UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL JOSÉ FAUSTINO SÁNCHEZ CARRIÓN
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRARIA, INDUSTRIAS ALIMENTARIAS Y AMBIENTAL ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INDUSTRIAS ALIMENTARIAS
MONOGRAFÍA:
Producción y control de calidad del vino vino
Para optar el título profesional de Ingeniero en Industrias Alimentarias Presentado por: Iris Alejandra Velita Espinoza
HUACHO – PERÚ PERÚ 2013
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL JOSÉ FAUSTINO SÁNCHEZ CARRIÓN FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRARIA, INDUSTRIAS ALIMENTARIAS Y AMBIENTAL
ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INDUSTRIAS ALIMENTARIAS
MONOGRAFÍA:
Producción y control de calidad del vino vino Para optar el título profesional de Ingeniero en Industrias Alimentarias Bachiller: Iris Alejandra Velita Espinoza
Mg. Sc. Eroncio MENDOZA NIETO PRESIDENTE
Ing. Pedro Martín RIOS SALAZAR VOCAL
Ing. José Miguel MONTEMAYOR MANTILLA SECRETARIO
Ing. Roger Cipriano CENTENO ROBLES ASESOR
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DEDICATORIA
Este trabajo se los dedico a mis padres y hermanos que me apoyaron en todo momento, por sus consejos, sus valores, por la motivación constante que me ha permitido ser una persona de bien, pero más que nada, por su amor.
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AGRADECIMIENTO Agradezco en primer lugar, al ser Supremo, único dueño de todo saber y verdad, por iluminarnos durante este trabajo y por permitirnos finalizarlo con éxito; y en segundo lugar, a mi asesor Mg. Ing. Roger Cipriano Centeno Robles, por su apoyo incondicional y el esfuerzo que dio como finalidad la culminación de este trabajo.
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ÍNDICE DE MATERIAS RESUMEN ABSTRACT INTRODUCCIÓN BASES TEÓRICAS…………………………………………………………………… 12 Fundamentos teóricos……………………………………………………………... 12 1.1.1. Historia de la producción del vino………………………………………… 12 1.1.2. Bases teóricas de la uva…………………………………………………... .13 1.1.2.1. Definición……………………………………………………….. .13 1.1.2.2. Estructura del grano……………………………………………… 13 1.1.2.3. Variedades comerciales…………………………………………. .14 1.1.2.4. Composición química………………………………………… .....16 1.1.3. La vendimia………………………………………………………………. .17 1.1.3.1. Índices de maduración…………………………………………… 17 1.1.3.2. Sistemas de vendimia…………………………………………… .19 1.1.4. Bases teóricas del vino…………………………………………………… .22 1.1.4.1. Definición del vino……………………………………………… .22 1.1.4.2. Clasificación del vino…………………………………………… .22 1.1.4.3. Composición química del vino……………………………… .…..25 1.2. Proceso de vinificación…………………………………………………………... .27 1.2.1. Fermentación como base de la vinificación…………………………….....27 1.2.1.1. Fermentación alcohólica………………………………………... .27 1.2.1.2. Fermentación maloláctica………………………………………. .31 1.2.2. Principales operaciones unitarias para la vinificación…………………… .34 1.2.2.1. Operaciones comunes…………………………………………... .34 1.2.2.2. Para vinos blancos………………………………………………. .37 1.2.2.3. Para vinos tintos
.42
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1.3.1. Calidad y aseguramiento de la calidad.…………………………………… 51 1.3.2. Marco legal de la calidad………………………………………………… . 51 1.3.2.1. Guía de Buenas de Prácticas de Higiene…………………………52 1.3.2.2. Método HACCP…………………………………………………. 52 1.3.3. Características físico-químicas del vino…………………………………...53 1.3.3.1. Azúcares reductores……………………………………………… 53 1.3.3.2. Acidez total y pH…………………………………………………54 1.3.3.3. Grado alcohólico………………………………………………... ..55 1.3.4. Características sensoriales del vino……………………………………… ..55 1.3.4.1. El aroma………………………………………………………… ..55 1.3.4.2. El bouquet……………………………………………………… ...55 1.3.4.3. El sabor ………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………… ...55 1.3.4.4. El color ………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………… ...56 1.3.5. Control de calidad en el proceso de vinificación………………………… ..57 1.3.6. Factores condicionantes de d e la calidad en el almacenamiento almace namiento de los vinos.. vinos .. 59 1.3.6.1. En botellas………………………………………………………. .59 1.3.6.2. En barricas……………………………………………………… ..61 1.3.7. Limpieza e higiene en la bodega………………………………………… ..62 1.3.8. Alteraciones de los vinos…………………………………………………..63 1.3.8.1. Defectos del olor y del sabor del vino……………………………63 1.3.8.2. Enfermedades del vino originadas por microorganismos………...64 1.4. Principales maquinarias y equipos para la vinificación……………………………65 1.4.1. Tolvas y tornillos y sinfín…………………………………………………. 66 1.4.2. Máquina despalilladora-estrujadora……………………………………… ..66 1.4.3. Bombas…………………………………………………………………… .67 1.4.4. Prensas……………………………………………………………………. .67 1.4.5. Filtros………………………………………………………………………69 1.4.6. Depósitos de fermentación……………………………………………….. .69
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INDICE DE FIGURAS Pág. Figura 1: Estructura del grano de uva ............................................................................... 14 Figura 2: Cosecha manual (vendimia) .............................................................................. ................................................................ .............. 20 Figura 3: Vendimiadora mecánica mecá nica de dos alturas altu ras ............................................. ............................................................. ................ 21 Figura 4: Desfangado estático ................................................. ........................................................................................... .......................................... 39 Figura 5: Diagrama de flujo de proceso de elaboración de vinos blancos por el sistema tradicional .................................................. ................................................................................... ................................. 41 Figura 6: Bazuqueo por remontado con un recipiente auxiliar interior ............................ 43 Figura 7: Descube manual m anual ................................................................................................ ........................................................ ........................................ 44 Figura 8: Depósitos de fermentación de vendimia tinta según el sistema de trasiego ............................................... ......................................................................................... .......................................... 45 Figura 9: Diagrama de flujo de proceso de elaboración de vinos tintos por el sistema tradicional .................................................. ................................................................................... ................................. 46 Figura 10: Tolva de descarga de las uvas, llegadas en remolques ...................................... 66 Figura 11: Máquina despalilladora – estrujadora......................................................... estruja dora................................................................ ....... 67 Figura 12: Prensa vertical de cubillo .................................................................................. ........................................ .......................................... 68 Figura 13: Filtro de tierras .................................................................................................. .......................................................... ........................................ 69
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INDICE DE TABLAS
Tabla 1: Composición general gene ral de la uva .............................................................................. 16 Tabla 2: Contenido general gener al del vino .................................................................................... 26 Tabla 3: Efectos de la temperatura en el el desarrollo de la fermentación alcohólica en vinos blancos y rosados ro sados ................................................................... ..................................................... .............. 30 Tabla 4: Efectos de la temperatura en el desarrollo de la fermentación alcohólica en vinos tintos ............................................. ....................................................................................... .......................................... 31
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RESUMEN El presente trabajo trata acerca de la “Producción y control de calidad del vino”, cuyo
objetivo es lograr un texto de consulta que contenga información técnica-científica sobre la el control de calidad en la vinificación, que será de utilidad al lector interesado en la industria del vino.
La metodología utilizada para el logro del presente present e trabajo
monográfico, ha sido mediante el análisis y síntesis de las diversas referencias bibliográficas. En la producción del vino se describe las bases teóricas de la uva, clasificando las variedades apropiadas para la elaboración de vino. Luego se tiene dos sistemas de cosecha para la uva: Vendimia manual y mecánica; asimismo, las bases teóricas del vino nos permite conocer las diferentes clases de vino. En el proceso de vinificación la fermentación requiere de la acción de microorganismos por tanto se deben tomar en cuenta las condiciones bajo las cuales estos se desarrollan. Para la producción de vinos se toma en cuenta operaciones comunes luego luego el proceso toma diferentes etapas de acuerdo a la clasificación de de color del vino. vino. En cuanto al control de calidad del vino, vino, se describe el marco legal requerido, las características sensoriales que debe tener el vino para el e l consumo final y el control que se debe hacer en las diferentes etapas manteniendo las condiciones de higiene y a prevenir la posibilidad de que organismos "extr años” años” intervengan en el proceso y almacenamiento de vinos, evitando así la presencia de enfermedades que alteren su estabilidad físico - químico y sensorial. También se describe las principales maquinarias y equipos necesarios ya que sin éstos no sería posible la
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ABSTRACT This paper deals with the "Production and quality control of wine", which aims to achieve a text query that contains technical and scientific information on quality control in winemaking, which will be useful to readers interested in wine industry. The methodology used for the achievement of this monograph, has been through analysis and synthesis of the various references. In wine production describes the theoretical basis of the grape, classifying the varieties suitable for wine making. Then you have two systems for the grape harvest: manual and mechanical Harvest, also wine theoretical basis allows us to know the different kinds of wine. In the fermentation process of wine making requires the action of microorganisms therefore be taken into account the conditions under which these are developed. For wine production is taken into account common operations then the process takes different stages according to the classification of wine color. As for wine quality control, describes the required legal framework, the sensory characteristics that must have wine for final consumption and control should be done at different stages maintaining hygienic conditions and prevent the possibility that organisms "strangers" involved in the processing and storage of wines, thus avoiding the presence of diseases that alter their physical stability - chemical and sensory describes also the main machinery and equipment needed because without them it would not be possible to produce wines. It has achieved the intended monograph based on the condensation of total information
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INTRODUCCIÓN El presente trabajo monográfico denominado “Producción y control de calidad del vino”
tuvo la elección preferencial para su desarrollo por existir en el país una variada industria vitivinícola, que tienen serias deficiencias en cuanto al manejo tecnológico y de calidad. El objetivo que se pretende con la presente monografía es contribuir con una información técnico – científico científico sobre el vino, a los diversos interesados, sean éstos profesionales y/o a todos aquellos que se encuentran involucrados en la industria vitivinícola. En cuanto al cuerpo de la monografía, éste se encuentra estructurado de la forma siguiente: En el primer capítulo trata sobre las bases teóricas de la producción del vino, se han considerado las referencias históricas, las bases teóricas de la uva y del vino, así como el proceso de la vendimia. En el segundo capítulo toca el proceso de vinificación, comprende todas las operaciones secuenciales de elaboración de diversos tipos de vinos, haciendo énfasis en la operación de fermentación y los insumos utilizados. El capítulo tres comprende el control de calidad que contiene el marco legal, las características físico químicas y sensoriales, los factores condicionantes, la limpieza e higiene en la bodega, finalmente el capítulo cuatro contiene los equipos y maquinarias necesarias para la industria del vino. La metodología utilizada para el logro del presente trabajo monográfico, ha sido el análisis, interpretación y síntesis de las diversas obras, textos, artículos y otras fuentes informativas relacionadas al tema en estudio, consolidándolos
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12
I. BASES TEÓRICAS 1.1. Fundamentos teóricos 1.1.1. Historia de la producción del vino Los historiadores creen que, probablemente, el vino fue descubierto accidentalmente en el área fértil entre el Nilo y el Golfo Pérsico entre los años 4000 y 3000 a.C. Las culturas antiguas estaban familiarizadas con las uvas, según demuestran dibujos en las paredes de cavernas ancestrales también creen que las uvas fermentaron en una primera etapa por accidente, debido a las levaduras que debían estar presentes en la piel de las uvas almacenadas. El vino tuvo gran importancia para las civilizaciones griega y romana. Los griegos introdujeron viñas y produjeron vino en sus colonias del sur de Italia y los romanos practicaron más tarde la vinicultura (la ciencia del cultivar para producir vino) en todo su imperio (Amerine & Ough, 1976).
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cronistas que pisan territorio chileno, señala en sus escritos haber encontrado vides silvestres en territorios deshabitados próximos a la Cordillera de los Andes, más exactamente en la región de Curicó. Este antecedente ha hecho suponer a algunos que la vid sería una planta autóctona de Chile; sin embargo, todo lleva a pensar en algún tipo de implantación natural producto de aves que pudieran haber viajado dispersando semillas comidas en otras plantaciones más al norte. La anotación sólo nos sirve de antecedente para remarcar las excelentes condiciones climáticas que encontraría más tarde la vid en el nuevo territorio de Chile (Buller, 2011).
1.1.2. Bases teóricas de la uva obtenida de la la vid. Crecen agrupadas en 1.1.2.1. Definición: Es una fruta obtenida racimos de entre 6 y 300 uvas. Pueden ser negras, moradas, amarillas, doradas, púrpuras, rosadas, marrones, anaranjadas o
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bacterias. Por debajo de bajo de esta e sta capa externa, exte rna, se encuentran encuentra n capas inferiores que contienen sustancias complejas denominadas polifenoles.
c. Pulpa: Si se retira el hollejo de una uva blanca o tinta, el color de la pulpa es generalmente el mismo. El mosto de la uva es prácticamente incoloro, a excepción de un par de variedades que tienen la pulpa coloreada. La pulpa contiene agua, azucares, ácidos, proteínas y minerales.
d. Pepitas: Las pepitas o semillas, se encuentran dentro de la pulpa y difieren según las variedades, llegando incluso a encontrarse uvas que no las contienen (ver Figura 1). Poseen una capa muy dura y proporciona taninos al vino (Greingger & Tattersall, 2007).
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a. Para vinos tintos y rosados - Cabernet Sauvignon: Sus frutos son muy oscuros, pequeños y con una piel muy gruesa. Produce un vino austero, tánico y muy coloreado, que se mezcla a menudo con la Cabernet Franc y la merlot.
Merlot:
-
considerada como una uva complementaria para mezclarla con la Cabernet Sauvignon y en menor medida con la Cabernet Franc. - Cabernet Franc: Se consolida en varietales afrutados, con una cantidad discreta de tanino. - Pinot Noir: Por su finura y complejidad muchos la consideran la cepa tinta más selecta del viñedo mundial. (Jaeger, 2004).
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cosechas bien maduras y con unos restos dulces muy concentrados (Jaeger, 2004).
1.1.2.4. Composición química: La composición general de la uva aparece en la Tabla 1; sin embargo varía según se trate de uvas blancas o negras. En ambas destacan dos tipos de nutrientes: los azúcares, principalmente glucosa y fructosa, más abundantes en las uvas blancas y las vitaminas (ácido fólico y vitamina B6) (Martínez, 2006). Su riqueza en azúcares, la la convierte en una de las frutas que contienen más calorías. Las uvas cultivadas en regiones frías suelen tener menos azúcares que las cultivadas en terrenos cálidos y secos. Entre los minerales, el potasio es el más abundante y se encuentra en mayor cantidad en la uva negra; mientras que el magnesio y el calcio están en cantidades moderadas y son más abundantes en la uva blanca. En las uvas abundan diversas sustancias con reconocidas propiedades
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Hierro 0.26 mg Fuente: Martínez, (2006)
1.1.3. La vendimia Este es un punto crítico durante el ciclo de vinificación, momento en que las uvas son recolectadas y llevadas a la bodega. El viticultor/productor ha de decidir la fecha de maduración y cuando vendimiar (Greingger &Tattersall, 2007).
1.1.3.1. Índices de maduración: Son ciertas fórmulas propuestas para
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-
Firmeza de la pulpa y hollejo: En el grano de uva se utiliza el índice de aplastamiento, cuando más madura está la uva menor es su resistencia.
-
Densidad del mosto: Medida de la densidad de mosto. Durante el período de maduración, la densidad del mosto aumenta de manera continua, hasta llegar a un punto donde permanece estacionario durante algunos días.
Índices de maduración químicos Evolución del contenido de azúcar y acidez: Consiste en
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-
Desa parición de la clorofila: Su descenso es paulatino, a medida que se acerca la maduración. La medición de clorofila mediante un aparato llamado clorómetro puede ser
un índice de maduración de la vendimia. -
Respiración del racimo: Durante el período de crecimiento celular, la actividad respiratoria decrece con mayor lentitud, y en la maduración, la respiración se vuelve a activar.
-
Análisis de etileno: El etileno es un gas producido durante la maduración de los frutos, existiendo una correlación entre el desprendimiento de éste y la maduración de la uva (Hidalgo,
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la diferencia es que la vendimia manual es lenta y selectiva; y la vendimia mecánica es rápida (Greingger &Tattersall, 2007).
Vendimia
manual:
La
vendimia
manual
consiste
esencialmente en cortar los racimos enteros enteros con grandes tijeras (Figura 2). Además las bayas se recolectan con el propio raspón o escobajo. Es posible hacerlo de manera muy selectiva: se pueden retirar las partes del racimo dañadas o incluso las bayas podridas.
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Vendimia mecánica: La vendimia mecánica supone el empleo de una menor fracción de tiempo, que el empleado por un equipo de vendimiadores, vendimia dores, lo que resulta muy valioso cuando el tiempo de vendimia es corto. Una desventaja de la vendimia mecánica es que no es selectivo: la maquina no puede distinguir entre uvas sanas o dañadas (Greingger &Tattersall, 2007).
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F igura 3. 3. Vendimiadora mecánica de dos alturas
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Vinos espumantes: Son aquellos del tipo del Champagne, a los cuales se les aplica dos fermentaciones. La primera que es la habitual del vino natural, y una segunda que se lleva a
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100%; hay una cantidad de azúcar que no fermenta. Dependiendo de esta cantidad podemos dividir los vinos en:
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levaduras se desdoblan en alcohol etílico y gas carbónico (CO2). El grado alcohólico resultante oscilará entre los 8 y los 14 grados, por encima de esta cantidad nos encontraremos con
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de azúcar puede oscilar entre la cantidad de 2g/l en los vinos secos hasta 5 g/l en el caso de los más dulces.
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62
pequeñas cantidades. Ciertos olores extraños pueden llegar al vino a través del aire de la habitación donde se encuentran. Los disolventes que desprenden los botes de pintura, los materiales para construcción o los perfumes añadidos a los productos de limpieza pueden influir en el olor y el sabor de un vino. (Dominé, Supp & Ulbricht, 2004).
1.3.6.2. En barricas a. Tamaño de la barrica: Cuanto más pequeña es la barrica, más grande es la relación superficie/volumen (vino) y por tanto mayor impacto del roble. Una barrica de 225 litros proporcionara al vino un 15% más de componentes del roble que una de 300 litros.
b. Tipo y origen del roble (o cualquier otra madera): El roble americano es de grano más grueso que el francés, y la madera es normalmente aserrada, mientras que las barricas de roble francés se fabrican de la madera partida en el sentido de la fibra natural (radio). Dentro de Francia, existen diferencias características en el roble procedente de diferentes bosques: Allier, Bertagne, Limousin, Nevers, Troncais, Vosges, etc.
c. Técnicas de fabricación como el tostado: Las técnicas usadas en las tonelerías varían de un país a otro. Las barricas de roble americano fabricadas en Francia en EEUU. En las
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63
madera. El tipo de madera usada para alimentar este fuego también influirá en el tostado y, por consiguiente, en el vino almacenado en la barrica.
d. Tiempo de permanencia en barrica: Históricamente, los vinos se mantenían en barrica hasta su transporte en barco, en algunos casos este tiempo tiempo podía ser más de 10 años. Hoy Hoy en día, es una excepción encontrar un vino más de 3 años en barrica. Cuanto mayor ma yor es el período, más compuestos del roble se absorben,
mayor es la oxigenación con el riesgo de
oxidación. Las barricas necesitarán rellenarse un poco después del llenado y en los primeros momentos del almacenamiento. Inicialmente las barricas se colocarán con el agujero arriba, con el tapón sin afeitar o con un cierre de fermentación en su caso. Posteriormente, las barricas pueden almacenarse con el tapón bien cerrado a un lado y el contacto con el vino asegurará que el tapón permanezca expandido en el agujero. Durante el primer año en barrica, los vinos pueden ser trasladados cuatro veces y durante el segundo, dos veces.
e. Lugar de almacenamiento de barricas: La maduración en barrica es una interacción entre el vino, la madera y el ambiente que se almacenan las barricas. El vino se evapora través de la madera y se reemplaza por oxígeno, además los productos del roble se absorben. Este proceso depende de la temperatura y la humedad. Por ejemplo, en un ambiente seco y caliente, el volumen de vino que se evapora es mayor que en un ambiente húmedo y frío. Sin embargo, en un ambiente
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64
puede ser ligeramente diferente al mismo vino que se envejece en una bodega a ras de suelo (Greingger &Tattersall, 2007).
1.3.7. Limpieza e higiene en la bodega El vino y el mosto son unos productos muy sensibles, desde el punto de vista organoléptico y microbiológico, a las alteraciones procedentes de una deficiente sanidad o limpieza de las instalaciones de la bodega, sin embargo la higiene en la enología no tiene el mismo significado que en las industrias alimentarias, pues debido a la naturaleza del vino, nunca existe un riesgo de intoxicación para los consumidores en el caso de producirse conservaciones defectuosas. La limpieza metódica de los elementos de una bodega influye decisivamente en la calidad de los vinos obtenidos, pudiendo aplicarse a plicarse el siguiente dicho: «un buen vino se elabora elabor a con mucha agua», agua evidentemente aplicada a la higiene de los materiales en contacto con la vendimia y el vino. Se puede distinguir y definir la limpieza como las operaciones destinadas a eliminar la suciedad adherida en las superficies para dejarlas limpias, de la desinfección como los tratamientos aplicados a las superficies limpias para reducir o eliminar los microorganismos situados re ellas. Con ambas técnicas se consigue obtener superficies físicamente limpias, químicamente exentas de residuos de productos de limpieza y biológicamente libres de microorganismos indeseables (Hidalgo, 2010).
1.3.8. Alteraciones de los vinos 1.3.8.1. Defectos del olor y del sabor del vino
Sabor a rancio: Proviene de la alteración de las pepitas u otros aceites vegetales.
Sabor a moho: Es muy persistente y no desparece nunca; el
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65
Sabor a madera: Es debido a la mala conservación de las cubas, toneles y además, el peor es el de madera de castaño.
Sabor a cobre: Sabor amargo desagradable, que se revela fácilmente sumergiendo en una muestra de vino un alambre liso y por efecto electrolítico el cobre se deposita en el hierro el cual se vuelve rojo.
Olor a huevos podridos, hidrógeno sulfuroso. Este gas se forma por efecto de una enzima reducente, elaborada por los fermentos alcohólicos (Higynov, 2000).
1.3.8.2. Enfermedades del vino originadas por microorganismos: Las enfermedades son alteraciones y modificaciones a la actividad de microorganismos extraños al vino normal, que atacan algunos de sus componentes. Según provengan de microorganismos que viven en un ambiente aeróbico o en un ambiente anaeróbico, o sea en presencia o ausencia de oxígeno, las enfermedades se clasifican en aeróbicas y anaeróbicas.
a. Enfermedades de origen aeróbicas: Entre las enfermedades producidas
por
los
microorganismos
aerobios,
que
generalmente se forman en la superficie de los caldos, en forma de velo o telilla, ya que necesitan oxígeno para su vida, tenemos como más importantes, la llamada de la flor y la del avinagramiento del vino.
Enfermedad de la flor: Es debida a la acción de un microorganismo llamado llamado por Pasteur Micoderina vini vini y por Res Sacharomyces Micoderma, que se desarrolla de sarrolla en la superficie del vino con la producción de un velo de color
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66
un micoderma aeróbico que ataca preferentemente vinos flojos, poco alcohólicos, a cualquier temperatura.
Avinagramiento: Esta enfermedad es causada por el Bacterium Micoderma Aceti, que vive en ambiente marcadamente aeróbico, el cual transforma el alcohol en ácido acético y agua; el vino afecto a esta enfermedad aparece con un velo gelatinoso (Vogel, 1998).
b. Enfermedades de origen anaeróbicas: Estas enfermedades son causadas por fermentos que se desarrollan en consecuencia de aire. Entre éstas podemos citar:
Vuelta o rebote: El vino se presenta turbio, velado, oscuro o ennegrecido con producción de anhídrido carbónico, olor acético que se va intensificando con un sabor desagradable. Está producida por miles de bacterias no estudiadas en la actualidad, entre ellas el bacillus saprogenesa vinis y bacterium torparum; estas bacterias atacan al ácido
tartárico, y el ácido málico, descomponiéndolos, con producción de notables dosis se ácidos á cidos volátiles.
Agridulce: Se presenta con frecuencia en mostos durante la fermentación tumultuosa de los países cálidos, el vino atacado se presenta velado, con sustancias de aspecto particular y sabor agridulce; la acción del proceso se desarrolla por intervención de bacillus maunitopenum o fermento manítico que ataca a la glucosa y a la levulosa, dando lugar a diversos productos (Vogel, 1998).
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67
equipo compuesto de máquinas y herramientas manuales. Pero si queremos elaborar cantidades mayores, hay que pensar en utilizar máquinas movidas con motores eléctricos.
Estrujadora/despalilladora
Depósitos de fermentación y almacenamiento
Prensas
Bombas
Tuberías y mangas fijas
Filtros
Equipo de refrigeración
Barricas o depósitos de madera, si fuesen necesarios
Línea de embotellado, si se va a embotellar en la propiedad
Equipamiento para el laboratorio
Equipo de limpieza (Greingger &Tattersall, 2007).
1.4.1. Tolvas y tornillos y sinfín Las tolvas son los elementos más comunes para la recepción de vendimia, permitiendo el almacenamiento de la misma en tiempos variables, desde algunos minutos hasta horas en casos extremos, para el transporte de la uva se encuentran colocados los sinfines consisten en una hélice que va girando. Este giro helicoidal hace que cualquier masa sea transportada desde el punto inicial de la hélice hasta el final (Figura 10).
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F igura 10 10 . Tolva de descarga de las uvas, llegadas en remolques.
Fuente: Ough, (1992) 1.4.2. Máquina despalilladora-estrujadora La vendimia se introduce en una tolva que alimentará a un cilindro rotatorio perforado, cuya superficie posee agujeros abocardados (ver Figura 11). Mientras el cilindro rota, las bayas pasan a través de las muescas, dejando atrás el raspón, estos son expulsados y pueden ser utilizados como fertilizante. Las bayas pasan por una serie de rodillos que se ajustan para elegir la presión adecuada para obtener el mosto (Greingger &Tattersall, 2007).
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El tipo y variedad de bombas en el mercado es enorme y cada una tiene una utilidad específica que depende del uso al que se vaya a destinar. Básicamente, en una bodega se pueden utilizar las bombas para tres fines distintos según lo espeso que sea el fluido que se va a mover en ellas.
1.4.4. Prensas Recordamos que en la elaboración de tintos la prensa se utiliza normalmente al final de la fermentación para extraer el líquido de los hollejos, y que en la elaboración de blancos la prensa se usa antes de la fermentación. Las uvas pueden ser estrujadas antes de prensar. Otra alternativa, es introducir directamente los racimos enteros a la prensa. Las prensas de vino se pueden clasificar como prensas continuas o prensas discontinuas.
a. Prensas continuas: Las uvas se introducen en un extremo, se llevan a lo largo de la prensa por un tornillo de Arquímedes o sinfín, y son sometidas a una presión creciente mientras avanzan. El mosto se puede recoger en varios puntos, y el líquido de mayor calidad se encuentra en los primeros puntos. Sin embargo, ninguno de los mostos será de muy alta calidad. Mientras las uvas estén introduciéndose, la maquina se mantendrá en funcionamiento. Las prensas continuas son las que más se utilizan en las grandes bodegas “industriales”, y tienen como
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F igura 12 12 . Prensa vertical de cubillo
Fuente: Greingger &Tattersall, (2007) 1.4.5. Filtros a. Filtro de tierras: Se utiliza para una filtración basta inicial y puede eliminar grandes cantidades de sólidos gomosos, que consisten en células de levaduras muertas y otras materias de las uvas (ver Figura 13).
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b. Filtro por membrana: Si se lleva a cabo, este es el proceso final de filtración justo antes del embotellado. El vino ha de aclararse muy bien por otros métodos de filtración antes ante s de utilizar este proceso. Los filtros de membrana se construyen con material plástico o cerámico, porosos al agua y a compuestos de pequeño tamaño molecular, por ejemplo alcohol, color y compuestos del aroma y sabores de los vinos. Compuestos grandes como materia proteica quedan retenidos. El vino se hace circular bajo presión a través de la superficie de la membrana. Este proceso no se realiza para vinos tintos con mucho mu cho cuerpo ya que puede restar cuerpo, aromas y sabores.
1.4.6. Depósitos de fermentación Aunque a finales del siglo veinte muchos productores sustituyeron los depósitos de madera por depósitos de acero inoxidable, la madera de nuevo esta ganando popularidad en la construcción de depósitos de vinificación tanto en bodegas pequeñas como medianas (ver Figura 14). Los depósitos de acero inoxidable son hoy en día los más usados. Las grandes ventajas que supone este material son la facilidad de limpieza y la posibilidad de disponer de un sistema de refrigeración., estos depósitos se pueden abrir por la parte superior o cerrar, con una tapa hermética (ver Figura 15). Siempre está presente el riesgo sanitario y de conservación que estos depósitos suponen.
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F igura 14. 14. Bodega con variedad de depósitos
Fuente: Greingger et al, (2007)
F igura 15 15 . Bodegas con depósitos de acero inoxidable
Fuente: Greingger et al, (2007) II. CONCLUSIONES Se ha logrado la monografía pretendida en base a la condensación de información del
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Como parte del proceso de control de calidad, el sulfitado es una operación importante y es realizado en el mosto inicial como en el almacenaje del vino dado su propiedad de inhibir las bacterias patógenas y evitar la acidificación.
III. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
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Domine, A, Supp, E. & Ulbricht, D (2004). Introducción al vino. El Vino. S.L Barcelona, España: Editorial Konemam Flanzy, C (2003). Enología: Fundamentos Científicos y Tecnológicos.2da Edición. Madrid, España: Editorial. Mundi-Prensa
Greingger, K &Tattersall, H (2007). Producción de Vinos. Desde la vid hasta la botella. . Zaragoza, España: Editorial Acribia.
Hidalgo, J. (2010). Tratado de Enología. 2da edición Madrid, España: Editorial Mundi-Prensa Hyginov, C. (2000). Elaboración Elaboración de Vinos Seguridad-Calidad-Métodos., Zaragoza. España: Editorial Acribia
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ANEXOS
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1. Diseño de locales instalaciones y equipos. 1.1. Locales e instalaciones. Ubicar y mantener correctamente los locales previene la contaminación, permite elaborar productos seguros y cumplir toda la normativa; por ello, los locales de las diferentes áreas de la bodega deben estar limpios y en buen estado de conservación. El diseño, disposición, construcción y dimensiones deben permitir una limpieza y desinfección adecuadas, y deben evitar la acumulación de suciedad, el contacto con materiales tóxicos, el depósito de partículas en el vino y la formación de condensaciones conde nsaciones o mohos indeseados indesea dos en las superficies.
1.2. Equipos. La maquinaria y los equipos deben cumplir las especificaciones de las normativas comunitarias que regulan las máquinas. Elementos, instalaciones y equipos que entren en contacto con uva, mosto o vino deben estar limpios; su construcción, composición y estado de conservación tienen que reducir al máximo el riesgo de contaminación, y deben permitir el mantenimiento, la limpieza y, cuando sea necesario, la desinfección adecuados.
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El Plan de formación de los trabajadores tiene como objetivo garantizar que el personal de la bodega adquiere los conocimientos propios de higiene y seguridad alimentaria de las tareas que realiza, para prevenir o minimizar los peligros sanitarios derivados del desconocimiento o la falta de experiencia, y responsabilizarlo sobre las operaciones que lleva a cabo. La bodega se responsabiliza de garantizar que los operarios conocen los principios fundamentales de higiene adecuadas a su actividad laboral y que comprenden cuáles son sus responsabilidades en esta actividad. La empresa debe responder de la instrucción y supervisión del personal en cuestiones de higiene en función de la actividad laboral que éste desarrolla.
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elaboración del vino; para verificar que los controles se efectúan correctamente, se deben realizar análisis de los parámetros que permiten conocer el estado de los procesos y productos. Las instrucciones de trabajo o procedimientos normalizados de trabajo (PNT) deben ser conocidos por todos los empleados y los procedimientos específicos de cada puesto de trabajo deben ser conocidos por quien desarrolla aquella tarea; en cualquier caso, tienen que estar siempre a disposición de los operarios.
4. Plan de mantenimiento de locales, instalaciones y equipos. Se debe desarrollar un plan de mantenimiento para evitar los riesgos que afectan la
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7. Plan de control de plagas. Las plagas se pueden generar cuando en la industria vitivinícola existen zonas que permiten su entrada, espacios donde refugiarse y reproducirse, y disponibilidad de alimento, agua, temperatura y humedad adecuadas. Se deben respetar las distancias mínimas de las plantas de producción a los focos de contaminación (vertederos, estaciones de depuración de aguas residuales, explotaciones ganaderas, etc.). Las vías potenciales de entrada son aberturas, desagües, rejas, tuberías, ventilación, extractores, materias primas, instalaciones vecinas, etc. La disponibilidad de alimento radica en suciedad, rechazos, devoluciones, productos caducados, pérdidas de agua, agua estancada, depósitos, etc.
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Descendente o hacia delante: conocer dónde se han distribuido los diferentes lotes de producto
Interna o de proceso: determinar los tratamientos aplicados y las incidencias.
El Plan de trazabilidad consta del programa de trazabilidad – incluidas incluidas las actividades de comprobaciones del cumplimiento y la eficacia – y y los registros derivados. El programa de trazabilidad describe el sistema de identificación de los productos y los canales de comunicación necesarios entre proveedores y clientes cuando hay que retirar un producto del mercado de forma ágil y eficaz. El responsable de Calidad debe ensayar el funcionamiento de de la trazabilidad completa, tanto hacia atrás como hacia adelante. Las observaciones registradas, con las correspondientes medidas correctoras,
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adversas que se producen en determinados individuos sensibles a la ingestión, contacto o inhalaciones de un determinado alimento, de sus derivados o de un aditivo contenido en ese alimento. El Plan de control de alérgenos asegura que todos los ingredientes – incluyendo incluyendo aditivos, soportes de aditivos, coadyuvantes tecnológicos y auxiliares tecnológicos – – utilizados en la elaboración del producto final que pertenezcan al grupo de alimentos identificados como alérgenos potenciales se deben declarar explícitamente en la etiqueta de vinos y cavas. Con esta declaración, el Plan garantiza que los consumidores que sufren de alergia y/o intolerancia pueden identificar aquella sustancia a la que son