LAPORAN AKHIR PRAKTIKUM BIOKIMIA PROTEIN
Oleh: Kelas: C Kelompok: 9 KEVIN HAERNURYADIN
200110140248
NUR MUHAMMAD HI!ARI HI!ARI
200110140249
RIKI RI"#ARA
2001101402$0
"INDY %E&AMI'A
2001101402$1
YU&Y"'IRA
2001101402$2
'a())al 'a())al *+ak,-k.m: "elasa/ / 14/ a( 21 Ap+-l 201$
LABORATORIUM BIOKIMIA DAN FISIOLOGI TERNAK FAKULTAS PETERNAKAN UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN SUMEDANG 2015
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belaa!"
Ka,a p+o,e-( e+asal a+- ka,a p+o,os a,a. p+o,eos 3a() e+a+,- pe+,ama a,a. .,ama *+o,e-( me+.paka( kompo(e( pe(,-() a,a. kompo(e( .,ama sel he5a( a,a. ma(.s-a Oleh ka+e(a sel -,. me+.paka( peme(,.k ,..h k-,a/ maka p+o,e-( 3a() ,e+apa, alam maka(a( e+6.()s- sea)a- 7a, .,ama alam peme(,.ka( a( pe+,.m.ha( ,..h Dalam keh-.pa( p+o,e-( meme)a() pe+a(a( 3a() pe(,-() p.la *+oses k-m-a alam ,..h apa, e+la()s.() e()a( a-k ka+e(a aa e(7-m/ s.a,. p+o,e-( 3a() e+6.()s- sea)a- -oka,al-s D-samp-() -,. hemo)lo-( alam .,-+ .,-+ a+ah me+ah a,a. e+-,+os-, 3a() e+6.()s- sea)a- pe()a()k., oks-)e( a+- pa+. pa+. ke sel.+.h a)-a( ,..h/ aalah salah sa,. e(-s p+o,e-( Dem-k-a( p.la 7a, 7a, 3a() e+pe+a( .(,.k mela5a( ak,e+- pe(3ak-, a,a. 3a() -se., a(,-)e(/ .)a s.a,. p+o,e-( K-,a mempe+oleh p+o,e-( a+- maka(a( 3a() e+asal a+- he5a( a,a. ,.m.ha( *+o,e-( 3a() e+asal a+- he5a( -se., p+o,e-( he5a(-/ sea()ka( 3a() e+asal a+,.m.ha( -se., p+o,e-( (aa,- %ee+apa maka(a( s.me+ p+o,e-( -alah a)-()/ ,el.+/ s.s./ -ka(/ e+as/ kaa()/ keela-/ )a(.m/ a).() a( .ah .aha( '.m.ha( meme(,.k p+o,e-( a+- CO2/ H2O/ a( se(3a5a (-,+o)e( He5a( 3a() maka( ,.m.ha( me().ah p+o,e-( (aa,- me(a- p+o,e-( he5a(- D-samp-() -).(aka( .(,.k peme(,.ka( sel sel ,..h/ p+o,e-( .)a apa, -).(aka( sea)as.me+ e(e+)- apa-la ,..h k-,a kek.+a()a( ka+oh-+a, a( lemak Kompos-s- +a,a +a,a .(s.+ k-m-a 3a() ,e+apa, alam p+o,e-( -alah C/ H/ O/ N/ " a( * De()a(
e+peoma( paa kaa+ (-,+o)e( seesa+ 1;
Aap.( maks. a+- p+ak,-k.m kal- -(-/ 3a-,.: •
Mem.k,-ka( aa(3a molek.l molek.l pep,-a a+- p+o,e-(
•
Me()-e(,-6-kas- .(s.+ .(s.+ pe(3.s.( p+o,e-(
•
Mem.k,-ka( aa(3a asam am-(o eas alam p+o,e-(
•
Mem.k,-ka( aa(3a asam am-(o ,-+os-(/ ,+-,o6a( a,a. 6e(-lala(-( 3a() ,e+apa, alam p+o,e-(
•
Me()e,ah.- aa ,-ak(3a e(apa( p+o,e-( oleh asam a( alkal-
•
Me()e,ah.- aa ,-ak(3a e(apa( p+o,e-( oleh lo)am e+a,
•
Me()e,ah.- aa ,-ak(3a e(apa( p+o,e-( oleh asam komplek
•
Me()e,ah.- aa ,-ak(3a e(apa( p+o,e-( 3a() -ak-a,ka( pela+., (o( o+)a(-k > alkohol
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
*+o,e-( aalah sekelompok se(3a5a o+)a(-k 3a() (3a+-s kesel.+.ha((3a ,e+-+- a,as ka+o(/ h-+o)e(/ oks-)e(/ a( (-,+o)e( *+o,e-( -asa(3a s.a,. pol-me+ 3a() ,e+s.s.( a,as a(3ak s..(-, ?mo(ome+@ 3a() -ke(al sea)a- asam am-(o Asam am-(o 3a() -asa(3a -,em.ka( alam p+o,e-( me(.(.kka( s,+.k,.+ sea)a e+-k., 'Fr(e% %a! Ha%e)e!*#+ 200,- ".a,. pep,-a 3a() memp.(3a- .a .ah -ka,a( pep,-a a,a. le-h apa, e+eakse()a( -o( C. alam s.asa(a asa a( meme(,.k s.a,. se(3a5a kompleks 3a() e+5a+(a -+. .(). Reaks- -(- -ke(al e()a( (ama +eaks- -.+e, D-samp-() -,. ).).s ka+oks-l paa asam am-(o apa, -lepaska( e()a( p+oses eka+oks-las- a( me()has-lka( s.a,. am-(a .).s am-(o paa asam am-(o apa, e+eaks- e()a( asam (-,+-, a( melepaska( )as (-,+o)e( 3a() apa, -.k.+ Bol.me(3a Va( "l3ke me()).(aka( +eaks- -(- .(,.k me(e(,.ka( ).).s am-(o eas paa asam am-(o/ pep,-a ma.p.( p+o,e-( 'P*e%&(a%(+ 1/-. "em.a asam am-(o/ a,a. pep,-a 3a() me()a(.() am-(o eas aka( e+eaks- e()a( (-(h-+-( meme(,.k se(3a5a kompleks e+5a+(a -+..(). Nam.( p+ol-( a( h-+oks-pol-( me()has-lka( se(3a5a e+5a+(a k.(-() 'Berr. S+2000-
D-,-(a. a+- s,+.k,.+(3a p+o,e-( apa, -a)- alam .a )olo()a( esa+/ 3a-,. )olo()a( p+o,e-( see+ha(a a( p+o,e-( )a.()a( Ya() -maks. e()a( p+o,e-( see+ha(a -alah p+o,e-( 3a() ha(3a ,e+-+- a,as molek.lmolek.l asam am-(o/ sea()ka( p+o,e-( )a.()a( -alah p+o,e-( 3a() ,e+-+- a,as p+o,e-( a( ).).s .ka( p+o,e-( .).s -(- -se., ).).s p+os,e,-k 'P*e%&(a%(+ 1/-
BAB III ALAT+ BAHAN DAN PROSEDUR KERJA
.1. Alat •
'a.() +eaks- e+s-h a( ke+-()
•
Rak ,a.()
•
*e(ep-,
•
%.(se(
.2. Baa!
NaOH 10<
•
Al.m-( 2
•
".s. $
•
".s. M.+(-
•
ela,-(
HNOF *eka,
•
U+ea
K+-s,al NaOH
•
C."O4 0/2<
Ke+,as &akm.s Me+ah
•
* Ase,a, 2<
&a+.,a( *hospomol-a,
•
C."O4 2<
•
A)Cl 2<
•
!eCl $<
•
Asam *-k+a,
•
&a+.,a( 'CA
•
&a+.,a( *hospo,.()s,a,
HCl *eka, &a+.,a( N-(h-+-(
Alkohol 9$<
. Pr*#e%$r Ker&a A. U&( K*)3*#(#( Da#ar 1- Se%(aa! 4e4era3a ta4$!" rea#( 4er#( %a! er(!"
a Mas-()mas-() --s- e()a( se-k-, o(,o paa, a( al.m-( paa, ?,ep.() al.m-(@ *a(aska( e()a( sea+a e+a()s.+a()s.+ a( pe+ha,-ka( a.(3a %a. +am., ,e+aka+ aalah spes-6-k .(,.k se(3a5a (-,+o)e(/ Ke)oso()a( ?5a+(a h-,am@ me(.(.ka( aa(3a ka+o(/ sea()ka( ko(e(sas- a-+ a)-a( a,as ,a.() me(a(aka( aa(3a oks-)e( a( h-+o)e(
2-Se%(aa! 4e4era3a ta4$!" rea#( a!" 4er#( %a! er(!"
a Mas-()mas-() --s- e()a( se-k-, o(,o paa, a( ,ep.() al.m-( "e,-ap ,a.() -,amah e()a( K+-s,al NaOH se.mlah 2 kal- le-h a(3ak a(,.()ka( ke+,as lakm.s me+ah 3a() asah - --+ ,a.() *a(aska( ha,-ha,- pe+ha,-ka( a.(3a a( pe()a+.h pe+.aha( paa ke+,as lakm.s e. %a. ammo(-a 3a() kel.a+ a( pe+.aha( ke+,as lakm.s me(a- -+.
me(.(.ka( aa(3a (-,+o)e( a( h3+o)e(
- Se%(aa! 4e4era3a ta4$!" a!" 4er#( %a! er(!"
a Mas-()mas-( --s- e()a( ,ep.()>la+.,a( o(,o a( ,ep.() al.m-( 'amahka( mas-()mas-() $ml NaOH 10< D--hka( a( ,amahka( 10 ,e,es la+.,a( p ase,a, $< 3a() me(3eaka( 5a+(a la+.,a(
me(a- )elap ?h-,am@
'amahka( e()a( ha,-ha,- 1 m& HCl peka, a( pe+ha,-ka( a. khas 3a() ,e+a- e *e+ha,-ka( F@ a( 4@ •
'e+a()ka( pe+eaa( a(,a+a has-l ke.a pe+oaa( - a,as
•
%-la m.()k-( .la()- ke.a pe+oaa( ,e+haap ,ep.() )ela,-(
B. U&( B($ret
"e-aka( ee+apa ,a.() +eaks-3a() e+s-h a( ke+-() 1@ "e-aka( 4 ,a.() +eaks- 3a() e+s-h/ lal. mas-()mas-() -s-lah e()a( la+.,a( al.m-(/ kase-(/ )ela,-( sea(3ak 2 m& 2@ 'amahka( paa se,-ap ,a.() 1 m& NaOH 10 < a( F ,e,es C."O4 0/2< F@ Camp.+lah e()a( a-k 4@ Ama,- pe+.aha( 5a+(a 3a() ,e+a-
. U&( N(!(%r(!
1@ "e-aka( ,a.() +eaks- mas.ka( 1 m& la+.,a( o(,o -,amah e()a( 1 m& 0/1 M .66e+ asam ase,a, ?pH $@ a( 20 ,e,es 0/1 < la+.,a( (-(h-+-( *a(aska( a,as pe(a()as a-+ me(--h selama 10 me(-, a( pe+ha,-ka( 5a+(a -+. 3a() ,e+e(,.k '.l-ska( pe+samaa( +eaks-(3a 2@ &ak.ka( .- (-(h-+-( e()a( al.m-( 2<
D. U&( K#a!3r*te(!
1@ "e-aka( ee+apa ,a.() +eaks- 2@ 2 m& la+.,a( o(,o 0/$ m& HNOF peka,/ pe+ha,-ka( e(apa( p.,-h 3a() ,e+e(,.k lal. pa(aska( ha,-ha,- h-())a ,e+e(,.k 5a+(a k.(-() D-()-(ka( -a5ah a-+ k+a( lal. ,amahka( ha,-ha,- la+.,a( NaOH 10< a,a. NH4OH h-())a asa/ -,a(a- e()a( ,e+a-(3a pe+.aha( 5a+(a k.(-() me(a- k.(-() ,.a/ kem.-a( -())a
E. Pe)4e!t$a! E!%a3a! %e!"a! A#a) %a! Alal(
1@ "e-aka( F ,a.() +eaks- 3a() e+s-h a( mas-()mas-() -s-lah e()a( la+.,a( al.m-(/ )ela,-( sea(3ak 2 m& 2@ 'a.() pe+,ama ,e,eska( e()a( sa,. ,e,es HCl peka,/ lal. a,a, pe+.aha( 3a() ,e+a-/ lal. kook pe+laha(laha( a( pa(aska( e()a( ha,-ha,- Ca,a, pe+.aha( 3a() ,e+a- F@ 'a.() ke.a -,amahka( e()a( asam ase,a, )la-al 4@ 'a.() ke,-)a -,amah e()a( la+.,a( NaOH 10< $@ %a)a-ma(a pe()a+.h ke,-)a 7a, ,e+se., ,e+haap pe()e(apa( p+o,e-( alam la+.,a( o(,o a( al.m-( 2< Gelaska(
F. Pe)4e!t$a! E!%a3a! %e!"a! Gara) %ar( L*"a) Berat
1@ "e-aka( ee+apa ,a.() +eaks- 3a() e+s-h a( ke+-() 2@ Mas.ka( 2 m& la+.,a( o(,o 1 ,e,es la+.,a( 02< C."O4 h-())a ,e+ae(apa( a( pe+ha,-ka( se,-ap pe+.aha( 3a() ,e+a- paa se,-ap kal- pe(e,esa(
*e+ha,-ka( apakah e(apa( 3a() ,e+e(,.k a( apakah e(apa( -(- pe+ma(e( a,a. le-h mela+., kemal- paa pe(amaha( +ea)e( e+le-h F@ Ula()- pe+oaa( 2@ e()a( me(amahka( la+.,a( 2< p ase,a,/ 2< C."O4/ 2< H)l2/ a( 2< !eClF
G. Pe!"e!%a3a! Pr*te(! *le a#a)6a#a) *)3le# 1- "e-aka( 4 ,a.() +eaks-/ mas-() - -s- e()a( 2 m& la+.,a( o(,o 2- 'a.() pe+,ama ,e,es em- ,e,es asam p-k+a, e(.h - 'a.() ke.a ,e,es em- ,e,es la+.,a( 'CA /- 'a.() ke,-)a ,e,es em- ,e,es la+.,a( phospo,.()s,a, ?seel.m(3a asamka(
.l. e()a( 2< asam ase,a, 5- 'a.() ke empa, ,e,es em- ,e,es la+.,a( 2< asam phosphomol-a,
?seel.m(3a -asamka( .l. e()a( 2 ,e,es la+.,a( asam ase,a, 2<@ ,- *e+ha,-ka( pe(amaha( se-k-, em- se-k-, +ea)e( ,e+haap pe()e(apa( 7- Ula()- pe+oaa( - a,as e()a( 1 m& al.m-( 2<
IV PEMBAHASAN
1 UGI KOM*O"I"I DA"AR
Has-l *e()ama,a( ?>@ %a. +am., ,e+aka+ *e()em.(a(
a, UAl.m-( ".s. M.+(ela,-(
Ca+a Ke+a Al.m-( 1ml NaOH 10< D-pa(aska( ela,-( 1ml NaOH 10< D-pa(aska( ".s. M.+(- 1ml NaOH 10< D-pa(aska(
Has-l pe()ama,a( ?>@ Ke+,as lakm.s %a. Amo(-ak ?N@ me+ah?N@
%-+.
%-+.
%-+.
Ca+a Ke+a
Has-l pe()ama,a(
Al.m-( $ ml NaOH 10< -pa(aska( 10 ,e,es * Ase,a, $< 1 ml HC& peka,
&a+.,a( e+a. H2"
ela,-( $ ml NaOH 10< -pa(aska( 10 ,e,es * Ase,a, $< 1 ml HC& peka,
&a+.,a( e+a. H2"
".s. M.+(- $ ml NaOH 10< -pa(aska( 10 ,e,es * Ase,a, $< 1 ml HC& peka,
&a+.,a( e+a. H2"
2 UGI %IURE' a Al.m-( 10 < ".s. 10 < ela,-( U+ea
: la+.,a( e+5a+(a B-ole, : la+.,a( e+5a+(a B-ole, : la+.,a( e+5a+(a B-ole, : la+.,a( e+5a+(a B-ole,
F UGI a
: la+.,a( e+5a+(a .(). : la+.,a( e+5a+(a .(). ke-+.a( : la+.,a( e+5a+(a .(). : la+.,a( e+5a+(a .(). ke-+.a(
NINHIDRIN Al.m-( 2 < Al.m-( 10 < ".s. 10 < ".s. 20 <
4 UGI K"AN*RO'EIN a Al.m-( 2 < Al.m-( 10 < ".s. 10 < ".s. 20 <
: la+.,a( e+5a+(a -())a : la+.,a( e+5a+(a -())a : la+.,a( e+5a+(a -())a : la+.,a( e+5a+(a -())a
$ *eme(,.ka( E(apa( e()a( Asam a( Alkal-
;
"ample
D-,e,es- HC&
D-,e,es- As Ase,a, las-al
D-,e,es- NaOH
".s. 20<
Aa
'-ak Aa
Aa
Al.m-( 20<
Aa
'-ak Aa
Aa
*eme(,.ka( E(apa( e()a( a+am a+- &o)am %e+a,
"ampel
0/2< C."O4
2< * Ase,a,
2< C."O4
2< H)Cl
2< !eCl2
".s. $<
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
Al.m-( $<
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
*e()e(apa( p+o,e-( e()a( asamasam kompleks "ampel
As *-k+a,
'CA
As Ase,a, 20< *hos6o,.()s,a,
As Ase,a, 2< *hospomol-a,
Al.m-( 2<
Aa E(apa(
Aa E(apa(
Aa E(apa(
Aa E(apa(
Al.m-( $<
Aa E(apa(
Aa E(apa(
Aa E(apa(
Aa E(apa(
".s. $<
Aa E(apa(
Aa E(apa(
Aa E(apa(
Aa E(apa(
8 *e()e(apa( p+o,e-( e()a( pela+., o+)a(-k
"ampel Al.m-( $< ".s. $<
Alkohol '-ak aa e(apa(/ la+., kemal-
H2O
Aa e(apa(
Aa e(apa(
41 U- Kompos-s- Dasa+ *aa .- -(- e+,..a( .(,.k me()-e(,-6-kas- aa(3a .(s.+.(s.+ pe(3.s.( p+o,e-( "ea)a-ma(a -ke,ah.- sem.a e(-s p+o,e-( ,e+s.s.( ka+o( ?C@/ h-+o)e( ?H@/ oks-)e( ?O@/ a( (-,+o)e( ?N@ Aa p.la p+o,e-( 3a() me()a(.() se-k-, ele+a() ?"@ a( 6os6o+ ?*@ De()a( me,oe pemaka+a( a,a. pe()a.a(/ aka( -pe+oleh .(s.+.(s.+ pe(3.s.( p+o,e-( 3a-,. C/ H/ O/ a( N "e,elah melak.ka( .- kompos-s- asa+ -(- paa 7a, .- al.m-( a( )ela,-( mas-()mas-() me()a(.() ka+o( ?C@ e()a( - ,a(a- aa(3a ke)oso()a( a( (-,+o)e( ?N@ e()a( -,a(a- aa(3a a. +am., ,e+aka+/ .)a me()a(.() h3+o)e( ?H@ a( oks-)e( ?O@ e()a( - ,a(a- aa(3a ko(e(sas- a-+ - a)-a( a,as ,a.() Da( se,elah - .- e()a( k+-s,al NaOH aa a. amo(-a 3a() kel.a+ a( e+.ah(3a 5a+(a ke+,as lakm.s me+ah me(a- -+. e+a+,- aa(3a ka(.()a( .(s.+
(-,+o)e( ?N@ a( h3+o)e( ?H@ .)a paa al.m-( me()a(.() p a( " sea()ka( paa )ela,-( ha(3a me()a(.() "
42 U- %-.+e, U- -(- .(,.k Mem.k,-ka( aa(3a molek.lmolek.l pep,-e a+- p+o,e-( Io( C.2 ?a+- pe+eaks- -.+e,@ alam s.asa(a asa aka( e+eaks- e()a( pol-pep,-a a,a. -ka,a(-ka,a( pep,-e 3a() me(3.s.( p+o,e-( meme(,.k se(3a5a kompleks e+5a+(a .(). ?B-ole,@ Reaks- -.+e, pos-,-6 ,e+haap .a .ah -ka,a( pep,-e a,a. le-h/ ,e,ap- (e)a,-6 .(,.k asam am-(o eas a,a. pep,-a Reaks- p.( pos-,-6 ,e+haap se(3a5ase(3a5a 3a() me()a(.() .a ).).s : CH2NH2 C"NH2 C?NH@NH2/ a( CONH2 %-.+e, aalah se(3a5a e()a( .a -ka,a( pep,-e 3a() ,e+e(,.k paa pema(asa( .a molek.l .+ea *aa .- -.+e, e()a( sempel al.m-( 10
4F U- N-(h-+-( U(,.k mem.k,-ka( aa(3a asam am-(o eas alam p+o,e-( De()a( *+-(s-p : "em.a asam am-(o a,a. pep,-a 3a() me()a(.() asam am-(o eas aka( e+eaks- e()a( (-(h-+-( meme(,.k se(3a5a kompleks e+5a+(a -+. Nam.(/ p+ol-( a( h-+oks-p+ol-( me()has-lka( se(3a5a e+5a+(a k.(-() *aa .- (-(h-+-( e()a( sempel al.m-( 20
e+.ah me(a- e+5a+(a -+. "ea()ka( s.s. 2
44 U- Ksa(p+o,e-( Mempe+l-ha,ka( ah5a p+o,e-(
,e+,e(,. me()a(.() asam am-(o
a(
-(,-e(7e(e Dasa+(3a : N-,+as- -(,- e(7e( a+- asam am-(o alam molek.l p+o,e-( ?,-+os-(/ 6e(-lala(-(/ ,+-p,o6a(@ Me(a- se(3a5a (-,+o 3a() e+5a+(a k.(-() Dalam l-()k.()a( alkal-s ,e+-solas- a( 5a+(a(3a e+.ah me(a- ,.a a,a. -())a Reaks paa .- ksa(p+o,e-( -asa+ka( paa (-,+as- -(,- e(7e(e 3a() ,e+apa, paa molek.l p+o,e-( G-ka p+o,e-( 3a() me()a(.() --( e(7e(e ?,-+os-(/ ,+-p,o6a(/ a( 6a(-lala(-(@ -,amahka( asam (-,+a, peka,/ maka ,e+e(,.k e(apa( p.,-h 3a() apa, e+.ah me(a- k.(-() se5ak,. -pa(aska( "e(3a5a (-,+o 3a() ,e+e(,.k alam s.asa(a asa aka( ,e+-o(-sas- a( 5a+(a(3a e+.ah me(a- -())a *aa .- ksa(p+o,e-( - apa, has-l ah5a paa sem.a sempel al.m-( 20
4$ U- pe()e(apa( p+o,e-( e()a( asam a( alkal*aa .- pe()e(apa( p+o,e-( -(- - ke,ah.- ah5a ha(3a HC& 3a() mamp. me()e(apka( p+o,e-( sea()ka( NaOH a( As Ase,a, la-al ,-ak apa, me()e(apka( p+o,e-(
4; U- pe()e(apa( p+o,e-( e()a( )a+am a+- lo)am
De()a( .- -(- apa, - l-ha, pe()e(apa( pe+ma(e( a,a. la+.,a( 3a() me()e(ap kemal- sepe+,- sem.la e()a( - e+- la+.,a( C."O4 0/2
ADA
ADA
ADA
2< H)Cl ADA
2< !eCl2 ADA
ADA
ADA
Ga- paa sem.a sampel 3a() -,e,es- 0/2< C."O4/ 2< C."O4 a( 2< !eClF me()alam- +e(a,.+as-/ sea()ka( 3a() -,e,es-
2< * Ase,a, a( 2< H)Cl
me()alam- e(a,.+as-
4 U- pe()e(apa( p+o,e-( e()a( asamasam lemak U(,.k me()e,ah. pos-s- e(apa( a-k a(-o( ka,-o( a,a. .)a me+.paka( -soelek,+-k/ e()a( pe(amaha( la+.,a( asam p-k+a, e(.h/ 'CA/ asam ase,a, 2< phosphomol-a, e()a( sempel s.s. 20< a( al.m-( 20< "epe+,- ,ael e+-k., : "ampel
As *-k+a,
'CA
As Ase,a, 2< *hospomol-a,
ADA ENDA*AN ADA ENDA*AN
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
%e++3 "/ 2000 Dasar Kimia SMU III *' +ame-a *.s,aka U,ama/ Gaka+,a !esse(e( J !esse(e( 1982 Kimia Organik Jilid 2 E+la())a/ Gaka+,a !+-e/ H a( Haeme(os/ G/ 200;/ Schaum’s Outlines Biologi Edisi Kedua/ E+ala())a/ Gaka+,a -+-(+a/ A 198F Biokimia I +ame-a *.s,aka U,ama/ Gaka+,a *oe-a-/ A 1994 Dasar-Dasar Biokimia U(-Be+s-,as I(o(es-a ?UI*+ess@/ Gaka+,a &eh(-()e+/ Ale+, & 1982 Dasar-dasar Biokimia E+la())a/ Gaka+,a
