UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & ENERGY STUDIES COLLEGE OF LEGAL STUDIES BA.LLB (HONS.) SEMESTER – – VII
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2016-17 SESSION: JULY-DECEMBER JULY-DECEMBER PROJ PROJEC ECT T OF ENVIRONMENTA ENVIRONMEN TAL L LAW Unde !"e S#$e%'n * D. A+, B. P-!"-n
TOPIC* NUCLEAR ISSUES
NAME* PRASHANT SINGH SAP NO* ///01/2 R OLL OLL NO* R3/045/1/
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2007 /o(# (o"$r $( t/# o(t "!#"& "$r%#(t (our# or #"#tr!!t& !n t/# US !n 1 &#$r( <27 o t/o(# o""#d) o""o#d '& nu"#$r3 2, $nd o$"3 1,. 5/o(# /o #r# $our$'"# o nu"#$r '#!n% u(#d dro#d to 6+ ro $ /!(tor! /!%/ o 70 !n 200 $nd 6@ !n S#t#'#r3 2006. A CBS N#(=N# Yor 5!#( o"" !n 2007 (/o#d t/$t $ $8or!t& o A#r!$n( ou"d not "!# to /$# $ nu"#$r "$nt 'u!"t !n t/#!r oun!t&3 $"t/ou%/ $n !nr#$(!n% #r#nt$%# ou"d "!# to (## or# nu"#$r o#r. 5/# to u#" (our#( t/$t $ttr$t#d t/# /!%/#(t "##"( o (uort !n t/# 2007 MI5 En#r%& Sur#& $r# (o"$r o#r $nd !nd o#r. Outr!%/t $8or!t!#( ou"d /oo(# to !nr#$(# $ "otV u(# o t/#(# to u#"(3 $nd '#tt#r t/$n t/r## out o our A#r!$n( ou"d "!# to !nr#$(# t/#(# u#"( !n t/# U. S. #n#r%& orto"!o. 9ourt##n #r #nt o r#(ond#nt( ou"d "!# to (## nu"#$r o#r !nr#$(# $ "ot. A S#t#'#r 2007 (ur#& ondut#d '& t/# C#nt#r or Int#rn$t!on$" $nd S#ur!t& Stud!#( $t t/# Un!#r(!t& o M$r&"$nd (/o#d t/$t: 6+ #r#nt o Ru((!$n( $or #"!!n$t!n% $"" nu"#$r #$on(3 #r#nt (uort r#o!n% $"" nu"#$r #$on( ro /!%/ $"#rt3 $nd + #r#nt (uort utt!n% t/# Ru((!$n $nd U.S. nu"#$r $r(#n$"( to ,00 nu"#$r #$on( #$/. In t/# Un!t#d St$t#(3 7+ #r#nt o t/# u'"! $or( #"!!n$t!n% $"" nu"#$r #$on(3 6, #r#nt (uort r#o!n% $"" nu"#$r #$on( ro /!%/ $"#rt3 $nd #r#nt (uort r#du!n% Ru((!$n $nd U.S. nu"#$r $r(#n$"( to ,00 #$on( #$/. E!%/t& #r#nt o Ru((!$n( $nd A#r!$n( $nt t/#!r ountr!#( to $rt!!$t# !n t/# Cor#/#n(!# 5#(t B$n 5r#$t&. Aord!n% to $ 2010 So$ *$$! Int#rn$t!on$" (ur#& o &out/ $tt!tud#( !n J$$n3 or#$3 t/# /!"!!n#(3 N# #$"$nd $nd t/# USA3 67.+ r#8#t t/# u(# o nu"#$r #$on( und#r $n& !ru(t$n#(. O t/# r#(ond#nt( .1 ($!d t/$t t/#& ou"d ##" ($#r ! nu"#$r #$on( no "on%#r #!(t#d !n t/# or"d. Id#nt!!#d $( o(t n##d#d #$(ur#( to$rd nu"#$r $'o"!t!on #r# o"!t!$" $nd d!"o$t! n#%ot!$t!on( <.)3 #$# #du$t!on <6.+) $nd (tr#n%t/#n#d #$(ur#( !t/!n t/# UN r$#or <+.7). >/!"# +7., ($!d t/$t nu"#$r $'o"!t!on !( o((!'"#3 ,0.7 ($!d t/$t nu"#$r $r( r#dut!on not $'o"!t!on !( o((!'"#. >/$t /$d '##n %ro!n% $#t$n# o nu"#$r o#r !n t/# Un!t#d St$t#( $( #rod#d (/$r"& o""o!n% t/# 2011 J$$n#(# nu"#$r $!d#nt(3 !t/ (uort or 'u!"d!n% nu"#$r o#r "$nt( !n t/# U.S. dro!n% ("!%/t"& "o#r t/$n !t $( !#d!$t#"& $t#r t/# 5/r## M!"# I("$nd $!d#nt !n 173 $ord!n% to $ CBS N#( o"". On"& ,+ #r#nt o t/o(# o""#d $t#r t/# 9uu(/!$ nu"#$r ##r%#n& ($!d t/#& ou"d $ro# 'u!"d!n% n# o#r "$nt( !n t/# Un!t#d St$t#(. 8 | Pa ge
A 2011 o"" (u%%#(t( t/$t (#t!!( o#r nu"#$r o#r !( %ro!n% !n S#d#n o""o!n% J$$n( nu"#$r r!(!(. +6 #r#nt o r#(ond#nt( $nt to /$(#-out nu"#$r o#r3 u ro 1 #r#nt !n $ (!!"$r (ur#& to &#$r( $%o. In Jun# 20113 'ot/ I(o( Mor! $nd t/# J$$n#(# A($/! S/!'un n#($#r ound dro( !n (uort or nu"#$r o#r t#/no"o%& !n o(t ountr!#(3 !t/ (uort ont!nu!n% !n $ nu'#r !n"ud!n% t/# US. 5/# I(o( Mor! o"" ound t/$t nu"#$r /$d t/# "o#(t (uort o $n& #(t$'"!(/#d t#/no"o%& or %#n#r$t!n% #"#tr!!t&3 !t/ +@. Co$" $( $t ,@ (uort /!"# (o"$r #n#r%&3 !nd o#r $nd /&dro $"" ound $our !t/ or# t/$n 0 o t/o(# (ur#&#d. 5/#r# !( "!tt"# (uort $ro(( t/# or"d or 'u!"d!n% n# nu"#$r r#$tor(3 $ 2011 o"" or t/# BBC !nd!$t#(. 5/# %"o'$" r#(#$r/ $%#n& *"o'#S$n3 o!((!on#d '& BBC N#(3 o""#d 2+32+1 #o"# !n 2+ ountr!#( ro Ju"& to S#t#'#r 20113 (##r$" ont/( $t#r t/# 9uu(/!$ nu"#$r d!($(t#r. In ountr!#( !t/ #!(t!n% nu"#$r ro%r$#(3 #o"# $r# (!%n!!$nt"& or# oo(#d t/$n t/#& #r# !n 2003 !t/ on"& t/# U $nd US 'u!n% t/# tr#nd. Mo(t '#"!## t/$t 'oo(t!n% #n#r%& #!!#n& $nd r#n#$'"# #n#r%& $n ##t t/#!r n##d(. Ju(t 22 $%r##d t/$t nu"#$r o#r !( r#"$t!#"& ($# $nd $n !ort$nt (our# o #"#tr!!t&3 $nd # (/ou"d 'u!"d or# nu"#$r o#r "$nt(. In ontr$(t3 71 t/ou%/t t/#!r ountr& ou"d $"o(t #nt!r#"& r#"$# o$" $nd nu"#$r #n#r%& !t/!n 20 &#$r( '& '#o!n% /!%/"& #n#r%&#!!#nt $nd ou(!n% on %#n#r$t!n% #n#r%& ro t/# Sun $nd !nd. *"o'$""&3 + $nt to ont!nu# u(!n% #!(t!n% r#$tor( !t/out 'u!"d!n% n# on#(3 /!"# +0 ou"d "!# to (/ut ##r&t/!n% don no. Aord!n% to $ 2012 # R#(#$r/ C#nt#r o""3 ,, #r#nt o A#r!$n( $or $nd , #r#nt oo(# t/# root!on o !nr#$(#d u(# o nu"#$r o#r3 /!"# 6 #r#nt $or !nr#$(!n% #d#r$" und!n% or r#(#$r/ on !nd o#r3 (o"$r o#r3 $nd /&dro%#n #n#r%& t#/no"o%&. In 201+3 So$ *$$! Int#rn$t!on$" r#"#$(#d t/# r#(u"t( o !t( !nt#rn$t!on$" (ur#& !n /!/ 1.2 o r#(ond#nt( '#"!## t/$t nu"#$r $r( $r# !n/u$n# $nd @0.6 $or $ or#/#n(!# tr#$t& '$nn!n% $"" #$on( o $(( d#(trut!on. 5/# 23@,0 (ur#& r#(ond#nt( #r# #n $nd o#n o $%#( 1 to , ro Au(tr$"!$3 Br$;!"3 Br!t$!n3 It$"&3 J$$n3 M$"$&(!$3 M#!o3 Sout/ or#$ $nd t/# USAt/# o!!$" $nd uno!!$" nu"#$r #$on (t$t#(3 (t$t#( und#r t/# US nu"#$r u'r#""$ $nd (t$t#( !n nu"#$r-#$on(-r## ;on#( 9().
9 | Pa ge
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N$t!on$" nu"#$r #n#r%& o"!& !( $ n$t!on$" o"!& on#rn!n% (o# or $"" $(#t( o nu"#$r #n#r%&3 (u/ $( !n!n% or nu"#$r u#"3 #tr$t!on $nd ro#((!n% o nu"#$r u#" ro t/# or#3 %#n#r$t!n% #"#tr!!t& '& nu"#$r o#r3 #nr!/!n% $nd (tor!n% (#nt nu"#$r u#" $nd nu"#$r u#" r#ro#((!n%. Nu"#$r #n#r%& o"!!#( ot#n !n"ud# t/# r#%u"$t!on o #n#r%& u(# $nd (t$nd$rd( r#"$t!n% to t/# nu"#$r u#" &"#. Nu"#$r o#r (t$t!on( o#r$t# !n +1 ountr!#(. C/!n$ /$( +2 n# r#$tor( und#r on(trut!on3@ $nd t/#r# $r# $"(o $ on(!d#r$'"# nu'#r o n# r#$tor( '#!n% 'u!"t !n Sout/ or#$3 Ind!$3 $nd Ru((!$. At t/# ($# t!#3 $t "#$(t 100 o"d#r $nd ($""#r r#$tor( !"" o(t ro'$'"& '# "o(#d o#r t/# n#t 10-1 &#$r(. So t/# #$nd!n% nu"#$r ro%r$( !n A(!$ $r# '$"$n#d '& r#t!r##nt( o $%!n% "$nt( $nd nu"#$r r#$tor /$(#-out(. *"o'$" nu"#$r #"#tr!!t& %#n#r$t!on !n 2012 $( $t !t( "o#(t "##" (!n# 1. 9o""o!n% t/# M$r/ 2011 9uu(/!$ nu"#$r d!($(t#r !n J$$n3 *#r$n& /$( #r$n#nt"& (/ut don #!%/t o !t( r#$tor( $nd "#d%#d to "o(# t/# r#(t '& 2022. 5/# It$"!$n( /$# ot#d o#r/#"!n%"& to ## t/#!r ountr& non-nu"#$r. S!t;#r"$nd $nd S$!n /$# '$nn#d t/# on(trut!on o n# r#$tor(. J$$n( r!# !n!(t#r /$( $""#d or $ dr$$t! r#dut!on !n J$$n( r#"!$n# on nu"#$r o#r. 5$!$n( r#(!d#nt d!d t/# ($#. M#!o /$( (!d#"!n#d on(trut!on o 10 r#$tor( !n $or o d##"o!n% n$tur$"-%$(-!r#d "$nt(. B#"%!u !( on(!d#r!n% /$(!n% out !t( nu"#$r "$nt(3 #r/$( $( #$r"& $( 201. A( o 20123 ountr!#( (u/ $( Au(tr$"!$3 Au(tr!$3 D#n$r3 *r###3 Ir#"$nd3 It$"&3 L$t!$3 L!#/t#n(t#!n3 Lu#'our%3 M$"t$3 ortu%$"3 I(r$#"3 S#r'!$3 M$"$&(!$3 $nd Nor$& /$# no nu"#$r o#r r#$tor( $nd r#$!n oo(#d to nu"#$r o#r. *ree 'i#e s#and and $ernoby#
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#$"t/ $nd ($#t& on#rn(3 t/# 17 $!d#nt $t 5/r## M!"# I("$nd3 $nd t/# 1@6 C/#rno'&" d!($(t#r "$&#d $ $rt !n (to!n% n# "$nt on(trut!on !n $n& ountr!#(3 $"t/ou%/ t/# u'"! o"!& or%$n!;$t!on3 t/# Broo!n%( In(t!tut!on (t$t#( t/$t n# nu"#$r un!t(3 $t t/# t!# o u'"!(/!n% !n 20063 /$d not '##n 'u!"t !n t/# U.S. '#$u(# o (ot d#$nd or #"#tr!!t&3 $nd o(t o#rrun( on nu"#$r "$nt( du# to r#%u"$tor& !((u#( $nd on(trut!on d#"$&(. 10 B& t/# #nd o t/# 170( !t '#$# "#$r t/$t nu"#$r o#r ou"d not %ro n#$r"& $( dr$$t!$""& $( on# '#"!##d. E#ntu$""&3 or# t/$n 120 r#$tor ord#r( !n t/# U.S. #r# u"t!$t#"& $n#""#d $nd t/# on(trut!on o n# r#$tor( %round to $ /$"t. A o#r (tor& !n t/# 9#'ru$r& 113 1@3 !((u# o 9or'#( $%$;!n# o#nt#d on t/# o#r$"" $!"ur# o t/# U.S. nu"#$r o#r ro%r$3 ($&!n% !t r$n( $( t/# "$r%#(t $n$%#r!$" d!($(t#r !n 'u(!n#(( /!(tor&. Un"!# t/# 5/r## M!"# I("$nd $!d#nt3 t/# u/ or# (#r!ou( C/#rno'&" $!d#nt d!d not !nr#$(# r#%u"$t!on( $#t!n% >#(t#rn r#$tor( (!n# t/# C/#rno'&" r#$tor( #r# o t/# ro'"#$t! RBM d#(!%n on"& u(#d !n t/# So!#t Un!on3 or #$"# "$!n% ro'u(t ont$!n#nt 'u!"d!n%(.11 M$n& o t/#(# RBM r#$tor( $r# (t!"" !n u(# tod$&. o##r3 /$n%#( #r# $d# !n 'ot/ t/# r#$tor( t/#(#"#( ANOQ >or"d A((o!$t!on o Nu"#$r O#r$tor(. Oo(!t!on !n Ir#"$nd $nd o"$nd r##nt#d nu"#$r ro%r$( t/#r#3 /!"# Au(tr!$ <17@)3 S#d#n <1@0) $nd It$"& <1@7) o"%$n%3 #d. <10). Ant!-nu"#$r Mo##nt(: A >or"d Sur#& o Oo(!t!on to Nu"#$r En#r%&. D#tro!t3 MI: Lon%$n Curr#nt A$!r(. . 1. 10 5/# o"!t!$" Eono& o Nu"#$r En#r%& !n t/# Un!t#d St$t#( <D9). So!$" o"!&. 5/# Broo!n%( In(t!tut!on. 200,. 11 B$%round#r on C/#rno'&" Nu"#$r o#r "$nt A!d#nt. Nu"#$r R#%u"$tor& Co!((!on.
11 | P a g e
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J$$n( 2011 9uu(/!$ D$!!/! nu"#$r $!d#nt3 /!/ ourr#d !n $ r#$tor d#(!%n ro t/# 160(3 rot#d $ r#-#$!n$t!on o nu"#$r ($#t& $nd nu"#$r #n#r%& o"!& !n $n& ountr!#(. *#r$n& "$n( to "o(# $"" !t( r#$tor( '& 20223 $nd It$"& /$( r#-$!r#d !t( '$n on #"#tr! ut!"!t!#( %#n#r$t!n%3 'ut not !ort!n%3 !((!on d#r!#d #"#tr!!t&. In 2011 t/# Int#rn$t!on$" En#r%& A%#n& /$"#d !t( r!or #(t!$t# o n# %#n#r$t!n% $$!t& to '# 'u!"t '& 20+. 12 In 201+ J$$n (!%n#d $ d#$" ort/ X22 '!""!on3 !n /!/ M!t(u'!(/! #$& Indu(tr!#( ou"d 'u!"d our od#rn At#$ r#$tor( or 5ur#&. In Au%u(t 2013 o""o!n% , &#$r( o n#$r ;#ro !((!on#"#tr!!t& %#n#r$t!on3 J$$n '#%$n r#(t$rt!n% !t( !((!on "##t3 $t#r ($#t& u%r$d#( #r# o"#t#d3 '#%!nn!n% !t/ S#nd$! !((!on-#"#tr! (t$t!on. In M$r/ 2011 t/# nu"#$r ##r%#n!#( $t J$$n( 9uu(/!$ D$!!/! Nu"#$r o#r "$nt $nd (/utdon( $t ot/#r nu"#$r $!"!t!#( r$!(#d 4u#(t!on( $on% (o# o#nt$tor( o#r t/# utur# o t/# r#n$!(($n#. C/!n$3 *#r$n&3 S!t;#r"$nd3 I(r$#"3 M$"$&(!$3 5/$!"$nd3 Un!t#d !n%do3 It$"& $nd t/# /!"!!n#( /$# r#!##d t/#!r nu"#$r o#r ro%r$(. Indon#(!$ $nd G!#tn$ (t!"" "$n to 'u!"d nu"#$r o#r "$nt(. 5/# >or"d Nu"#$r A((o!$t!on /$( ($!d t/$t nu"#$r o#r %#n#r$t!on (u#r#d !t( '!%%#(t ##r on#-&#$r $"" t/rou%/ 2012 $( t/# 'u" o t/# J$$n#(# "##t r#$!n#d o"!n# or $ u"" $"#nd$r &#$r. D$t$ ro t/# Int#rn$t!on$" Ato! En#r%& A%#n& (/o#d t/$t nu"#$r o#r "$nt( %"o'$""& rodu#d 2+,6 5>/ o #"#tr!!t& !n 2012 H (##n #r #nt "#(( t/$n !n 2011. 5/# !%ur#( !""u(tr$t# t/# ##t( o $ u"" &#$r o ,@ J$$n#(# o#r r#$tor( rodu!n% no o#r dur!n% t/# &#$r. 5/# #r$n#nt "o(ur# o #!%/t r#$tor un!t( !n *#r$n& $( $"(o $ $tor. ro'"#( $t Cr&(t$" R!#r3 9ort C$"/oun $nd t/# to S$n Onor# un!t( !n t/# USA #$nt t/#& rodu#d no o#r or t/# u"" &#$r3 /!"# !n B#"%!u Do#" + $nd 5!/$n%# 2 #r# out o $t!on or (! ont/(. Co$r#d to 20103 t/# nu"#$r !ndu(tr& rodu#d 11 "#(( #"#tr!!t& !n 2012. +ost-Fuusi'a ontro%ersy
E!%/t o t/# (##nt##n o#r$t!n% r#$tor( !n *#r$n& #r# #r$n#nt"& (/ut don $( $rt o *#r$n&( En#r%!##nd#. 5/# 9uu(/!$ D$!!/! nu"#$r $!d#nt ($r#d ontro#r(& $'out t/# !ort$n# o t/# $!d#nt $nd !t( ##t on nu"#$r( utur#. IAEA D!r#tor *#n#r$" Yu!&$ 12 Euro#$n En!ron#nt A%#n& <201+-01-2+). L$t# "#((on( ro #$r"& $rn!n%(: (!#n#3 r#$ut!on3 !nno$t!on: 9u"" R#ort. . ,76.
12 | P a g e
A$no ($!d t/# J$$n#(# nu"#$r $!d#nt $u(#d d## u'"! $n!#t& t/rou%/out t/# or"d $nd d$$%#d on!d#n# !n nu"#$r o#r3 $nd t/# Int#rn$t!on$" En#r%& A%#n& /$"#d !t( #(t!$t# o $dd!t!on$" nu"#$r %#n#r$t!n% $$!t& to '# 'u!"t '& 20+. But '& 2013 t/# A%#n&( out"oo /$d '#o# or# ro!(!n%. Nu"#$r o#r !( $ r!t!$" #"##nt !n "!!t!n% %r##n/ou(# %$( #!((!on(3 t/# $%#n& not#d3 $nd t/# ro(#t( or nu"#$r #n#r%& r#$!n o(!t!# !n t/# #d!u to "on% t#r d#(!t# $ n#%$t!# !$t !n (o# ountr!#( !n t/# $t#r$t/ o t/# 9uu(/!$-D$!!/! $!d#nt...!t !( (t!"" t/# (#ond-"$r%#(t (our# or"d!d# o "o-$r'on #"#tr!!t&. And t/# 72 r#$tor( und#r on(trut!on $t t/# (t$rt o "$(t &#$r #r# t/# o(t !n 2 &#$r(. 5/ou%/ "$tt( r#ort#d !n 2011 t/$t t/# r!(!( $t J$$n( 9uu(/!$ nu"#$r "$nt( /$( rot#d "#$d!n% #n#r%&-on(u!n% ountr!#( to r#!# t/# ($#t& o t/#!r #!(t!n% r#$tor( $nd $(t dou't on t/# (##d $nd ($"# o "$nn#d #$n(!on( $round t/# or"d3 ro%r#(( En#r%& C/$!r$n=CEO B!"" Jo/n(on $d# t/# o'(#r$t!on t/$t 5od$& t/#r#T( $n ##n or# o#""!n% $(# t/$t %r#$t#r u(# o nu"#$r o#r !( $ !t$" $rt o $ '$"$n#d #n#r%& (tr$t#%&. In 20113 5/# Eono!(t o!n#d t/$t nu"#$r o#r "oo( d$n%#rou(3 unou"$r3 ##n(!# $nd r!(&3 $nd t/$t !t !( r#"$#$'"# !t/ r#"$t!# #$(# $nd ou"d '# or%on# !t/ no /u%# (trutur$" (/!t( !n t/# $& t/# or"d or(. E$rt/ In(t!tut# D!r#tor J#r#& S$/( d!($%r##d3 "$!!n% o'$t!n% "!$t# /$n%# ou"d r#4u!r# $n #$n(!on o nu"#$r o#r. ># ont ##t t/# $r'on t$r%#t( ! nu"#$r !( t$#n o t/# t$'"#3 /# ($!d. ># n##d to und#r(t$nd t/# ($"# o t/# /$""#n%#.V In#(t#nt '$n( #r# r!t!$" o nu"#$r (oon $t#r t/# $!d#nt. M$n& d!(ut#d t/#!r !$rt!$"!t&3 /o##r3 du# to (!%n!!$nt !n#(t#nt( !n r#n#$'"# #n#r%&3 #r#!#d '& (o# $( $ $"!d $"t#rn$t!# to nu"#$r. In #$r"& Ar!" 20113 $n$"&(t( $t S!((-'$(#d !n#(t#nt '$n UBS ($!d: At 9uu(/!$3 our r#$tor( /$# '##n out o ontro" or ##(3 $(t!n% dou't on /#t/#r ##n $n $d$n#d #ono& $n $(t#r nu"#$r ($#t&...# '#"!## t/# 9uu(/!$ $!d#nt $( t/# o(t (#r!ou( ##r or t/# r#d!'!"!t& o nu"#$r o#r. UBS /$( /#"#d to r$!(# or# t/$n X20 '!""!on (!n# 2006 $nd $d!(#d on or# t/$n $ do;#n d#$"( or r#n#$'"# #n#r%& $nd "#$nt#/ o$n!#(. D#ut(/# B$n $d!(#d t/$t t/# %"o'$" !$t o t/# 9uu(/!$ $!d#nt !( $ und$#nt$" (/!t !n u'"! #r#t!on !t/ r#%$rd to /o $ n$t!on r!or!t!;#( $nd $"u#( !t( ou"$t!on( /#$"t/3 ($#t&3 (#ur!t&3 $nd n$tur$" #n!ron#nt /#n d#t#r!n!n% !t( urr#nt $nd utur# #n#r%& $t/$&(...r#n#$'"# #n#r%& !"" '# $ "#$r "on%-t#r !nn#r !n o(t #n#r%& (&(t#(3 $ on"u(!on (uort#d '& $n& ot#r (ur#&( ondut#d o#r t/# $(t # ##(. D#ut(/# B$n /$( o#r 1 '!""!on !n $!t$" !n#(t#d !n r#n#$'"#( ro8#t( !n Euro#3 Nort/ ? 13 | P a g e
Sout/ A#r!$3 $nd A(!$. M$nu$tur#r( $"(o r#o%n!;#d $ ro!t oortun!t& !n n#%$t!# u'"! #r#t!on( $'out nu"#$r. In S#t#'#r 20113 *#r$n #n%!n##r!n% %!$nt S!##n( $nnoun#d !t !"" !t/dr$ #nt!r#"& ro t/# nu"#$r !ndu(tr&3 $( $ r#(on(# to t/# 9uu(/!$ nu"#$r $!d#nt !n J$$n3 $nd ($!d t/$t !t ou"d no "on%#r 'u!"d nu"#$r o#r "$nt( $n&/#r# !n t/# or"d. 5/# o$n&T( /$!r$n3 #t#r LZ(/#r3 ($!d t/$t S!##n( $( #nd!n% "$n( to oo#r$t# !t/ Ro($to3 t/# Ru((!$n (t$t#-ontro""#d nu"#$r o#r o$n&3 !n t/# on(trut!on o do;#n( o nu"#$r "$nt( t/rou%/out Ru((!$ o#r t/# o!n% to d#$d#(. R#n#$'"# #n#r%& !( $ or# oon#nt o S!##n(( ro!t '$(#. In 9#'ru$r&3 2016 t/# !r roo(#d $ 10 '!""!on r#n#$'"# #n#r%& !n#(t#nt !n E%&t.
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14 | P a g e
20 #"u(!on ;on# (#t u $round t/# o#r "$nt3 (!!"$r to t/# +0 r$d!u( C/#rno'&" E"u(!on on# (t!"" !n ##t. But u'"!(/#d or( (u%%#(t t/$t t/# r$d!o$t!!t& "##"( /$# "o#r#d #nou%/ to no /$# on"& $ "!!t#d !$t on !"d"!#. In J$$n3 on Ju"& 20163 9uu(/!$ r##tur# $nnoun#d t/$t t/# nu'#r o #$u##( o""o!n% t/# *r#$t E$(t J$$n E$rt/4u$# ##nt(3 /$d $""#n '#"o 030003 !n $rt o""o!n% t/# "!t!n% o #$u$t!on ord#r( !((u#d !n (o# un!!$"!t!#(.
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15 | P a g e
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5/# d#(!%n o u'"! !n(t!tut!on( $nd u'"! ro#((#( to or# ##t!#"& d#$" !t/ r!(& $t!!t!#( $nd r!(& t#/no"o%!#( !( $n !ort$nt /$""#n%# !n ont#or$r& (o!#t&. 5/!( /$""#n%# !( #$#r'$t#d '& (##r$" $tor(. 9!r(t3 !!" (o!#t& !( "#(( tru(t!n% $nd "#(( d##r#nt!$" to $"" or( o ##rt!(#. C/$""#n%!n% ##rt o!n!on o (!#n# !t/ $"t#rn$t!# #!d#n# /$( '#o# oon "$#. 5/!( tr$n(or$t!on /$( !"!$t!on( or r!( $n$%#r( $nd $ r!( $((#((#nt t/$t !( '$(#d on n$rro (!#nt!! #!d#n# or $ "!!t#d d#!n!t!on o ro'$'!"!(t! r!(. S#ond3 !!" (o!#t& $nd (o!$" $"u#( $r# or# d!#r(# t/$n $( t/# $(# !n r#!ou( d#$d#(. 5/rou%/ #du$t!on3 !!%r$t!on3 $nd t/# on-%o!n% !$t o (o!$" o##nt( !t/!n t/# #n!ron#nt$" oun!t&3 !!" (o!#t& !( u"tur$""& $nd !d#o"o%!$""& "ur$"!(t. At t!#( t/!( "ur$"!( r#(u"t( !n d## d!!(!on( $'out !((u#( o "!#"!/ood $nd (u(t$!n$'!"!t&. 5/!rd3 t/#r# $r# ##r%!n% o"#!t!#( $nd un#rt$!nt!#( t/$t "!!t our $'!"!t& to $d# d#!(!on( !t/ u"" no"#d%# o !$t( on ot/#r( !t/!n t/# /u$n $nd non-/u$n or"d. r!on( t/$t t/$t "#$d to $d o d!(#$(# $nd t/# /u$n $r!$nt CJDQ n$not#/no"o%& $nd t/# $!nt#n$n# o n$tur$" ro#((#( !n "$nt( $nd $n!$"(Q #r(!(t#nt or%$n! o""ut$nt( $nd t/# $!nt#n$n# o #n!ron#nt$" 4u$"!t&3 $"on% !t/ $n& ot/#r o"# ro#((#( "#$d to un#rt$!nt& $nd $ n##d to $# d#!(!on( !t/!n t/# ont#t o (u/ t#/no"o%!$" $nd #n!ron#nt$" /$n%#. *!#n t/#(# (o!$" r#$"!t!#(3 t/# !((u# o r!( $n$%##nt t/rou%/ !n(t!tut!on$" d#(!%n !( no ($"" t$(. Mor#o#r3 t/#r# $r# r#!ou( # #$"#( !t/!n t/# r#$" or"d to (!%n$" $(#( /#r# !n(t!tut!on$" d#(!%n /$( $d# $n !ort$nt d!#r#n# !n t/# $n$%##nt o r!(& t#/no"o%!#( 17 | P a g e
$nd $t!!t!#(. >/$t # do no3 /o##r3 !( t/$t (!"# (o"ut!on( t/$t "!!t $ount$'!"!t&3 r#"& on o#r"& t#/n!$" r!( $((#((#nt(3 $nd $!" to r#o%n!;# or $ount or r!( $nd un#rt$!nt!#( $r# not "!#"& to "#$d to (u#((u" t#/no"o%!$" !nno$t!on $nd !d#-(r#$d (o!$" $#t$n#. 5o$rd $ or# $r#u" on(!d#r$t!on o !n(t!tut!on$" d#(!%n3 C$n$d!$n (/o"$r >!""!$ L#!(( <2001) /$( !n#(t#d /!( $r##r !n und#r(t$nd!n% r!( ontro#r(!#( $nd !n !$%!n!n% $&( o !ro!n% t/# r!( $n$%##nt $$!t!#( o r#(on(!'"# !n(t!tut!on(. A r!$r& on#rn or L#!(( !( t/# $& t/$t r!( $n$%##nt !n(t!tut!on( #r(!(t#nt"& $!" to und#r(t$nd t/# #((#nt!$" d!#r#n# '#t##n r!( $n$%##nt $nd r!( !((u# $n$%##nt. R!( $n$%##nt !( o(t"& $((o!$t#d !t/ t#/n!$" r!( $((#((#nt3 /#r# ro'$'!"!t!#( o d#$t/ or /$r $r# $"u"$t#d or $ $rt!u"$r t#/no"o%&. In ontr$(t3 r!( !((u# $n$%##nt !no"#( $tt#nt!on to r!( oun!$t!on3 $nd $r#u" $tt#nt!on to t/# n#u( o (!#n#3 o"!& $nd !!" (o!#t&. R!( !((u#( $n$%##nt !( und$#nt$""& $'out t/# ont#(t#d do$!n( o $ $rt!u"$r !((u# $nd /o r!( !((u#( $r# oru"$t#d3 $n$%#d3 $nd tr$n("$t#d '& $r!ou( u'"!(. In t/!( (#n(#3 r!( !((u# $n$%##nt !no"#( $tt#nt!on to (t$#/o"d#r !nt#r$t!on3 o#ro!n% !ntr$t$'"# '#/$!our(3 $nd d#$"!n% !t/ /!%/ "##"( o un#rt$!nt&3 $( #"" $( $tt#nd!n% to t/# $"u#( $rt!u"$r (t$#/o"d#r( #r#!# to '# $t r!(. B$(#d on t/#(# 4u$"!t!#( o r!( !((u# $n$%##nt3 L#!(( %o#( on to d#(r!'# t/# '$(! o#t#n!#( o r!( !((u# $n$%##nt or !n(t!tut!on(. 5/#(# o#t#n!#( $r# 'r!#"& out"!n#d '#"o. 1. A#t!n% r#(on(!'!"!t& H t/!( !no"#( $#t!n% t/# "#%!t!$& o $ r!( ontro#r(& (u/ $( nu"#$r o#r. R$t/#r t/$n d!(!((!n% r!( #r#t!on $( un!nor#d or !(%u!d#d3 r!( !((u# $n$%##nt ou"d !no"# #$n!n%u" !nt#r$t!on( !t/ t/# u'"! $nd $#t!n% r#(on(!'!"!t& $nd o'"!%$t!on( to und#r(t$nd $nd $ddr#(( r!(( t/$t $r# r#r#(#nt#d !t/!n t/# u'"! (/#r# $( oo(#d to d!(!((!n% t/# $( unound#d. 2. Addr#((!n% un#rt$!nt!#( H r#$""!n% t/# #r(!(t#nt u'"! #r#t!on o nu"#$r o#r r!( $( dr#$du"3 unno$'"# $nd unontro""$'"#3 t/#(# $(#t( o un#rt$!nt& $r# $ und$#nt$" /$""#n%# /#n d#$"!n% !t/ t/!( r!( !((u#. +. M$n$%!n% t/# (!#n#=o"!& !nt#r$# H t/# (!#n# o"!& !nt#r$# !no"#( $ !""!n%n#(( to t$# r#(on(!'!"!t& or #n%$%!n% !t/ t/# u'"! !n $ t!#"& $(/!on $nd !n r#r#(#nt!n% t/# 18 | P a g e
o"#!t& o (!#nt!! #!d#n#3 $nd /!(tor!$" ##r!#n#( !t/ nu"#$r o#r !n ot/#r $rt( o t/# or"d. ,. Coun!$t!n% r!(( $ror!$t#"& H t/# t#nd#n& !t/!n tr$d!t!on$" r!( $n$%##nt !n(t!tut!on( !( to $nnoun# $nd d##nd t/# d##"o#nt o $ r!(& t#/no"o%&3 $nd t/#n !n#(t on(!d#r$'"# r#(our#( !n $r#t!n% t/# r!(& d#!(!on to t/# u'"!. In ontr$(t3 $ror!$t# r!( oun!$t!on !no"#( "on%#r-t#r d!$"o%u# $'out r!(( t/$t $r# $!r3 o#n $nd #"" !nor#d. 9urt/#r to t/!( "$(t o!nt3 L#!(( $""( or t/# d##"o#nt o $n $r(-"#n%t/ $%#n& to $!"!t$t# t/# (!#n# o"!& !nt#r$t!on $nd to (uort t/!( "on%#r-t#r d!$"o%u# r#%$rd!n% t/# #r!t( o $ r!(& t#/no"o%&. ut d!r#t"&3 t/o(# $tor( (/ou"d (urr#nd#r ontro" o#r t/# ro#(( o on(#n(u( 'u!"d!n% or r!( und#r(t$nd!n%3 $( #"" $( t/# r!( #(($%#( t/#(#"#( t/$t ##r%# ro t/$t ro#((. 5/#(# t$(( (/ou"d '# #ntru(t#d to !nd##nd#nt $nd r#d!'"# t/!rd $rt!#( /o $r# $$'"# o d#on(tr$t!n% to t/# !d#r u'"! t/$t t/#& $n '# tru(t#d to r#$t# $ $!r3 !nor#d3 $nd d!(!nt#r#(t#d oru or t/#(# r!( d!$"o%u#(. D#!(!on-$!n% $'out nu"#$r #n#r%& !"" #!%/ $r!ou( not!on( o /$t !( %ood3 $nd u(# $ $r!#t& o #t/!$" r!n!"#( $nd (o!$" (!#n# r#(#$r/ on"u(!on(. Inor$t!on !"" /$# to '# o""#t!on to d#t#r!n# /#t/#r t/# $t( $nd ro8#t!on( $"!%n !t/ t/# r!n!"#(. #& $on% t/#(# r!n!"#( $nd t/# u'"! on(u"t$t!on(3 ro#dur#(3 d!$"o%u# $nd d#!(!on-$!n% !( ! t/#(# ro#((#( t/#(#"#( $r# #t/!$"3 t/$t !(3 ! t/#& $r# o#n3 tr$n($r#nt3 u"!""!n% t/# r!n!"#( o $rt!!$tor& #4u!t& $nd (o on. $r $nd '#n#!t3 $nd t/#!r d!(tr!'ut!on3 o""#t!# %ood( $nd 8u(t!# $r# ot/#r #& r!n!"#( to '# u(#d !n t/# d&n$! ro#(( o d#!d!n% on t/# !(V $nd /o(V o nu"#$r #n#r%& rodut!on. 5#/n!$"3 #ono! $nd (o!$" $t( !"" ro!d# $dd!t!on$" !n(!%/t( or u(# !n on%o!n% $n$"&(!( o t/# #t#nt o nu"#$r d##"o#nt.
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1.) A%&#$n3 J.3 . Co"#3 R. $"u;$-D#L$&3 $nd . OR!"#&3 Ed(. 200. S#$!n% or Our(#"#(: En!ron#nt$" Ju(t!# !n C$n$d$. G$nou#r3 BC: Un!#r(!t& o Br!t!(/ Co"u'!$ r#((. 2.) Aron3 J. B. 17. L!#n(#d to !""[ 5/# Nu"#$r R#%u"$tor& Co!((!on $nd t/# S/or#/$ o#r "$nt. !tt('ur%/: Un!#r(!t& o !tt('ur%/ r#((. +.) Att!#"d3 R. 1@. En!ron#nt$" Et/!( $nd Int#r%#n#r$t!on$" E4u!t&. In4u!r&: An Int#rd!(!"!n$r& Journ$" o /!"o(o/& ,1<2):207-22. ,.) B"o#r(3 A. 200+. In#4u$"!t& $nd Coun!t& $nd t/# C/$""#n%# to Mod#rn!;$t!on: E!d#n# ro t/# Nu"#$r O$(#(. In Ju(t Su(t$!n$'!"!t!#(: D##"o#nt !n $n Un#4u$" >or"d3 #d. J. A%&#$n3 R. D. Bu""$rd $nd B. E$n(. C$'r!d%#: MI5 r#((. .) Bro$d'#nt3 J. 1. Cr!t!$" $((#(: Oo(!t!on to nu"#$r o#r !n C$"!orn!$3 1@17@. Cont#or$r& So!o"o%& - A Journ$" o R#!#( 2@<6): 716-71@. 6.) Bru""#3 R. J. $nd D. N. #""o. 2006. En!ron#nt$" Ju(t!#: u$n #$"t/ $nd En!ron#nt$" In#4u$"!t!#(. Annu$" R#!# o u'"! #$"t/ 27:+.1-+.22. 7.) Bu""$rd3 R. D. $nd *. S. Jo/n(on. 2000. En!ron#nt$"!( $nd u'"! o"!&: En!ron#nt$" Ju(t!#: *r$((root( At!!( $nd It( I$t on u'"! o"!& D#!(!on M$!n%. Journ$" o So!$" I((u#( 6<+):-7@. @.) C"$r#3 L. 1+. 5/# D!(4u$"!!$t!on #ur!(t!. R#(#$r/ !n So!$" ro'"#( $nd u'"! o"!& :2@-+12. .) Endr#(3 D. 200. 9ro >$(t#"$nd to >$(t# S!t#: t/# Ro"# o D!(our(# !n Nu"#$r o#r( En!ron#nt$" In8u(t!#(. Lo$" En!ron#nt: 5/# Int#rn$t!on$" Journ$" o Ju(t!# $nd Su(t$!n$'!"!t& 1,<10):17-+7. 20 | P a g e
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