principal por la cual Cristo murió, que fue por nosotros porque somos pecadores. Estos amuletos y objetos simbólicos parecen ser nada más que la reaparición del agua bendita y reliquias católicas medievales disfrazadas en términos modernos (http://www.universal.org/ http://www.universal.org/)). 2. CRECIENDO EN GRACIA “Creciendo en Gracia” es una secta que está propagándose muy rápidamente en América Latina y en otras partes del mundo. José Luis de Jesús Miranda es un expastor Pentecostal que proclama ser Jesús hecho hombre, o Jesús en su segunda venida. Creciendo en Gracia Gracia es un movimiento movimiento cuya sede se halla en la ciudad de Miami, en el estado de Florida, EE.UU. A primera vista parece ser un ministerio preocupado por la propagación de las doctrinas d octrinas de la gracia. Historia: José Luis de Jesús Miranda nació en Ponce, Puerto Rico, en 1946. Era adicto a heroína y ladrón, y pasó un tiempo en la cárcel antes de convertirse en cristiano. Fungió como pastor de una iglesia Pentecostal. En 1988, anunció que era el apóstol Pablo reencarnado, reencarnado, y en 1999 se llamaba ‘el ‘ el otro’ otro’ quien venía para preparar el camino para la venida de Cristo; y en 2004 dijo ser Cristo y la única persona que puede interpretar el evangelio. En Diciembre 1976, cuenta que tuvo una visión donde Dios lo ungió y le declaró muerto al pecado. Miranda cree que este momento era la segunda venida de Jesús quien se apoderó de él transformándolo en el Cristo Hombre. Últimamente ha añadido un título más, lo de Anticristo, pero poniendo connotaciones positivas a este título. En 1988, la agrupación llamada Ministerio Creciendo en Gracia empezó en la ciudad de Miami. ‘Creciendo en Gracia’ Gracia ’ tiene Centros en 20 países alrededor del mundo. Tiene millones de seguidores alrededor del mundo
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Creencias En su página web no hay ninguna base doctrinal solamente una serie de estudios bíblicos (http://www.telegracia.com/ http://www.telegracia.com/)). De todo lo que dicen se puede inferir lo siguiente:Miranda es Jesús en su segunda venida, es infalible, inmortal, el apóstol sobre todos los apóstoles. Los grupos alrededor del mundo lo adoran, cantan sus coros a él, lo llaman ‘Papi ‘ Papi’’. Han adoptado una versión muy estricta de predestinación. Cristo Murió solamente por un grupo escogido, y sus pecados son cubiertos desde de la fundación del mundo. Para este grupo que se ll aman ‘la ‘la súper-raza’ súper-raza’ no existe pecado. Están ‘creciendo ‘ creciendo en Gracia’ Gracia ’. Pueden actuar como quieren, no hay culpa ninguna. En todos los centros de ‘Creciendo en Gracia’ y Gracia’ y en su página web declaran la ‘SSS SSS’’ (salvo siempre salvo) que refleja su posición hiper-calvinista y antinómica. Como últimamente Miranda Miranda dice que a la vez que es ‘ Jesucristo Hombre’ Hombre’ es el anticristo, han adoptado el número ‘666’, ‘666’, un número que consideran bello, como su logo. Muchas personas se están tatuando este número y la SSS como señal de pertenecer a este grupo Solamente usan las epístolas de Pablo y el libro de Hebreos como referencia. Definitivamente predican la Teología de Prosperidad Dicen que todas las otras iglesias y religiones están equivocadas, y especialmente atacan a la Iglesia Católica No creen en la existencia del Diablo Miranda dijo que es eterno, no iba a morir, iba a ser transformado para dirigir un gobierno global, que va a ocurrir dentro de algunos años. No existe el infierno y el cielo será aquí, cuando Miranda comienza su reinado Sus seguidores lo llaman ‘Papa’, Papa’, ‘papi ‘ papi’,’, ‘aba ‘ aba padre’, padre’, el ‘Jesús ‘Jesús hombre’, hombre’, ‘el anticristo’, anticristo’, ‘la ‘la bestia’ bestia’, entre otros.
Prácticas Increíblemente bien presentado sitio en el internet Los miércoles, Miranda predicaba y su mensaje era pasado en todos los grupos alrededor del mundo por medio de satélite En el momento de alabanza con el tradicional grupo de alabanza y muy buena música, cantan a Miranda como si fuera Dios. Uso de símbolos 666 y SSS En cada culto levantan ofrendas y el grupo está prosperando en gran manera. Se estima que las entradas son millonarias cada año. Otros donan carros, casas o sumas cuantiosas de dinero directamente a Miranda. Miranda vivió
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Conclusiones Como en el caso de Rev. Moon 2013 trajo cambios a esta secta. Miranda sufrió un ataque serio de cirrosis. Algunos proclaman que Miranda murió el 16 de noviembre 2013) en Miami, pero todavía esta noticia no está confirmada. La iglesia del Rev. Moon y Creciendo en Gracia proclamaban que sus líderes líderes eran el Mesías, sin embargo, en 2013, parece que estos dos líderes murieron y habría que ver cómo evolucionarán sus movimientos. CONCLUSIONES GENERALES GENERALES Estas sectas, o reinterpretaciones reinterpretaciones del cristianismo tienen muchos seguidores. Muchos de ellos dicen que su líder recibió un nuevo mensaje de Dios. Usan la Biblia a su manera y también tienen otros libros supuestamente supuestamente revelados que apoyan su credo. Hay sectas cuyos líderes ejercen tanto poder que manipulan a la gente quienes quedan bajo su poder, algunos con resultados nefastos. nefastos.
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Debemos dar unas definiciones antes de comenzar esta sección ¿Qué es un nuevo movimiento cristiano? Un movimiento cristiano es un grupo dinámico que tiene una idea o creencia que quisiera enfatizar. Generalmente se llaman movimientos antes de formarse en denominaciones o sectas reconocidas, o son ideas o influencias que están presentes en varias diferentes denominaciones o iglesias. Obviamente, no todos estos movimientos son negativos. En la historia del cristianismo hemos tenido el movimiento monástico, el movimiento pietista y el movimiento misionero, por ejemplo, que aportaron muchísimo al Reino de Dios; el Movimiento de Santidad de los siglos diecinueve y veinte, y el Movimiento Ecuménico que está haciendo un esfuerzo de crear situaciones de diálogo entre los diferentes grupos.
Como se delineó anteriormente hay tres grandes ramas dentro de la cristiandad; la Iglesia Católica Romana, la Iglesia Ortodoxa, y las Iglesias Protestantes. Por muchos siglos tanto la Iglesia Católica como la Iglesia Ortodoxa se aferraban a sus posiciones excluyéndose mutuamente. Con Martín Lutero se dio la segunda gran división, creando el ala protestante. Una triste realidad eclesiástica en el mundo de hoy, es que la Iglesia Protestante está dividida en una miríada de grupos y denominaciones. Aún, algunos de ellos proclaman que ellos exclusivamente tienen la verdad y que los demás están equivocados. La teología proclama que la Iglesia es el cuerpo de Jesús y es una unidad corporativa y universal. El problema consiste en las diversas interpretaciones que grupos de líderes eclesiásticos han hecho durante los siglos, que forman la base de sus dogmas. Estas divergencias han sido la causa de muchas discusiones y aun guerras religiosas entre los diferentes grupos. Entre los diferentes grupos ha habido actitudes de intolerancia, prejuicio, fundamentalismo y odio. En el siglo XX ha habido intentos de derribar algunas de estas barreras. A la vez, un movimiento protestante, los fundamentalistas evangélicos, ha resistido cualquier acercamiento con grupos que ellos consideran liberales. La palabra ‘ecuménico ‘ecuménico’’ se deriva del griego οἰκουμένη (ecúmene), (ecú mene), que significa
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en 1948, el Consejo Nacional de Iglesias de los EE.UU. en 1950, y la Iglesia Unida de Cristo en EUA en 2002. Después del Concilio Vaticano II (1962-1965) la Iglesia Católica comienza a mostrar más apertura hacia los protestantes y busca la reconciliación en la mayor medida posible. En el mundo evangélico hay muchas buenas experiencias de fraternidades pastorales, donde pastores de denominaciones varias se juntan para tiempos de comunión y de trabajo. Estas expresiones de trabajo más cercano, de respeto y tolerancia, son señales de madurez y amor cristiano. No va a ser fácil siempre, pero lo verdaderamente relevante es que, en las últimas décadas las Iglesias se han puesto de acuerdo, al menos, en que tienen que dialogar sobre cómo predicar el mensaje de Cristo en nuestra era. Las Iglesias Cristianas deben trabajar más juntas, ahorrando recursos, con la meta de cumplir con la Gran Comisión. Además, esta miríada de divisiones no contribuye a presentar un testimonio de amor y mancomunidad y servicio que son el corazón del cristianismo. Hay muchas organizaciones que trabajan a través de las denominaciones, como por ejemplo Las sociedades Bíblicas, (entre muchas otros). (Ver http://www.oikoumene.org/es http://www.oikoumene.org/es)).
No es un secreto que las mujeres han sido marginadas en muchas culturas durante muchos siglos. Su rol clásico era de someterse a su esposo y tener hijos. En la tradición bíblica, los sacerdotes, levitas y rabinos eran hombres. La iglesia cristiana en los primeros 18 siglos nunca cuestionó este rol patriarcal en el liderazgo de la iglesia. Comenzando con la Ilustración, empezó un movimiento dirigido por algunas mujeres reconocidas para pelear por los derechos de las mujeres en la sociedad, cuestionando la dominación y violencia de los hombres sobre las mujeres y la asignación de roles sociales según el género. Este movimiento ha logrado algunos importantes cambios en la sociedad, como el sufragio femenino, el empleo más igualitario, entre otros. Las feministas cristianas creen que Dios no discrimina sobre la base de características determinadas biológicamente, como el sexo y la raza. En la esfera eclesiástica, varias iglesias aceptan el derecho de una mujer de ejercer el liderazgo. Durante el siglo veinte, varias denominaciones cristianas han permitido la ordenación de mujeres. Se ha creado una Teología Feminista que ha tratado de desmantelar
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situación de los pobres y los marginados. Interpretan las enseñanzas de Jesús Cristo en relación con una liberación de las condiciones injustas económicas, políticas o sociales de los pobres y marginados. Este movimiento comenzó en la Iglesia Católica en América Latina entre 1950 – 1950 –1960 1960 como una reacción moral frente la pobreza causada por las injusticias sociales, pero ha tenido una influencia sobre otras injusticias (apartheid en Sud África, el derecho de los habitantes de Palestina de tener su propio país, la lucha en contra de racismo, y aun el feminismo). (Ver http://es.wikipedia. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teolog%C3%ADa_ org/wiki/Teolog%C3%ADa_de_la_liberac de_la_liberaci%C3%B3n i%C3%B3n)).
El Movimiento de Santidad se originó en la primera mitad del siglo XIX en los Estados Unidos como un movimiento de renovación dentro del metodismo americano que había perdido su fervor. Buscaba recuperar el énfasis de John Wesley en la perfección del amor en la vida de los creyentes. Los líderes del movimiento de santidad instaban a los creyentes a la perfección del amor mientras enfatizaban también la importancia de una experiencia instantánea del amor perfecto, llamada la ‘entera santificación’ santificación ’ o ‘consagración ‘consagración total’ total’, como una segunda experiencia de gracia. Nuevas denominaciones comenzaron a surgir con la fundación de la Conexión Metodista Wesleyana en 1843 y la Iglesia Metodista Libre en 1860. En 1867, la convocación de su primera campaña, con unos diez mil asistentes, dio más cohesión al movimiento de santidad desde un punto de vista organizativo. De esto resultó la fundación de una asociación para la promoción de la Santidad. Con el tiempo, surgieron muchos otros organismos eclesiásticos, incluyendo al Ejército de Salvación en Inglaterra en 1878, la Iglesia de Dios (Anderson, Indiana, Estados Unidos) en 1880 y la Iglesia del Nazareno en 1908 (entre otros). El número total de seguidores del movimiento de santidad es de unos doce millones de creyentes quienes, en su mayor parte, están comprometidos con la participación en la vida de la iglesia. Veintiún denominaciones cooperan en la Asociación Cristiana de Santidad, así como cientos de congregaciones independientes independientes e iglesias locales que pertenecen a denominaciones que no son oficialmente identificadas como miembros. (Ver http://es.wikipe http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_ dia.org/wiki/Movimiento_de_Santidad de_Santidad)).
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IGLESIA PENTECOSTAL CLÁSICA El Movimiento Pentecostal nace dentro del Movimiento de Santidad. Comenzó en 1901 cuando una señora recibió el don de lenguas en un instituto bíblico en Kansas bajo el liderazgo de Charles Fox Parham, un ministro metodista, quien formuló la doctrina de lenguas como evidencia del bautismo en el Espíritu Santo. Su ministerio lo llevó a Los Ángeles donde el 9 de abril de 1906 desató un avivamiento que marcó el comienzo de las Asambleas de Dios y el movimiento pentecostal. pentecostal. El Movimiento Pentecostal pone mucho énfasis en el empleo de los dones o ‘carismas’ del Espí ritu ritu Santo. Uno de los elementos que distingue a los pentecostales es su énfasis en el hablar en lenguas como prueba de haber recibido el bautismo en el Espíritu Santo. El pentecostalismo ha sido capaz de satisfacer las necesidades de muchos de los marginados de la sociedad y la iglesia. Muchos dan testimonio acerca de cómo Dios les ha ayudado a cambiar su vida. A los dieciocho meses de su comienzo, la Misión de la calle Azusa en California había enviado muchísimos evangelistas, que atravesaron toda Norteamérica, y misioneros que ejercían el ministerio en todos lados del mundo. (Ver https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=iglesia https://www.google.c om/?gws_rd=ssl#q=iglesia+pentecostal +pentecostal)). MOVIMIENTO CARISMÁTICO PROTESTANTE Aunque relacionado con pentecostalismo, el movimiento carismático es diferente. No se ve como una denominación, más bien muchas denominaciones, especialmente de iglesias históricas que han sido revitalizados por esta obra de Dios. El movimiento carismático, en otras palabras, quedó dentro de denominaciones establecidas. Comenzó en 1960 en una iglesia anglicana en California con el uso de hablar en lenguas y el énfasis en los dones, especialmente el don de profecía. Varias denominaciones comenzaron a adoptar estos énfasis, haciendo este movimiento trans-denominacional en naturaleza. Desde entonces ha crecido en muchas de las iglesias, principales protestantes, tales como la Anglicana, Luterana, Presbiteriana y, en segundo lugar, la Iglesia Católica a partir de 1967; y en tercer lugar, la Ortodoxa griega alrededor de 1971. El Movimiento Carismático ha afectado a casi todas las iglesias históricas y se ha
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MOVIMIENTO CARISMÁTICO EN LA IGLESIA CATÓLICA En 1967, en la Universidad Católica de Notre Dame (USA), 30 católicos recibieron el bautismo en el Espíritu Santo. Esto comenzó a difundirse en las congregaciones y para 1970 el crecimiento fue espectacular. En 1974, tuvieron una conferencia carismática carismática católica en Notre Dame, donde asistieron 30,000 personas de diversas naciones. Desde este comienzo, este movimiento ha crecido enormemente dentro de la Iglesia Católica. Las estimaciones más confiables dicen que en el año 2005, treinta y ocho años después de sus comienzos, hay de unos cien a ciento veinte millones de católicos en todo el mundo que han vivido de una u otra manera la experiencia espiritual propia de la Renovación Carismática (Benedetto, 2007, p. 3). (Ver http://es.wiki http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renovacion_C pedia.org/wiki/Renovacion_Carismatica_Ca arismatica_Catolica tolica)).
MOVIMIENTO NEO-PENTECOSTAL O NEO-CARISMÁTICO NEO-CARISMÁTICO Este movimiento comenzó con John Wimber de las iglesias Viña, cuando era profesor en el seminario de Fuller en California en 1981. Crece muy rápidamente y recibe miembros de los pentecostales y las otras denominaciones. El movimiento enfatiza la necesidad de mostrar el poder de Dios en señales y maravillas para evangelizar. Aunque practican el don de lenguas, enfatizan más el don de sanidad y de profecía. Muchas de las mega-iglesias de las urbes latinoamericanas pertenecen a este grupo. Además usan extensivamente los medios de comunicación como televisión por satélite y el Internet para propagar sus ideas en una forma masiva. (Ver http://es.wikipe http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopente dia.org/wiki/Neopentecostalismo costalismo)).
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hay otras iglesias y estaciones radiales y televisivas que descaradamente descaradamente piden dinero a los hermanos y público en general. Algunos de los líderes de este movimiento han prosperado personalmente por lo cual la sociedad les critica. En América Latina, el movimiento tiene mucha fuerza e influencia. Esta doctrina es difundida por varias estaciones de radio y los programas de televisión por satélite de ENLACE, con sede en Pavas, Costa Rica. Es evidente que el materialismo es el foco de esta nueva teología y no Dios. Para ellos Dios es el siervo y el hombre es el dueño o el señor. Dios está para dar al hombre lo que él quiere. Nace del deseo del hombre de estar en el centro de su universo. Cuando necesita la ayuda de Dios le llama. La función de Dios es hacer al hombre sentirse cómodo. (Ver http://es.wiki http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teolog%C3%A pedia.org/wiki/Teolog%C3%ADa_de_la_pros Da_de_la_prosperidad peridad)).
Estamos viviendo momentos de resurgimiento del Neo-Paganismo, donde las fuerzas espirituales están en la lengua de todos en alguna forma u otra. Programas de la televisión como ‘Roswell ‘ Roswell’’ y ‘X files’ files’, presentan extraterrestres y fenómenos sobrenaturales o parasicológicos como el orden del día. Muchas películas de dibujos animados presentan la guerra entre dos poderes. Hablan de energías desconocidas, creen en los horóscopos, consultan con espiritistas, parece que a veces hay mayor interés en creer en el diablo que en Dios, y en el mundo cristiano surge una batalla a las fuerzas del mal como una nueva estrategia misionera. Aunque el Dr. Peter Wagner no es el único liderando este movimiento, él como periodista y ex profesor de seminario Teológico de Fuller es la persona que ha difundido más el concepto a través de libros como Confrontemos las potestades.
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antepasados y actos proféticos. La identificación de poderes sobrenaturales que afectan geográficamente geográficamente a nuestra tierra y afectan a sociedades, y cuyo poder puede ser roto a través de guerra estratégica, usando revelaciones extra bíblicas, conversaciones con demonios, y espiritistas, y que todo esto va a facilitar la evangelización de mundo. Es cierto que existe el diablo, y que existen ángeles caídos que ejercen cierto poder en este mundo. Sin embargo, la Biblia describe muy claramente que hay otra fuente de maldad y es más común y por todos lados. Somos nosotros que tenemos en nuestro corazón desde la caída en el jardín de Edén la disposición de rebelarnos contra Dios. No podemos culpar a espíritus malignos por nuestras malas acciones. Somos responsables para nuestras acciones, porque Dios nos hizo libres para escoger el bien o el mal. Somos culpables, es demasiado fácil echarles la culpa a los demonios así, quitándonos la responsabilidad por nuestras acciones. Existen tres niveles de maldad que sufrimos: la maldad personal por lo cual cada uno es responsable; responsable; el mal sistémico, que vemos en la corrupción, traficantes de drogas, explotación, prostitución, injusticias, esclavitud, entre muchas otras manifestaciones de grupos de personas con malas intenciones y actos, y en tercer lugar, pero no menos importante, el diablo, o sea el mal cosmológico, u oculto. Es un mundo real y la iglesia ocupa siervos que pelean una batalla a este nivel. Sin embargo, no todo se puede atribuir a demonios. La mayor parte del mal en el mundo está en nosotros y no en el mundo demoniaco.
Existe un aparente común acuerdo entre muchas ramas del cristianismo, que falta profundidad en la fe de los feligreses y que ocupan entrar en un proceso mucho más proactivo de discipulado o formación cristiana. Se ha escrito muchos libros sobre
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para la multiplicación. Cada cual debe tener en el corazón el deseo de alcanzar a otros para Cristo. La iglesia crece mediante grupos homogéneos de grupos de personas con intereses comunes, que buscan los mismos objetivos. Los grupos homogéneos que desarrollan la visión son: hombres, mujeres, parejas, jóvenes y niños. El trabajo de multiplicación se realiza de tal modo que un hombre gana a otro hombre, una mujer a otra mujer, una pareja a otra pareja, un joven a otro joven, y un niño a otro niño. La visión del gobierno de G 12 ha tenido resultados sorprendentes para atraer gente, y ha sido adaptado en varias denominaciones evangélicas. evangélicas. Se ha observado como cuestionable el énfasis que algunos ponen en la necesidad de liberación de espíritus y maldiciones del pasado. En los encuentros a veces hay sesiones donde existe irresponsabilidad, al someter a las personas a una terapia de regresión. Es una combinación de sistemas de mercadeo y discipulado bíblico. Las iglesias del Movimiento del G 12 a veces se parecen a las grandes corporaciones del sistema capitalista. Hay un fuerte énfasis en números, reflejado en la visión de éxito rápido y fácil, y de un crecimiento mágico y milagroso de la iglesia. El producto que la iglesia desarrolla son numerosos nuevos miembros. Muchas de las iglesias en este movimiento son mega iglesias. El liderazgo tiende a ser vertical. En varias de estas iglesias, el pastor mayor que está arriba en la pirámide (a veces un autodenominado apóstol) podría tener demasiada autoridad. En suma, el movimiento G12 pareciera ser una manera dinámica de hacer crecer a la iglesia. Tiene un método organizado de discipulado y metas bien establecidas. Una debilidad podría ser la aceptación de algunos conceptos del movimiento de ‘guerra ‘guerra espiritual’ espiritual ’. La preocupación en general por tener miembros que entienden mejor su fe y viven según sus enseñanzas es muy válida, en un clima donde las corrientes
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deriva del griego y significa enviado. El apostolado cristiano consiste en participar del apostolado de Jesús y en la preocupación por la salvación de los hombres y del mundo” (Ad Gentes). Esto parece ser la interpretación interpretación correcta. El líder cristiano tiene como su base el ser siervo. Cuando los líderes eclesiásticos tomaron demasiada autoridad sobre sí, mismo la iglesia se corrompió. Mientras que el líder es inclusivo, involucra a los laicos empleando sus dones, es humilde, ama a Dios tal vez no importa como lo llamemos. (Ver http://www.palabraena http://www.palabraenaccionesquipulas.org/ ccionesquipulas.org/ministerios-de-la-inglesia ministerios-de-la-inglesia)).
Se dice que en esta época con características posmodernas la gente busca las raíces originales. Así es que muchas iglesias están buscando regresar al patrón de la iglesia primitiva, o les atrae la Iglesia Ortodoxa Griega por su larga tradición. Sin embargo, algunos están yendo aún más atrás. Se puede observar en el ambiente evangélico congregaciones congregaciones que tienen ‘arcas del pacto’ en pacto’ en la plataforma, flamean la bandera de Israel al lado de la nacional, nacion al, doncellas bailan supuestas ‘danzas ‘ danzas davídicas’ davídicas’ en los cultos, los coros tienen entremetido con el español palabras arameas, tocan un instrumento antiguo, ‘el shofar’, shofar’, llaman a Jesús ‘Jeshua ‘ Jeshua’, ’, y a Dios ‘Adonai ‘Adonai’’ o ‘Eloím’ o ‘Eloím’ o pueden celebrar las fiestas judías. Algunos hombres llevan el kippot (el sombrerito judío), llaman a sus pastores rabinos y aun algunos hombres se circuncidan. ¿Qué está pasando aquí? ¿De dónde surgen estos movimientos hebraicos? Hemos observado anteriormente que existe un grupo de genuinos judíos quienes se están convirtiendo a Cristo pero quedan dentro de su religión. Obviamente esto es un movimiento muy positivo y obra de Dios. Nuestro deseo es que todos los judíos se despierten a la realidad que su Mesías ya vino en forma del
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En las iglesias evangélicas hay también grupos judaizantes. Enseñan que el Nuevo Testamento fue escrito en hebreo y traducido al griego, que los griegos introdujeron sus filosofías a la fe cristiana adulterando la fe que nunca tenía que salir del judaísmo. Según ellos debemos regresar al judaísmo que fue el plan de Dios y dejar a un lado todos los años de tradición teológica que según ellos se basa en la filosofía pagana de cada momento. Siguen adorando a Dios los días sábados. No celebran la navidad y muchas otras fiestas cristianas que tildan de intrusión pagana. Algunos de estos grupos no aceptan una doctrina evangélica de la trinidad. Obligan a los hermanos a circuncidarse (entre otras cosas). Algunos son obligados a limitarse a comer comida preparada en la manera judía o ‘kosher ‘ kosher’’. La salvación es obediencia a las leyes encontradas en el Antiguo Testamento y también en los libros tradicionales judíos (el talmud, la mishna entre otros). Hay diferentes versiones de este grupo judaizante.. Hay otros grupos que siguen la moda hebraica sin pensar en las implicaciones. Son iglesias evangélicas que se expresan usando símbolos judíos. Su teología es evangélica pero emplean términos judíos y sus prácticas litúrgicas presentan muchos de los modelos del Antiguo Testamento. Aquí hay señoritas haciendo ‘bailes davídicos’, davídicos’, usan el shofar, cantan medio español medio arameo (aunque la mayoría
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la Biblia es verdad. Pero enfatizan que: por sus frutos [no su teología] serán reconocidos. Sus énfasis distintivos pueden ser vistos en su culto, su preocupación por la orto-praxis, y su orientación misional, sirviendo a su comunidad integralmente. Este énfasis holístico sigue el ejemplo en el ministerio de Jesús, que anduvo haciendo el bien a los cuerpos, espíritus, familias y sociedades de su entorno. La adoración en los cultos usa muchos elementos expresivos de art, drama, color y música. Los sermones tienden a ser narrativos y son ilustrados por videos, poemas, drama. En los cultos crean un espacio comunitario de amistad, donde las personas pueden compartir sus dudas sin temor, usar sus dones, ser creativos, tomar café juntos, ser amigos. Muchos cultos son realizados en casas. El movimiento emergente cree que la iglesia debe adaptarse a la cultura post moderna. Atrae muchos jóvenes que están buscando espiritualidad, pero encuentran la iglesia tradicional muy formal y dogmática. Está creciendo en muchas de las ciudades del mundo. (Para saber más http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_emergente http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_emergente)).
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futuras generaciones pero a la vez es necesario buscar y mantener los elementos básicos incambiables de la fe cristiana, sino, caeremos en el peligro de crear desviaciones de la fe cristiana.
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Estos movimientos movimientos son, por definición, ‘nuevos ‘ nuevos’’, aunque muchos tienen sus raíces en tradiciones religiosos antiguas. Tratan de ofrecer respuestas religiosas innovadoras a las condiciones del mundo moderno. Muchas veces son percibidos como alternativas a las religiones principales de la sociedad occidental, especialmente el cristianismo. Estos movimientos suelen ser muy eclécticos, pluralistas y sincréticos, al combinar libremente las doctrinas y prácticas de diversas fuentes dentro de sus sistemas de creencias. Muchas veces han surgido para hacer frente a las necesidades específicas de muchas personas que no encuentran satisfacción en las organizaciones religiosas más tradicionales. Representan en muchos casos, intentos de responder a la modernidad, el pluralismo y la visión científica del mundo. Se pueden distinguir cuatro estilos de Nuevos Movimientos religiosos. En primer lugar los que hemos visto anteriormente que surgen del cristianismo. Un segundo grupo son los derivados de otras religiones como el hinduismo, el budismo o
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ecologistas, Teosofistas, pacifistas, agricultores orgánicos, educadores radicales, sanadores holísticos, humanistas, potencialistas, investigadores psíquicos, y mucho más. Es una mezcla de ideas, un potpurrí de religiones. A veces es una regurgitación de las religiones paganas de los tiempos antiguos. La Nueva Era se refiere a u n supuesto evento astrológico. Según ellos ‘la era de piscis’ simbolizada piscis’ simbolizada por el pez cristiano, caracterizada por la duda, la desilusión y la confusión. Según ellos, el ‘yan ‘yan’’ masculino está en el proceso de ser reemplazado por ‘la era de acuario’, acuario’ , simbolizado por el arco iris, y caracterizada por la fe, la iluminación, la claridad y el ‘yin ‘ yin’’ femenino de intuición y paz. La posibilidad de un nuevo orden mundial es una idea que nos llena de entusiasmo cuando se trata de la paz mundial, el fin de las guerras, el hambre, y las injusticias. Estas ideas conmueven nuestros más íntimos deseos de que en el mundo haya paz, y de que exista una sociedad utópica. La propaganda a favor de esta visión ha sido muy efectiva, pero para realmente entender el nuevo orden mundial, tienen que entender el movimiento de la Nueva Era, porque éste es el impulso seductor de dicho orden mundial. La Nueva Era no es un sistema unificado de creencias, sino un aglomerado de creencias y de prácticas (sincretismo), a veces mutuamente contradictorias. Con
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aparente, no real. Este movimiento rechaza absolutos morales. El problema de la humanidad, según ellos, no es el pecado más bien se debe a la ignorancia. Actúan en una manera que le hace sentir bien, que le da felicidad personal, no importando los efectos que esto podría causar a otros. Todo es Dios (El panteísmo). Dios es todo, es una fuerza despersonalizada. Es vista como una energía impersonal una fuerza creadora. Esta creencia lleva a la gente a volver al sistema pagano de adoración a la madre tierra, o creer que los astros nos pueden influenciar. Dado que los de la Nueva Era ya creen que todo es uno, el presupuesto lógico
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CONCUSIONES En forma de resumen de este parte sobre el movimiento de la Nueva Era damos una receta con sus características características más comunes. Receta 2 tazas de esperanza (colar con cuidado todo rastro de temor primero). 2 tazas de estados alterados de conciencia (yoga, drogas, meditación trascendental trascendental al gusto). 3 cucharas de auto conciencia, auto-mejoramiento, y autoestima (asegura que todo
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babilónico, asirio, griego y romano) compartieron una cosmovisión politeísta. Había muchos dioses en quienes creer. La ética pagana era totalmente diferente a la judía. Aunque el occidente nunca llegó a ser completamente cristianizado, fue la cosmovisión dominante por muchos siglos. Los seguidores de Jesucristo sufrieron grandes persecuciones en los primeros tres siglos. Después del tiempo del emperador Constantino la situación cambió gradualmente para los cristianos hasta el punto que el cristianismo llegó a ser la religión oficial del estado en 381 dC. El paganismo llegó a ser un elemento no deseable de la sociedad. La Iglesia adquirió cada vez más poderes. Así llegó un tiempo muy difícil di fícil para los paganos y otros ‘ herejes’ herejes’, quienes fueron ejecutados o excomulgados. En el siglo veinte el paganismo marca un nuevo
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este camino es el camino a la auto-realización. Wicca es una religión lunar (la luna representa la diosa). Celebran alrededor de las fiestas religiosas que han adoptado prácticas paganas antiguas de las cuales el más reconocido es Halloween (31 de octubre) que ellos llaman el festival de ‘Samhain ‘ Samhain’’. Tradicionalmente, Tradicionalmente, los practicantes se agrupaban en círculos que tenían un límite máximo de 13 miembros grupos que se llama un ‘coven’. Este es un movimiento que está creciendo. Los wiccans tienen su revista, se conectan por Facebook, se comunica a través del Internet. Tienen maestros/as y escuelas de Wicca. (Para saber más de neopaganismo ver http://es.wikipedia.org/Neopaganismo http://es.wikipedia.org/Neopaganismo))
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de la magia negra. Escribió su ‘biblia ‘ biblia satánica’ satánica’, una suerte de Biblia al revés, donde escribió los fundamentos de su religión. Lo más importante para este movimiento es buscar la autosatisfacción a cualquier costa aunque haya que hacer daño a terceros. La Vey desarrollo un ritual satánico para uso en su grupo. EL RITO SATÁNICO El rito principal de todo grupo satanista, es la misa negra. El rito es oficiado por un celebrante, un diácono y un subdiácono coronado con cuernos de un macho cabrío. El símbolo de esta secta es el llamado sello de Baphomet, o sea, la cabeza de
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RITOS DE LA IGLESIA DE LA CIENCIOLOGÍA
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Jones David W. & Russell S. Woodbridge (2012 ).¿Religión Salud, Riquezas y
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