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!"#$%&'%() *#(+, The State State of Scienc Science e and Technol Technology ogy in the Philippines

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FOREWORD

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The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines

INTRODUCTION

!

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1

2

PROMETHEUS BOUND

*2 895 4635 :B 895 -91;1GG1253E 8913 963 J552 G:12857 :D8 J= 35H5A6; 38D7153 :2 895 2681:26; 3415245 627 85492:;:<= 318D681:2 8968 B:4D357 :2 A5356A49 627 75H5;:GC528 1271468:A3 12 A5;681:2 8: 54:2:C14 GA:7D481H18= TPNSVI 0:C5 38D7153 TXNQV 39:F 8968 895 713C6; 54:2:C14 &?)@I %9535 <6G3 6A5 2681:26; 627 3548:A6; 12 85AC3 :B 5dG52718DA5E JD7<58E C62G:F5A 627 125BB141524= 12 123818D81:26; 6AA62<5C528I -91;1GG125 B1AC3 F:D;7 A6895A 1CG:A8 B:A51<2 85492:;:<= 627 GDA3D5 895 ^676G81:2 :B 5d13812< GA:7D483 BA:C 6JA:67 8: 895 -91;1GG125 C6AK58_ TPVI -::A 54:2:C14 G5AB:AC6245 627 895 J64KF6A72533 :B 0? % 13 127557 6 H141:D3 4=4;5 TWV BA:C F9149 5d13812< 627 G638 <:H5A2C528 G:;14153 12 3415245 627 85492:;:<= 96H5 B61;57 8: J61; 895 4:D28A= :D8 :BI %9535 G:;14153 6A5 12 895 2DC5A:D3 0?% 75H5;:GC528 G;623 :B 895 )5G6A8C528 :B 0415245 627 %5492:;:<= >)(0%@ 31245 P`YQM 895 0?% c6385A -;62 >P``PNWRRR@E 0415245 627 %5492:;:<= '<5276 B:A +681:26; )5H5;:GC528 >0%'+)E WRRR@E %95 c571DC %5AC -;62 :B 895 )5G6A8C528 :B 0415245 627 %5492:;:<= >)c%-E P```NWRRX@ 627 895 A54528 +681:26; 0415245 627 %5492:;:<= -;62 B:A WRRWNWRWR TUVI %9535 G;623 B1d57 86A<583 B:A 45A8612 ;5H5;3 :B 1271468:A3 3D49 63 85492:;:<= 64915H5C528 1275dE G68528 :D8GD8E GDJ;14681:2E &?)E C62G:F5A G5A C1;;1:2 G:GD;681:2E 4:AG:A685 &?) 3G52712

3

FRAMEWORK

!

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4

PROMETHEUS BOUND

'3 46G186;13C B:D<98 183 56A;= J688;53 627 967 183 B1A38 3D4453353 63 895 7:C12628 54:2:C= 12 !:;;627 627 fA18612E 89535 36C5 4:27181:23 B:A 895 A135 :B 46G186;13C C675 5dG5A1C5286; 3415245 G:331J;5 627 2545336A=I %95 GA648146; 3D44533 :B 895 3DJ35eD528 7134:H5A153 C675 J= \6;1;5:E +5F8:2 627 8951A 4:285CG:A6A153 6;; 4:28A1JD857 8: 895 25d8

5

3:;H5 895 GA:J;5C3 :B 9DC62K127E 3D49 63 386AH681:2E G:H5A8=E B61;DA5 :B 956;89 3=385C3E 52H1A:2C5286; 468638A:G953 627 3:416; 7131285
6

PROMETHEUS BOUND

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'0*/ *+)[0%&*"0 -&(.*)" %!" j([+)'%*(+ B:A 75H5;:GC528 627 895 67H62453 12 :895A 127D38A153I %95 C125A6;3 627 C586;3 127D38A= GA:H175 4:GG5AE 1A:2E 6;DC12DC 627 :895A :A5 B:A 895 GA:7D481:2 :B 46G186; 627 4:23DC5A <::73E 525A<= 627 8::;3 B:A 895 4:CCD214681:23E 4:238AD481:2E 52<1255A12< 627 B::7 127D38A153I f6314 127D38A153 6A5 895 B:D27681:23 B:A 127D38A16;1]681:2 TPPVI %95 GA535245 :B 6 89A1H12< 127D38A= 254533186853 895 75H5;:GC528 :B 3K1;;57 0?% C62G:F5AI *83 6J35245 :2 895 :895A 9627E 127146853 8968 895A5 F:D;7 J5 2: A56; 1CG58D3 B:A 895 75H5;:GC528 :B 62 675eD685 2DCJ5A :B 3415245 627 85492:;:<= C62G:F5AI %95 38685 :B 3415245 627 C689 57D4681:2 A5B;5483 895 eD6;18= :B 0?% 8A61212< 12 895 4:D28A= 627 895 3DGG:A8 GA:&?)@ 13 :25 :B 895 C6O:A B648:A3 12 124A56312< BDA895A 895 GA:7D481:2 :B <::73 627 35AH1453 TPWVI ' A5H15F :B 895 38685 :B &?) 13 <1H52 J= /:A:A68:2 TPZVI &?) 6481H18153 6A5 D3D6;;= 4:27D4857 J:89 J= <:H5A2C528 123818D81:23 627 GA1H685 B1AC3I k::K12< 68 &?) F:D;7 <1H5 D3 62 1756 :B 9:F 0?% 13 D357 12 GA:7D481:2 63 F5;; 63 9:F 3415281383 64eD1A5 895 3K1;;3 627 85492:;:<153 12 <:H5A2C528 ;6J:A68:A153 627 GA1H685 B1AC3I %95 D35 :B 85492:;:<= 12 89535 B1AC3 GA:7D453 122:H681:23 B:A 895 75H5;:GC528 627 GA:7D481:2 :B H6;D5N67757 GA:7D483I %913 F:D;7 12 8DA2 124A5635 895 4:CG58181H52533 :B 89535 C62DB648DA12< B1AC3 TWUVI j126;;=E 18 13 2545336A= 8: ;::K 128: 895 :F25A391G 627 4:28A:; :B 895 4:D28A=L3 38A685<14 127D38A153I %913 F1;; J63146;;= 623F5A 9:F 0?% A53:DA453 >1I5IE 85492:;:<= 627 C62G:F5A@ 6A5 D357 12 :DA 54:2:C= 627 F9: GA1C6A1;= J525B18 BA:C 895CI %913 F1;; 6;3: A5H56; F9= C:38 67H62457 75H5;:GC5283 12 3415245 627 85492:;:<= 6A5 2:8 D357 627 52O:=57 J= 895 G5:G;5 89A:D<9 1CGA:H57 GA:7D481:2I k::K12< 68 895 4:28A:; 627 :F25A391G :B 89535


7

127D38A153 F:D;7 6;3: A5B;548 895 <525A6; 71A5481:2 :B 0?% 75H5;:GC528 12 895 4:D28A=I [312< 89535 G6A6C585A3E 895 <525A6;;= J64KF6A7 627 38D2857 38685 :B 0?% F1;; J5 39:F2 12 895 4:285d8 :B 4DAA528 54:2:C14 318D681:2I *8 13 :DA 6335A81:2 8968 895 J64KF6A7 627 38D2857 3415245 627 85492:;:<= 13 GA1C6A1;= 7D5 8: 895 496A6485A :B :DA 54:2:C=I %6K52 12 8913 ;1<98E 895 38A685<14 G;623 :B 895 <:H5A2C528 B:A 3415245 627 85492:;:<= 462 J5 6335357 627 6GGA5416857 :2 9:F 895= 677A533 89535 54:2:C14 46D353 :B D275A75H5;:GC528I

Basic Industries in the Philippines: Little or no domestic industrial activity ' 4;:35 123G5481:2 :B 895 5d13812< 127D38A153 12 895 4:D28A= 39:F3 8968 895 346;5 :B 127D38A16; GA:7D481:2 13 3C6;; 627 D275A75H5;:G57I j:A 5d6CG;5E 12 6 4:D28A= F95A5 SRl :B 895 ;6J:A B:A45 13 12H:;H57 12 6
8

PROMETHEUS BOUND

C649125A=E 495C146;3 627 :895A 127D38A16; GA:7D483 6A5 ;1C1857 :A 2:2N 5d138528I jDA895AC:A5E C:38 :B 8913 127D38A16; 6481H18= F:D;7 J5 ;1C1857 8: B:A51<2 :F257 B1AC3I a56;89 627 JD31253353 12 895 -91;1GG1253 6A5 4:24528A6857 12 895 96273 :B 6 B5F B6C1;153I %95 ;6A<538 PR B6C1;153 4:28A:; 96;B :B 895 46G186;1]681:2 12 895 4:AG:A685 3548:AI j:A 5d6CG;5E 895 '=6;6 B6C1;= 6;:25 4:28A:;3 PSIPl :B 895 8:86; C6AK58 46G186;1]681:2I '=6;6 /:AG:A681:2 13 :F257 J= 895 '=6;63 627 c51O1 k1B5 :B i6G62 TPSVI (895A 815NDG 4:AG:A681:23 :B 895 '=6;63 6A5 895 \;:J5 %5;54:C 627 *%%I Mineral extraction

%95 -91;1GG1253 13 A62K57 12 895 F:A;7L3 8:G PR 12 49A:C185E 4:GG5AE <:;7 627 214K5; GA:7D481:2I *8 13 12 B648 354:27 8: *27:25316 12 '316N-641B14 12 85AC3 :B C125A6; GA:3G5481H18= 627 A53:DA453 TPYNP`VI 'A:D27 XRRERRR G5:G;5E SZl :B F9:C 6A5 3C6;;N346;5 C125A3E 6A5 12H:;H57 12 895 C125A6; 127D38A=I j:A8=NB:DA G5A4528 6A5 12 895 5d8A6481:2 :B C586;3 >XXl@ 627 895 A538 6A5 12 ;1C538:25E C6AJ;5 627 3627 5d8A6481:2I %95 -91;1GG125 '33:416857 0C5;812< 627 &5B1212< /:AG:A681:2 >-'0'&@ A5C6123 8: J5 895 :2;= 4:GG5A GA:7D45A 12 895 4:D28A= TP`VI c586; GA:7D481:2 644:D283 B:A 256A;= PRRl :B C125A6; 5dG:A8 56A212<3 TPYVI %913 127146853 8968 ;188;5 :A 2: C125A6; GA:453312< 13 J512< 7:25 123175 895 4:D28A=E F189 C:38 :B 895 A6F :A53 71A548;= 5dG:A857 8: 4:D28A153 3D49 63 i6G62 >12 895 4635 :B 214K5; 627 4:GG5A@I %95 C125A6;3 627 C586;3 127D38A= 462 GA:H175 4:GG5AE 1A:2 627 :A5 B:A 895 GA:7D481:2 :B 46G186; 627 4:23DC5A <::73E 525A<= 627 8::;3 B:A 895 4:CCD214681:2E 4:238AD481:2E 52<1255A12< 627 B::7 127D38A153I \1H52 895 34:G5 :B C125A6; D81;1]681:2E 895 5386J;139C528 :B 6 C125A6; 127D38A= F:D;7 J5 895 B:D27681:2 :B 127D38A16;1]681:2 TPPVI a189 895 5d13812< G:;14153 <56A57 8:F6A73 B:A51<2NJ6357 12H538C5283 B:A 5dG:A8 :B A6F 627 35C1NGA:453357 C125A6;3E 895 38685 :B 895 C1212< 127D38A= A5C6123 5d8A6481H5 627 D275A75H5;:G57 F189 ;188;5 :A 2: GA:453312< 7:25 B:A 7:C53814 127D38A16; D35I )53G185 3G:A6714 C1212< 6481H18153E 4:CCD218153 6;:2< C1212< 6A563 3DJ3138 :2 3C6;; :GG:A8D218153 8968 6A5 :BB5A57 8: 895C F189 2: OD38 4:CG523681:2 BA:C 895 ;627 8968 895= 96H5 2DA8DA57I \:H5A2C528 C1212< G:;14153 B6H:A12< B:A51<2 C1212< 1285A5383 96H5 J552 9DA812< 3C6;;N346;5 C125A3 F9: 96H5 8: 4:28527 F189 G1545C56; A53:DA453I a189 895 A54528 A5H5A36; :B 895 0DGA5C5 /:DA8 :B 183 56A;15A 754131:2E 895 -91;1GG125 c1212< '48 :B P``Z :A &' S`XW 2:F 6;;:F3 PRRl B:A51<2 :F25A391G D275A j1262416; :A %5492146; '331386245 'j%''3@ 627 c125A6; -A:453312< -5AC183 >c--3@I %913 ;6F B6H:A3 B:A51<2 4:AG:A681:23 8: H528DA5 128: ;6A<5N346;5 C1212< 12 895 4:D28A= 627 6;;:F3 895C ^J525B1416; :F25A391G_ :B 895 4:D28A=L3 H638 C125A6; A53:DA453I 0:C5 UR C1212< 4:CG62153 6A5 5dG54857 8: 386A8 :G5A681:23 6B85A 895 0/ A5H5A36; :2 8:G :B 895 W`` C1212<


9

A1<983 627 4:28A6483 8968 96H5 J552 6GGA:H57 627 A5<1385A57 68 895 )"+&I %9535 4:H5A 68 ;5638 PXIWWQ C1;;1:2 95486A53E :A A:D<9;= ZR G5A4528 :B 895 4:D28A=L3 ;627 6A56I [275A 895 j%''E 4:CG;585 :F25A391G :B F685A A1<983E ;627 A1<983 627 C125A6; A53:DA453 13 <1H52 8: B:A51<2 4:AG:A681:23I %9535 6A5 C:38;= C:2:G:;= 8A6232681:26; 4:AG:A681:23 >%+/3@ 8968 95;G GA:O548 1;;D3:A= 54:2:C14
%95 495C146; 127D38A= G;6=3 6 31<21B14628 A:;5 12 895 75H5;:GC528 :B :895A J6314 127D38A153I -58A:495C146;3 6A5 H186; 8: G;63814 GA:7D481:2 63 F5;; 63 6 H6A158= :B 7:F238A56C GA:7D483 8968 462 J5 GA:453357 128: H6A1:D3 4:23DC5A <::73 63 F5;; 63 G64K6<12< 627 4:238AD481:2 C685A16;3 627 :895A 127D38A16; <::73I )AD<3E C57141253E 4:3C58143 627 8:1;58 GA5G6A681:2 GA:7D481:2 6A5 6;3: 75G527528 :2 6 F5;; 5386J;13957 495C146; 127D38A=I '8 ;5638 PERRR ;:46; B1AC3 4:CGA135 895 495C146; 127D38A= 12 895 -91;1GG1253 8968 12H:;H5 3C6;;N346;5 75H5;:GC528 :B G58A:495C146;3E :;5:495C146;3 627 B5A81;1]5A3I %95 -91;1GG125 &53123 *27D38A153E *24I A5C6123 63 895 :2;= 6481H5 GA:7D45A :B The chemical industry in the G:;=H12=; 49;:A175 >-./@ 12 895 4:D28A=E F91;5 :2;= 8F: :895A 4:CG62153 52<6<5 12 country remain small and G:;=38=A525 G;63814 GA:7D481:2I *2 P``YE 8F: C:A5 G;6283 B:A G:;=589=;525 627 peripheral in nature and firms G:;=GA:G=;525 GA:7D481:2 F5A5 5386J;13957I ';; :895A C685A16;3 8968 6A5 D357 B:A 89535 serve as distribution arms. G;63814 GA:7D481:2 6A5 4DAA528;= 1CG:A857I -A:7D481:2 :B C12:A 4:4:2D8 :1; J6357N495C146;3 627 A6F :D8GD83 BA:C H5<586J;5 627 621C6; B683 4:CGA135 895 :;5:495C146; 3DJN127D38A=I %F5;H5 B1AC3 6A5 12 895 C62DB648DA12< :B B5A81;1]5A3E 8F: :B 89535E 895 -91;1GG125 -9:3G9685 j5A81;1]5A /:AG:A681:2 627 '8;63 j5A81;1]5A /:AG:A681:2E 6A5 <:H5A2C528 :F257I %95 495C146; 127D38A= 12 895 4:D28A= 4;56A;= A5C6123 3C6;; 627 G5A1G95A6; 12 268DA5E F189 -91;1GG125 B1AC3 C5A5;= 35AH12< 63 7138A1JD81:2 6AC3 :B ;6A<5 B:A51<2 CD;812681:26;3 :B C6O:A 127D38A16; 495C146; GA:7D483I Energy

' 4:23:A81DC :B ;:46; 627 CD;812681:26; 4:2<;:C5A6853 8968 4:H5A3 895 5281A5 525A<= GA:7D481:2 BA:C 3DGG;= 627 7138A1JD81:2 AD23 895 ;:46; 525A<= 127D38A=I c5A6;4:E GA:H1712< 3DGG;= 12 kD]:2 F91;5 GA1H685 :F257 5;548A14 4::G5A681H53 3DGG;= 5;548A1418= 12 895 GA:H12453E <:H5A23 895 G:F5A 7138A1JD81:2 3548:AI %95 <:H5A2C528 963 GD8 DG B:A 36;5 895 <525A681:2 627 8A623C1331:2

10 PROMETHEUS BOUND

4:CG:25283 :B 895 <:H5A2C528N:F257 +681:26; -:F5A /:AG:A681:2 >+6G:4:A@ 6B85A 895 -91;1GG125 /:2"-*&'@ 12 WRRPE A53D;812< 12 A5;681H5;= 91<9 127D38A16; 627 A531752816; 4:383 :B G:F5A TWPVI "25A<= 13 GA1C6A1;= 1CG:A857 5H52 1B 895 7:C53814 <5:895AC6; G:F5A GA:7D481:2 13 895 354:27 ;6A<538 12 895 F:A;7I %95 c6;6CG6=6 268DA6; <63 B15;7 7134:H5A= 13 J512< 75H5;:G57 J= 095;; -91;1GG1253 "dG;:A681:2 fI.I >0-"$@E %5d64: *24I :B 895 [0 627 895 -91;1GG125 +681:26; (1; /:I >PRl@I *8 13 5381C6857 8: 96H5 3:C5 SRIY J1;;1:2 4DJ14 C585A3 :B <63 A535AH53 B:A WR =56A3I &?) B:A 36B5 627 3D386126J;5 3:DA453 :B 525A<=E 3D49 63 3:;6AE F127 627 9=7A:G:F5AE 13 6;3: D275A B:A51<2 7:C126245 627 4:28A:;I %95 4:D28A=L3 :1; 4:23DCG81:2 13 5381C6857 68 UQRERRR J6AA5;3m76= TJJ;oJ6AA5;3V 627 6J:D8 Q C1;;1:2 8:23 :B 4:6; G5A =56AI k:46; GA:7D481:2 644:D283 8: :2;= 6A:D27 YEXQR JJ; G5A 76=I *2 WRRPE 525A<= GA:7D481:2 F63 JA:K52 7:F2 128: 895 B:;;:F12C612;= <5:895AC6;@M WQI`lI Manufacturing

f6357 :2 <:H5A2C528 3868138143E 127D38A= 124;D753 B:DA 3DJN3548:A3p C1212< 627 eD6AA=12:A 525A<=@ 627 4:238AD481:2I *8 644:D283 B:A 6;C:38 UU G5A4528 :B 895 4:D28A=L3 8:86; A5H52D53I !"#$% '( )* !"#$%&"' $&)%*+ $& *$''$%&, %- .+,%, /01$&2 #3+ -$1,# 40"1#+1 %- 5667 "&/ 5665 +(,-.%* /012 8!9:8;9 <= $&/0,#1$"' %1$2$& 5667 5665 566> 34-5.,$6,-%7 859:%-5%97 8(-%96-; < 1=7)>? <@)7A@B CDE,96-; 9%.6(<>>7=>> <>=71@A +%-F5.% 9%.6()<@7=?= )))7<@1 GHI 0AA7)00 01)7B?@ '%6 8".6(- 5D.(J% 8-(J "#-("E <)@7>0B <)=70?@ G'I 01B7B@< 0?)7)A<

c14A: 5285AGA1353 6A5 H5A= 3C6;; JD31253353 D312< 31CG;5 8::;3 627 5eD1GC528 627 96H5 6 H5A= 3C6;; C626<5C528 38AD48DA5 F189 ;533 8962 PR F:AK5A3I ^k1H5;19::7 5285AGA1353 5CG;:= C685A16;NJ6357E ;:F 85492:;:<=E ;6J:AN1285231H5 6481H18153 71A54857 68 56A212< 6 ;1H12< A6895A 8962 C6K12< GA:B183I %95= 6A5 C:38;= 9:C5NJ6357 :A 4:886<5 5285AGA1353 52<6<57 12 BDA218DA5 C6K12

11

!"#$% '(K 0* !0*<+1 %- +*.'%=+/ .+1,%&,? $& #3%0,"&/,? <= *"@%1 $&/0,#1= 21%0.? A"&0"1= 566>B +(,-.%* /012 C"@%1 D&/0,#1= 81%0. E%#"' I:5$5LL5D%9 A<7))= 34-5.,$6,-% ))7)1? 34-5.,$6,-%7 :,D65D47 "DE 8(-%96-; )<7<)0 M59:5D4 <)7)A1 CDE,96-; <17@?< N5D5D4 "DE O,"--;5D4 <<?> P$%.6-5.56;7 4"97 "DE Q"6%< R(D96-,.65(D <)7@>B +%-F5.%9 )171)1

!"#$% '(K A* C"&0-")#01$&2 ,+)#%1 <",+/ %& +*.'%=*+&# $& 7FF>B +(,-.%* /002 E=.+ E%#"' R(66"4% S$%99 6:"D )B7@A< 9J"$$ S)?) N%E5,J S)<
*2 62 5BB:A8 8: J::38 127D38A= GA:7D481H18=E 895 )5G6A8C528 :B %A675 627 *27D38A= >)%*@ 175281B157 PR GA1:A18= 3548:A3I %9535 6A5 7:C12628 5dG:A8 GA:7D45A3 :B 895 4:D28A=I 'C:2< 895C 6A5 895 C62DB648DA12< :B 4:238AD481:2 C685A16;3E 5;548A:2143E B::7E <1B8F6A5 627 9:;176= 7q4:AE 9:C5 BDA213912
12 PROMETHEUS BOUND

JD885AB68 6A5 1CG:A857 BA:C +5F r56;627E 895 +5895A;6273E 'D38A6;16 627 895 [21857 086853I *2 677181:2E G64K6<12< C685A16;3 6A5 6;3: C:38;= 1CG:A857I *2 6 P``` 38D7= TXVE 895 4:4:6 3DJN3548:A 963 PU 5386J;139C5283I 05H52 6A5 71A548;= 12H:;H57 12 895 GA:453312< :B 4:4:6 B:A 127D38A16; 627 4:CC:2 >49:4:;685 C1d@ 6GG;14681:23I %95 BAD183 627 H5<586J;53 GA:453312< 3DJN3548:A GA:7D453 759=7A6857 BAD183E GA535AH57 BAD183 627 H5<586J;53E GDA55 4:24528A6853 627 462257 H5<586J;53I %95 589214 B::7 627 C6A125 :A<6213C GA5G6A681:2 627 GA:453312< 3DJN3548:A GA:7D453 B::7 C1d53 63 3DJ3818D85 B:A 4:CC:2 12 "DE /0?2 D!;HIEJK !HCLMJ ENEOP NQ QDJCI GO9OGDEK:KJ R(.(" <)A >0K?<< N%"6 I-(.%995D4 @<< M$(,- N5$$5D4 <)A V"D"D"Y <0A 0>K<1< N"D4(Y < I5D%"LL$%Y <<0 I"L";"Y <<0 )K1<<

2345/),6 +,-(.,)*('/-01 %95 495C146; 127D38A= 13 6;C:38 2:25d138528I c646G62G62 TPV 7534A1J53 18 63 ^C5A5 7138A1JD81:2 6AC3 :B C6O:A 1285A2681:26; 495C146; 127D38A=I_ %913 A5B;5483 895 713C6; &?) 6481H18= 627 122:H681:2I %95 &?) 5BB:A83 :B ;:46; B1AC3 6A5 ;1C1857 8: 63313812< ;:46; JD=5A3 12 124:AG:A6812< :A 676G812< 8951A 495C146;3 128: ;:46; JD=5A3L GA:453353I 7,'54-* ,-% 849*/64 +,-(.,)*('/-01 %95 <6AC528 127D38A= 644:D283 B:A QIURl :B 895 4:D28A=L3 8:86; 5dG:A83 6C:D2812< 8: hPIYf 12 WRRUI *2 WRRWE 895 4:D28A= 5dG:A857 <6AC5283 8: PPR 4:D28A153E 86GG12< 6J:D8 PEWRR C62DB648DA5A3E WXR 8A675A3 627 PEPZR 3DJ4:28A648:A3I %95 -91;1GG125 %5d81;5 &5356A49 *23818D85 :B 895 )(0% 13 895 ;567 123818D81:2 12 A5356A49 627 122:H681:2I %95 GA1H685 B1AC3 89:D<9E 6A5 7:12< 1231<21B14628 &?) 5BB:A83I *2 P``È :2;= P` J1< B1AC3 967 895 46G6J1;18= 8: 1285

13

5;548A:2143E 4:23DC5A 5;548A:2143E 4:CG:25283 627 75H1453 627 5;548A:214 7686 GA:453312
'QSl@ :F23 3C6;; G;:83 :B 35H52 64A53 :A ;533I j6AC;6273 F189 ;533 8962 89A55 95486A53 C6K5 DG 6J:D8 USISl :B 895 8:86; 6f'0@E 5381C6857 895 8:86; 96AH538 6A56 :B 71BB5A528 4A:G3E ;1K5 G6;6=E 4:A2E 4:4:2D8 627 3D<6A4625E 68 6J:D8 PWIQP C1;;1:2 95486A53 12 P`ÙI %913 F63 6A:D27 XWIRUl :B 895 8:86;

14 PROMETHEUS BOUND

;627 6A56 :B UR C1;;1:2 95486A53 TURVI *2 895 P``P /523D3 :B '+*'@ 5381C6857 895 G:852816;;= 1AA1<6J;5 6A56 8: 6J:D8 XIQQ C1;;1:2 95486A53 F189 W`l :A PIUX C1;;1:2 95486A53 F18912 895 1AA1<681:2 35AH145 6A56 TURVI %95 -91;1GG125 ' <07@?0 \5F%96(.[ <7>7<<< I-5F"6% -%9%"-.: "9 " L%-.%D6"4% (8 6(6"$ -%9%"-.: <7DK"K 00^ 34-5.,$6,-"$ 4-(99 E(J%965. L-(E,.6 ))7<@17<<< )?7A)=7<<< I-5F"6% -%9%"-.: "9 L%-.%D6"4% (8 "4-5.,$6,-% 4-(99 E(J%965. L-(E,.6 <
"d45G8 12 H5<586J;5 627 4:A2 JA55712

15

01<21B14628 A5356A49 6481H18153 462 J5 3552 12 G53814175 4:CG62153E J62626 V"D"D" 8-,56 L-(E,.%<<<@ I(,$6-; 5D6%4-"6(<<<1 +%%E L-(E,.%<<<1 W-4"D5. 8%-65$5_%-9 L-(E,.%- <<<1 3D5J"$ :%"$6: L-(E,.6 L-(E,.%<<<1

E=.+ M%%E L-(E,.%`(4 4-(Q%N".:5D%-; 8"#-5."6(-9a"99%J#$%G-"5D L-(E,.%W-D"J%D6"$ L$"D6 4-(Q%b%9%"-.: 8(,DE"65(D9

!0*<+1 A A ) ) )

1

-685283 GA:8548 85492:;:<153 B:A 6* E%#"' 40"&#$#= %- ."#+&#+/ "21$)0'#01"' #+)3&%'%2$+, -1%* 7FXSY7FFTB +(,-.%* /A02 O21$)0'#01"' #+)3&%'%2$+, Q%1+$2& P%)"' 34-5.:%J5."$9 )?@? <01 34-5.,$6,-"$ J".:5D%-5%9 "DE 4"E4%69 <)?? )A< 3D5J"$ :,9#"DE-; <)1? <<= 34-(L-(.%995D4 <0B?
*2 895 3D<6A 127D38A=E J5B:A5 895 5386J;139C528 :B 895 -91;1GG125 0D<6A &5356A49 *23818D85 j:D27681:2E 3D<6A4625 A5356A4953 12 895 GA1H685 3548:A F63 46AA157 :D8 J= 89A55 4:CG62153M .148:A16 c1;;12< /:AG:A681:2 >.c/@E !6415276 kD13186 627 k5753C6 j:D27681:2I %95 .c/ D357 8: GA:H175 B:A BA55 895 85492:;:<153E 3D49 63 :2 25F H6A158153 627 12B:AC681:2 8: 183 4:28A648 /?4!*$)@ ,-% ;$(6*'A !(<=!4)*$'1 %95 B5F 5;185 B6C1;153 8968 6;3: 7:C12685 :895A JD31253353 7:C12685 895 ;1H538:4K 627 G:D;8A= JD31253353I

16 PROMETHEUS BOUND

%951A B1AC3 124;D75 062 c1
Science and Technology Education %95 -91;1GG125 57D4681:26; 3=385C 96H5 895 J1<<538 2DCJ5A :B 4:;;5<5

17

&54528;=E 895 12B:AC681:2 85492:;:<= >*%@ B15;7 963 688A64857 6 ;:8 :B 38D75283I %95A5 13 6 WRl 6H5A6<5 622D6; 124A5635 :B %*cc0N& P```@I %95 -91;1GG1253 A62K57 UQ89 6C:2< UY G6A8141G6812< 4:D28A153 12 895 3DAH5=I %95 %*cc0N& C563DA5! 8A5273 12 91<9 349::; 38D75283L 3415245 627 C689 64915H5C528 !I %913 96A7;= 1CGA:H57 12 895 %*cc0 WRRU F95A5 895 4:D28A= A62K57 XP 38 12 c6895C68143 627 XW27 12 0415245 :D8 :B 895 XZ 4:D28A153 3DAH5=57I %95 <:H5A2C528 963 123818D857 35H5A6; 1245281H53 3D49 63 ;1K5 895 [-@ 963 124A56357 JD8 4:AA53G:2712< 3DGG:A8 38AD48DA53 3D49 63 ;6J:A68:A153E 856495A3 627 4;633A::C3 96H5 2:8 J552 6D
Research and Development BCD :9;4-%/*('4 f6357 :2 895 [+"0/( 75B12181:2E &?) 13 62= 3=385C6814 627 4A5681H5 F:AK D275A86K52 12 :A75A 8: 124A5635 895 38:4K :B K2:F;57<5 8968 124;D75

18 PROMETHEUS BOUND

K2:F;57<5 :B C62E 4D;8DA5 627 3:4158= 627 895 D35 :B 8913 K2:F;57<5 8: 75H135 25F 6GG;14681:23I &?) 6BB5483 895 54:2:C14 GA:7D481H18= :B 895 4:D28A=I &?) BDA895A 124A5635 895 GA:7D481:2 :B 35AH1453 63 G:12857 :D8 J= /:A:268:2 >WRRW@ 12 6A563 F95A5 <:H5A2C528 627 GA1H685 123818D81:23 6A5 52<6<57 12I %95 8=G5 :B &?) D275A86K52 GA:H1753 895 J6313 :2 9:F 0?% 462 1CGA:H5 GA:7D481:2I %95 122:H681:23 75H5;:G57 627 895 H6;D5N67757 GA:7D483 8968 F1;; J5 A5275A57 F:D;7 5296245 GA:7D481:2 B:A 54:2:C143 :B 346;5I &?) 13 6 46G186; 1285231H5 52756H:AI *27D38A16;1]57 4:D28A153 6;;:4685 UN Zl :B 8951A \+- 8: 3415281B14 A5356A49 627 75H5;:GC528I !"#$% '(K B* JW; +U.+&/$#01+, $& HIZB H"6" 9(,-.%* /17)17AA2 K+"1 8!9 "# JW; [ %- 8!9 7FFF 91$)+, MU.+&/$#01+, )=>= 0=7@@0 >?KA )=B0 A=70>B ? U)==> <
*2 895 -91;1GG125E 895 JD7<58 6;;:8857 8: A5356A49 627 75H5;:GC528 5BB:A83 963 96A7;= 4962<57 31245 895 ;6885A G6A8 :B 895 P`SR3I *2 P``YE -ÙPIP C1;;1:2 :B 895 <:H5A2C528 JD7<58 :A RIUl :B \+- F63 6;;:8857I %913 13 B6A J5;:F 895 C121CDC :B Pl 386276A7 358 J= [+"0/( B:A 75H5;:G12< 4:D28A153I %95 71A5481:2 :B &?) 963 5dG;1418;= 5CG9631]57 12 895 GA:J:89 12 GA1H685 627 38685 D21H5A318153 627 4:;;5<53@E <:H5A2C528 6<524153E 2:2N<:H5A2C528 :A<621]681:23 627 895 GA1H685 127D38A=I -A1H685 127D38A= 5dG52718DA53 644:D28 :2;= 8: 6J:D8 WQl :B 895 8:86; &?) 3G52712< 12 P`Y` 8: P``W TPZEPSV 627 96A7;= 4962<57 BA:C P`Ù 8: P``QI )DA12< 895 P`YR3 895 4:28A1JD81:2 :2 &?) 5dG52718DA53 :B GA1H685 127D38A153 F63 5381C6857 8: J5 OD38 PR 8: WRlI \:H5A2C528 6<524153L 5dG52718DA53 644:D28 B:A C:A5 8962 SRl :B 895 8:86; &) 5dG52718DA53 12 P`Y`NP``W 627 754A56357 J= 8F: G5A4528 12 P`Ù 8: P``QI


19

!"#$% '(K =* 91+'$*$&"1= +,#$*"#+, %- &"#$%&"' J; +U.+&/$#01+, <= ,+)#%1 "# )011+&# .1$)+, \5665]? $& #3%0,"&/ %- .+,%,B +(,-.%* /@2 I+)#%1 7FF> 7FFX 7FFT 7FF^ `54:%- PE,."65(D <7AB<7<0= <71)=7B<) <71@>7 )7>1071BA '(DUG(F%-DJ%D6 <7)@@7?0? <7)><7110 <70<>7><< <701=7=)B I-5F"6% CDE,96-; <7@1>71B1 <7@==7?A<7?>> <7B>=7)=@ !(6"$ 07))=7111 07A0)70)< 07B0B7?0B A71>

*2 127D38A16;1]57 4:D28A153E 895 GA1H685 3548:A 8:G3 <:H5A2C528 5dG52718DA53 12 &?)I *2 P``ZE GA1H685 3548:A 3G52712< 12 895 [0' 627 012<6G:A5 F63 ZÌXl 627 QWIZl A53G5481H5;=I *2 895 GA5H1:D3 =56AE 0:D89 u:A56L3 GA1H685 3548:A 967 6 YXl 396A5 12 &?) 5dG52718DA53I f= 895 [+"0/( 75B12181:2E 895A5 6A5 89A55 K1273 :B &?) 6481H18153I f6314 A5356A49 13 ^62= :A1<126; 5dG5A1C5286; :A 895:A58146; F:AK GDA3D57 8: 96H5 25F K2:F;57<5 :B 895 D275A;=12< B:D27681:23 :B G952:C526 627 :J35AH6J;5 B6483E F189:D8 4:23175A12< 62= G6A814D;6A :A 3G541B14 6GG;14681:2_I 'GG;157 A5356A49 13 ^62= :A1<126; 12H5381<681:23E D275A86K52 12 :A75A 8: 64eD1A5 25F K2:F;57<5 JD8 13 71A54857 GA1C6A1;= 8:F6A73 6 3G541B14 GA648146; 61C :A :JO5481H5I_ '27 5dG5A1C5286; 75H5;:GC528 13 ^71A54857 8: GA:7D412< 25F C685A16;3E GA:7D483 627 75H1453E 8: 12386;;12< 25F GA:453353E 3=385C3 627 35AH1453 627 8: 1CGA:H12< 3DJ3862816;;= 89:35 6;A567= GA:7D457 :A 12386;;57 TW`VI_ jA:C P`Y` 8: P``Z E C:A5 8962 96;B :B &?) 5dG52718DA53 12 895 -91;1GG1253 F5A5 :2 6GG;157 A5356A4953 627 6J:D8 XWl F5A5 :2 J6314 A5356A4953I %913 127146857 8968 &?) F63 71A54857 8:F6A73 C6AK58 25573E 5H52 F189 895 A5;681H5 91<9 3G52712< 12 J6314 &?)I )5H5;:GC528 :B 5d13812< GA:453353 627 122:H681:2 F63 6 ;:F GA1:A18=I !"#$% '(K )<_ 91+'$*$&"1= +,#$*"#+, %- &"#$%&"' JW; +U.+&/$#01+, <= #=.+, %- 1+,+"1)3 "# )011+&# \5667] .1$)+,? $& *$''$%&, %- .+,%,B +(,-.%* /A12 EK9M NQ JMIMOJG` 7FSF 7FF6 7FF7 7FF5 !(6"$ )7?ABK>< )7?@1K>1 )7=?BK?B 07=1K@< <7>1@K=) <7=>AK<= )7?1>K)> 3LL$5%E b%9%"-.: <7=1>K1A <7>1@K=) <7=>AK<= )7?1>K)> P]L%-5J%D6"$ H%F%$(LJ%D6 <7A>AK>? <71= <710?K>@ @>=K)?

&,*4-* F;;6/),*/$-! -68528 6GG;14681:2 13 6 <::7 1271468:A :B 895 85492:;:<146; 122:H681:2 46G6418= 627 G5AB:AC6245 :B 6 4:D28A=I j:A51<2 G68528 6GG;14681:23 D3D6;;= 3DAG633 ;:46; G68528 6GG;14681:23 12 C:38 4:D28A153I *2 WRRUE G68528 6GG;14681:2 J= j1;1G12:3 F63 :2;= PWZ F91;5 B:A51<25A3 3DJC18857 UEXXR G68528 6GG;14681:23 TUVI %913 7134A5G624= 13 CD49 J1<<5A 8962 8968 :B 0:D89 u:A56 627 %961;627I

20 PROMETHEUS BOUND

!"#$% '(K ))* 9"#+&# "..'$)"#$%&, %- 1+,$/+&#, "&/ -%1+$2&+1, $& ,+'+)#+/ )%0$+, +(,-.%* /A2 G%0= 9"#+&#, 81"&#+/ 9"#+&#, 81"&#+/ #% !"#$%&"', #% Q%1+$2&+1, )=>? )=B? 0<<< )=>? )=B? 0<<< Z+3 117)?0 AB7)01 U 0?7<>1 A07>A? U +K c(-%" <)7@=A 1@B =07>=B <)7>0> <)71A? A>7)B1 I:5$5LL5D%9 <?> <@@
GC8 +,-;$H4' )(0% 7686 12714685 8968 B:A P`YS 8: P``S E 895 6H5A6<5 3415281383 627 52<1255A3 12H:;H57 12 &?) F63 :2;= PZW G5A C1;;1:2E ;533 8962 96;B :B 895 [+ A54:CC52757 UYR G5A C1;;1:2 G:GD;681:2I %95 5381C6857 <6G 12 &?) C62G:F5A F63 6J:D8 P`S 3415281383 627 52<1255A3 G5A C1;;1:2 G:GD;681:2 TZVI c:A5:H5AE 895A5 F5A5 :2;= WW 85492141623 G5A C1;;1:2 G:GD;681:2I )DA12< 895 P``RNP``S G5A1:7E i6G62 967 ZEZQP 3415281383 627 52<1255A3 627 YQX 85492141623 G5A C1;;1:2 G:GD;681:2I *2 895 36C5 G5A1:7E 0:D89 u:A56 967 WEWSX 3415281383 627 52<1255A3 627 WWU 85492141623 G5A C1;;1:2 G:GD;681:2I

K+"1 )=B= )==< )==) )==0 )==A )==?

!"#$% '(K )0K E%#"' &0*<+1 %- JW; .+1,%&&+'B +(,-.%* /A7@2 JW; E+)3&$)$"&, E%#"' 9+1,%&&+' "&/ %#3+1, =7<0= @7)B< )170<= =70@B @)0A )17AB) =7>?> @@>? )@7A1A =7=?< @?@< )@7?)< ))7?>= )@701A

*2 6 A54528 3DAH5= :B A5356A4953 12 38685 D21H5A318153 627 <:H5A2C528 6<524153E 18 F63 :J35AH57 8968 ;533 8962 PRl :B &?) G5A3:225; 96H5 -9) 75

21

>&I'I YXU`@ 13 =58 8: GA:H175 1245281H53 3D49 63 9:2:A6A16E 396A5 :B A:=6;8153E 96]6A7 6;;:F6245 627 :895A J525B183 8: <:H5A2C528 0?% F:AK5A3I *2 6 A54528 3DAH5=E 895 2DCJ5A :B G6A8N81C5 A5356A495A3 963 J552 124A56312< J= PPIZl 622D6;;=E BA:C P`Ù 8: P``Q TPZVI a91;5 895 2DCJ5A :B BD;;N81C5 A5356A495A3 F189 c0 627 -9I) 75 7FFX 7FFT 7FF^ 7FF> 7FFX 7FFT `54:%- PE,."65(D 07=?) A7A=> A7@<< A7B?@ 0710A 07>B< 07B?A G(F%-DJ%D6 34%D.5%9 A70=1 A7?=1 A7>B= A7==A )7<<1 )70A> )70=) '(DUG(F%-DJ%D6 W-4"D5_"65(D9 @1B ?0= ?1B >)@ )@A )>@ )B) I-5F"6% +%.6()7<)1 )7)?A )7)=B )7A0A 0BA A01 AA1 !(6"$ >7B)> B7BBA =7)A@ =7B=? A7B?A 17@)? 17??=

7FF^ A7)?0 )7?)? )== A?= @7A1?

0?% C62G:F5A 75H5;:GC528 13 4;:35;= ;12K57 F189 895 4DAA528 57D4681:26; 3=385CI '33DC12< 6 <52D125 A5B:AC 12 895 57D4681:26; 3=385CE 18 F:D;7 86K5 PZNWR =56A3 ^8: GA:G5A;= 5eD1G 627 57D4685 895 491;7A52 F189 895 2545336A= 3K1;;3 627 86;5283 J5B:A5 895= 5285A 895 F:AKB:A45 TYVI_ c6
%95 :F25A391G 627 4:28A:; :B 895 ;:46; 38A685<14 127D38A153 13 6 <6D<5 :2 9:F 0?% 13 J512< D81;1]57 B:A 895 J525B18 :B 895 54:2:C=I ' 4:2B;14812< A56;18= 13 895 67H6245C528 :B 85492:;:<= 8968 7:53 2:8 J525B18 895 C6O:A18= :B 895 G:GD;681:2I %95 38AD48DA5 :B 895 JD312533 12 895 -91;1GG1253 4:CGA1353 3C6;;E C571DC 627 ;6A<5 5285AGA1353I c14A: ;1H5;19::7 5285AGA1353 6A5 9:C5N J6357 4:886<5 127D38A153 D312< 31CG;5 8::;3 627 5eD1GC528 F189 3C6;; C626<5C528 38AD48DA5 H6A=12< BA:C PRNP`` F:AK5A3 T`VI %95= 4:CGA135 `Pl :B 895 5285AGA135 12 895 4:D28A= H6A=12< BA:C BDA218DA5NC6K12
22 PROMETHEUS BOUND

B::7 GA5G6A681:2 627 <6AC5283 C6K12
ANALYSIS

!

!" -!*k*--*+" "/(+(c, 963 A5C61257 6
'8 895 J5<12212< :B 0G62139 4:;:216; AD;5E C:38 :B 895 G5:G;53 12 895 -91;1GG1253 F5A5 ;1H12< 12 A1H5A125 627 C6A181C5 3:4158153 52<6<57 12 A145 B6AC12A145 F125@ 627 :895A3E 895 GA:7D481:2 :B 91753E 895 C62DB648DA5 :B

23

46AH57 :D8 :B 3855G C:D28612 3;:G53I %95 4A5681:2 :B 895 85AA6453 GA:H53 8968 F5 96H5 967 K2:F;57<5 12 64AD7538@I jDA895A 75H5;:G12< C62DB648DA12< 3=385C3 F18912 895 -91;1GG125 4:;:2= 254533186853 9D<5 12H538C5283 8968 F:D;7 7A612 895 4:BB5A3 :B 895 0G62139 89A:25E 8952 6;A567= 38A61257 F189 183 52<6<5C528 12 35H5A6; 4:;:216; F6A3I *8 F63 C:A5 J525B1416; B:A 895 4:;:21]5A3 8: 5dG:A8 895 A6F :A 35C1NGA:453357 GA:7D483 :B 895 13;6273 12 5d4962<5 B:A B1213957 GA:7D483 BA:C 183 8A6712< G6A825A3I j:A URR =56A3E 895 0G62139 4:;:21]5A3 1CG:357 B5D76;13C >;627;:A7N852628 A5;681:23@ B1A38 89A:D<9 895 '()*+"'(,% 3=385CE F9149 ;1K5F135 1CG;5C52857 895 G:;18146; C626<5C528 :B 8:F23I /:;:216; 8A675 B;:DA13957 F189 895 5dG:A8 :B 3D<6AE 4:4:2D8 627 :895A 4A:G3 8: 127D38A16; 46G186;138 4:D28A153 :B "DA:G5 H16 895 \6;;5:2 8A675I k685AE 895 96415276 3=385C A5G;6457 895 :;7 '()*+"'(,% 3=385CI %913 1285231B157 895 GA:7D481:2 :B A6F C685A16;3 B:A 8A675 7DA12< 895 :G5212< :B 895 G:A83 :B 895 -91;1GG1253 6B85A 895 B6;; :B 895 \6;;5:2 8A675I %95 A135 :B 127D38A16; 46G186;13C 12 "DA:G5 BA:C 895 ;685 PY89 4528DA= 627 895 754;125 :B 895 \6;;5:2 8A675 GD3957 0G612 8: 1285231B= 695CG@ B:A A:G5E 4:4:2D8 B:A 4:GA6E :1;3 B:A G61283 627 3D<6A C1;;12
24 PROMETHEUS BOUND

8: 895 [0I *2 5d4962<5E [0 <::73 967 BA55 644533 8: 895 -91;1GG125 C6AK58I %913 D24:28A:;;57 7DCG12< :B 3DAG;D3 <::73 ;1C1857 62= GA:3G548 B:A 7:C53814 127D38A16;1]681:2 627 ;57 895 -91;1GG1253 8: 6
%95 127D38A153 GA53528 12 895 -91;1GG1253 13 4:CG:357 :B ;1<98 C62DB648DA12

25

6A5 =58 8: J5 5386J;13957I "d13812< 127D38A153 C5A5;= A5GA:4533 4:CG:25283 BA:C 6JA:67 627 13 F9:;;= 75G527528 :2 85492:;:<153 BA:C 67H62457 4:D28A153I .186; 127D38A153 3D49 63 G:F5AE :1; 627 C1212< 96H5 J552 ;1J5A6;1]57 627 75A5-("' A5G:A8E P``Y@I c62= j1;1G12: 3415281383 F9: 96H5 :G857 8: 386= 12 895 4:D28A= C562F91;5 B645 ;:F JD7<58 6;;:4681:23 B:A 8951A A5356A4953E 12675eD685 4:CG523681:2

26 PROMETHEUS BOUND

627 ;64K :B A53:DA453 627 6 9:38 :B :895A GA:J;5C3I 081;;E 6 ;:8 :B 895C GA:7D45 A5356A49 GDJ;14681:23 8968 6A5 68 G6A F189 89:35 12 :895A 4:D28A153I a91;5 89535 4:CC5276J;5 5BB:A83 4A5685 6 35235 :B 35;BNA5;16245 J546D35 :B 895 C121C6; <:H5A2C528 3DGG:A8E 89535 6A5 C:A5 :B852 8962 2:8 895 3G5416;1]57 A6895A 8962 895 <525A6; 8=G5 :B A5356A49 6481H18153 7:25 12 C:38 A5356A49 123818D81:23I a:A35E 895 <:H5A2C528 963 2:8 D357 89535 A53D;83 2:A 71A54857 8951A A5356A49 B:A 895 4:D28A=L3 25573I %95 <:H5A2C528L3 38A685<14 G;623 :2 0?% 6A5 2:8 <56A57 8:F6A73 75H5;:G12< 6 8AD;= 35;BNA5;1628 54:2:C=I %9535 G;623 96H5 J552 861;:A57 B:A 895 5dG:A8N:A152857 627 1CG:A8N75G527528 54:2:C14 C:75;I %9D3E 895 <:H5A2C528L3 38A685<14 G;62 7:53 2:8 4:28612 5BB:A83 8: JD1;7 627 38A52<8952 127D38A16;1]681:2 B:A 7:C53814 GA:7D481:2I *238567E 18 BDA895A F56K523 7:C53814 GA:7D481:2 89A:D<9 183 G:;14= 627 GA:

27

F:AK5A3 627 6J:D8 WQIYl 6A5 D2G617 B6C1;= C5CJ5A3I The government was never serious in %95 ZIS C1;;1:2 :A ZPIZl 6A5 6;; 35;BN5CG;:=57 B6AC realizing its policy pronouncements in science F:AK5A3I jA:C P``S 8: WRRR 895 6H5A6<5 761;= F6<5 A685 and technology as reflected in the 12 6QSl@ :F2 3C6;; G;:83 :B 35H52 64A53 :A ;533I j6AC;6273 :B ;533 8962 89A55 95486A53 6A5 6J:D8 USISl :B 895 8:86; 6
28 PROMETHEUS BOUND

CONCLUSION

-

/*"+/" '+) %"/!+(k(\, 462 J5 D357 627 BD;;= 75H5;:G57 B:A 895 J525B18 :B 895 G5:G;5 :2;= 1B 895 C:A5 BD276C5286; :J3864;53E C612;= 54:2:C14 627 G:;18146; 12 268DA5E 4DAA528;= 4:2BA:2812< 895 4:D28A= 6A5 4:CG;585;= 677A53357I %95 ;6A<5;= J64KF6A7 6

29

2681:26; 127D38A16;1]681:2 627 6 4:CGA595231H5 6
B:#:B:I2:G [1] Tristan Macapanpan. Private Sector Activities on Research and Development. Number 99-19 in Discussion Paper Series. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, June 1999. [2] Celso Roque and Roger Posadas. Philippine Technological Dependence and Backwardness. Mimeograph. Readings STS [3] Department of Science and Technology. National science and technology plan, 2002-2020. 2002. The S&T Master Plan (STMP, 1991-2000), Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND, 2000), The Medium Term Plan of the Department of Science and Technology (DMTP, 1999-2004) [4] Liberty Nolasco. Identifying Areas of Support in Research and Development for the Manufacturing Sector. Number 99-27 in Discussion Paper Series. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, August 1999. [5] Caesar B. Cororaton. Study on Public and Private Expenditures on Research and Development: An Integrative Report (Final Report). Number 99-15 in Discussion Paper Series. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, June 1999. [6] Caesar B. Cororaton. Research and Development and Technology in the Philippines. Perspective Paper Series. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, September 2002. [7] Caesar B. Cororaton. Research and Development: A Review of Literature. Number 99-25 in Discussion Paper Series. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, August 1999. [8] J. Magpantay et. al. Science and Technology Forecasting in the Philippines. National Economic Development Agency, 1997. [9]

Cielito F. Habito. No free lunch: Our nonexistent SME sector. The Manila Times, 24 July 2003.

[10] J. D. Bernal. Science in History, volume 1-4. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1983. [11] Julieta de Lima-Sison and Jose Maria Sison. Philippine Economy and Politics. Aklat ng Bayan, 1998. [12] Thomas Kuhn. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2nd edition, 1970. [13] Myrna S. Austria, Assessing the Competitiveness of the Philippine IT Industry, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2000-03, January 2000. [14]

http://stednet.sei.dost.gov.ph/, 13 May 2003.

[15] Caesar B. Cororaton, Study on Public and Private Expenditures on Research and Development: An Integrative Report (Final Report), Discussion Paper Series No. 99-15 , Philippine Institute for Development Studies, June 1999 [16] Caesar B. Cororaton, Research and Development and Technology in the Philippines, PERSPECTIVE PAPER SERIES, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 5 September 2002. [17] Stijn Claessens, Simeon Djankov, Larry H. P. Lang, Who Controls East Asian Corporations?, Financial Economics Unit, Financial Sector Practice Department, The World Bank, February 1999. [18]

Travis Q. Lyday. The mineral industry of the philippines. In US Geological Survey Minerals

Prometheus Bound

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