REFERAT “ PARKINSON ”
STASE SARAF RUMAH SAKIT ISLAM PONDOK KOPI
Pembimbing : dr. Gea Pandhita S,M.Kes,S.S
Disusun oleh : KARLINA LU!IS, S.Ked.
2011730048
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN DAN KESEHATAN PROGRAM STUDI KEDOKTERAN UNI"ERSITA UNI"ERSI TAS S MUHAMMADI#AH MUH AMMADI#AH $AKARTA %&'(
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!A! I PENDAHULUAN
Penyakit Parkinson adalah penyakit neurodegeneratif yang bersifat kronis progresif, merupakan merup akan peny penyakit akit terban terbanyak yak kedua setelah demen demensia sia l! l!heimer heimer"" Peny Penyakit akit ini memili memiliki ki dime di mens nsii ge ge#a #ala la yan ang g sa sang ngat at lu luas as se sehi hing ngga ga ba baik ik la lang ngsu sung ng mau aupu pun n ti tida dak k la lang ngsu sung ng mempen mem pengar garuhi uhi kua kualit litas as hid hidup up pen pender derita ita mau maupun pun kel keluar uarga" ga" Per Pertam tamaa kal kalii dit ditemu emukan kan ole oleh h seoran seo rang g dok dokter ter ing inggri griss ya yang ng ber bernam namaa $am $ames es Par Parkin kinson son pad padaa tah tahun un 188 1887" 7" Pen Penya yakit kit ini merupakan suatu kondisi ketika seseorang mengalami ganguan pergerakan yang memiliki karakt kar akteri eristik stik ya yang ng kha khass ya yakni kni trem tremor or,, kek kekaku akuan an dan gan ganggu gguan an dal dalam am %ara ber ber#ala #alan n &ga &gait it diffi%ulty'" Penyakit Parkinson bisa menyerang laki(laki dan perempuan" )ata(rata usia mulai terkena penyakit Parkinson adalah *1 tahun, tetapi bisa lebih a+al pada usia 40 tahun atau bahkan sebelumnya" $umlah orang di merika erikat dengan penyakit Parkinson diperkirakan antara -00"000 sampai satu #uta, dengan sekitar -0"000 ke *0"000 terdiagnosa baru setiap tahun"
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!A! II TIN$AUAN PUSTAKA
A. DEFI DEFIN NISI ISI
Penyakit
Parkinson
merupakan
penyakit
neurodegeneratif
system
ekstrapiramidal yang merupakan bagian dari Parkinsonism yang se%ara patologis ditandai oleh oleh adany adanyaa degene degenerasi rasi ganglia ganglia basalis basalis terutama terutama di substan substansia sia nigra nigra pars pars kompak kompakta ta &./' yang disertai diserta i adanya inklusi sitoplasmik s itoplasmik eosinofilik &e+y bodies' &elompok tudi oement Disorder P)D56, 2013'" Parkinsonism adalah suatu sindrom yang ge#ala utamanya adalah tremor +aktu istirahat, kekakuan &rigidity', melambatnya gerakan &akinesia' dan instabilitas postural &postural instability' &elompok tudi oement Disorder P)D56, 2013'"
!. EPID EPIDEM EMIO IOLO LOGI GI
Penya Penyakit kit Parkin Parkinson son ter#adi ter#adi di seluruh seluruh dunia, dunia, #umlah #umlah pender penderita ita antara antara pria pria dan +anita hampir seimbang" - 10 orang yang ter#angkit penyakit parkinson, ge#ala a+alnya mun%ul sebelum usia 40 tahun, tapi rata(rata menyerang penderita pada usia *tahun" e%ara keseluruhan, pengaruh usia pada umumnya men%apai 1 di seluruh dunia dan 1,* di ropa, meningkat dari 0,* pada usia *0 *4 tahun sampai 3,- pada usia 8- 89 tahun"
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penderita" )ata(rata usia penderita di atas -0 tahun dengan rentang usia(sesuai dengan penelitian yang dilakukan di beberapa rumah sakit di umatera dan $a+a( 18 hingga 8tahun" tatistik menun#ukkan, baik di luar negeri maupun di dalam negeri, lelaki lebih banyak terkena dibanding perempuan &3:2' dengan dengan alasan yang belum diketahui"
). ETIO TIOLO LOGI GI
tiolo tiologi gi Penya Penyakit kit Parkin Parkinson son belum diketah diketahui ui & idiopa idiopatik tik ' , akan akan tetapi tetapi ada beberapa faktor resiko & multifaktorial ' yang telah diidentifikasikan , yaitu : a" sia : meningkat pada usia lan#ut dan #arang timbul pada usia diba+ah 30 tahun" b" )asial : 5rang kulit putih lebih sering daripada orang sia dan frika frika " %" ;enetik : diduga ada peranan faktor genetik
D. KLASIFIK KLASIFIKASI ASI PARKINSO ARKINSON N
ermasuk >ermasuk demensia e+y bodies, progresif supranuklear palsi, atrofi multi sindrom
sistem,
degenerasi
hy(Drager,
striatonigral,
degenerasi
degenerasi
kortikobasal,
oliopontoserebelar,
kompleks
Parkinsonism
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4" Parkinsonism Parkinsonism herediter herediter Penyakit Penyakit ?ilson, ?ilson, penyakit penyakit @untington= @untington=ss disease, penyaki penyakitt e+y bodies &elompok tudi oement Disorder P)D56, 2013'
E. PATOFISI OFISIOLO OLOGI GI
e%ara e%ara umum umum dapat dapat dikatak dikatakan an bah+a bah+a Penya Penyakit kit Parkin Parkinson son ter#adi ter#adi karena karena penurunan kadar dopamin akibat kematian neuron di pars kompakta substansia nigra sebesar 40 -0 yang disertai adanya inklusi sitoplasmik eosinofilik & e+y bodies'" e+y bodies adalah inklusi sitoplasmik eosinofilik konsentrik dengan halo perifer dan dense %ores " danya e+y bodies dengan neuron pigmen dari substansia nigra adalah khas , akan tetapi tidak patognomonik untuk Penyakit Parkinson , karena terdapat #uga pada beberapa kasus parkinsonism atipikal" ntuk lebih memahami patofisiologi yang yang ter# ter#ad adii
perlu erlu
diket iketah ahu ui
lebi lebih h
dahu ahulu
tent tentan ang g
gang gangli liaa
basa basali liss
dan dan
sist sistem em
ekstrapiramidal" 1. Gang Gangli lia a Basa Basali liss Dalam men#alankan fungsi motoriknya , inti motorik medula spinalis berada diba+ah kendali sel piramid korteks motorik , langsung atau le+at kelompok inti batang otak " Pengendalian langsung oleh korteks motorik le+at trak traktu tuss
piram iramid idal alis is ,
sed sedang angkan kan
yang ang
tid tidak lang langsu sung ng le+a le+att
sist sistem em
ekstrapiramidal , dimana ganglia basalis ikut berperan"omplementasi ker#a traktus piramidalis dengan sistem ekstapiramidal menimbulkan gerakan otot men#adi halus , terarah dan terprogram" ;anglia
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2" ;lob ;lobus us Pal Palid idus us & ;P ' 3"
ubs ubsta tans nsia ia .igr .igraa & . '
4" .u%l .u%leu euss ubt ubtha halam lamii & >. >. ' Pengaruh ;< terhadap gerakan otot dapat ditun#ukkan le+at peran sertanya ;< dalam sirkuit motorik yang ter#alin antara korteks motorik dengan inti medula spinal spinalis is " >erdap erdapat at #alur #alur saraf saraf aferen aferen yang yang berasal berasal dari dari kortek kortekss motori motorik, k, kortek kortekss premotor dan supplementary motor area menu#u ke ;< le+at Putamen" Dari putamen diteruskan ke ;Pi & ;lobus Palidus internus ' le+at #alur langsung & direk ' dan tidak langsung & indirek ' melalui ;Pe & ;lobus Palidus eksternus ' dan >." Dari ;Pe diteruskan menu#u ke inti inti talamus & antara lain : A5 : Aentralis lateralis pars oralis , AP/ : Aentralis anterior pars paro%ellularis dan / : %entromedian '" elan#utnya menu#u ke korteks dari mana #alur tersebur berasal" asukan dari ;< ini kemudian kemudian mempengaruhi mempengaruhi sirkuit sirkuit motorik motorik kortiko kortiko spinalis spinalis & traktus traktus piramidalis piramidalis '"8 elompok inti yang tergabung didalam ganglia basalis berhubungan satu sama lain le+at #alur saraf yang berbeda beda bahan perantaranya &neurotransmitterB.>'" >erdapat tiga #enis neurotransmitter utama didalam ganglia basalis , yaitu : Dopamine & D ' ,%etyl%holin & %h ' dan asam a mino & ;lutamat dan ;<' 2. Patof Patofisio isiolog logii Gang Ganglia lia Basali Basaliss gak sulit memahami mekanisme yang mendasari ter#adinya kelainan di ganglia basalis oleh karena hubungan antara kelompok kelompok inti disit isitu u
sang sangat at
kom komplek plekss
dan
sara saraff
pengh enghub ubu ungny ngnyaa
meng engguna gunaka kan n
neurotransmitter yang berma%am ma%am " .amun ada dua kaidah yang perlu
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1" atu unit fungsional yang dipersarafi oleh lebih dari satu sistem saraf maka persarafan tersebut bersifat re%ipro%al inhibition & se%ara timbal balik satu komponen saraf melemahkan komponen yang lain '" rtinya yang satu berperan sebagai eksitasi dan yang lain sebagai inhibisi terhadap fungsi tersebut" /ontoh klasik re%ipro%al inhibition adalah dalam fungsi saraf otonom antara saraf simpatik dengan .> noradrenalin & . ' dan saraf parasimpatik dengan .> asetilkolin & %h '" 2" Cungsi unit tersebut normal bilamana kegiatan saraf eksitasi sama atau seimbang dengan saraf inhibisi "
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striatu striatum m disalu disalurka rkan n ke globus globus palidu paliduss segmen segmen intern internaa atau atau substan substansia sia nigra nigra pars pars retiku retikulari lariss le+at le+at 2 #alur #alur yaitu yaitu #alur #alur direk direk resepto reseptorr D1 dan #alur #alur indire indirek k berkai berkaitan tan dengan reseptor D2 " aka bila masukan direk dan indirek seimbang, maka tidak ada kelainan gerakan" Pada penderita penderita penyakit penyakit Parkinson, Parkinson, ter#adi degenerasi degenerasi kerusakan kerusakan substansia substansia nigra nigra pars pars kompak kompakta ta dan saraf saraf dopami dopaminer nergik gik nigrost nigrostria riatum tum sehing sehingga ga tidak tidak ada rangsa rangsanga ngan n terhad terhadap ap resepto reseptorr D1 maupu maupun n D2" ;e#ala ;e#ala Penya Penyakit kit Parkin Parkinson son belum belum mun%ul sampai lebih dari -0 sel saraf dopaminergik rusak dan dopamin berkurang 80" 80" )esept )eseptor or D1 yang yang eksitat eksitatori orik k tidak tidak terang terangsan sang g sehing sehingga ga #alur #alur direk direk dengan dengan neurotransmitter ;< &inhibitorik' tidak teraktifasi" )eseptor D2 yang inhibitorik tidak tidak terangs terangsang ang,, sehing sehingga ga #alur #alur indirek indirek dari dari putame putamen n ke globus globus palidu paliduss segmen segmen eksterna yang ;<ergik tidak ada yang menghambat sehingga fungsi inhibitorik terhad terhadap ap globus globus palidu paliduss segmen segmen ekstern eksternaa berleb berlebiha ihan" n" Cungsi Cungsi inhibi inhibisi si dari dari saraf saraf ;<ergik dari globus palidus segmen ekstena ke nu%leus subtalamikus melemah dan kegiatan neuron nukleus subtalamikus meningkat akibat inhibisi" >er#adi peningkatan output nukleus subtalamikus ke globus palidus segmen interna B substansia nigra pars retikularis melalui saraf glutaminergik yang eksitatorik akibat akibatny nyaa ter#adi ter#adi pening peningkat katan an kegiat kegiatan an neuron neuron globus globus palidu paliduss B substan substansia sia nigra" nigra"
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F. GAM! GAM!AR ARAN AN KL KLIN INIS IS
eadaan penderita pada umumnya dia+ali oleh ge#ala yang non spesifik, yang didapat didapat dari anamnesis anamnesis yaitu kelemahan kelemahan umum, umum, kekakuan kekakuan pada otot, otot, pegalpegal pegalpegal atau kram otot,
distonia fokal,
gangguan ketrampilan, kegelisahan,
ge#ala sensorik
&parest &parestesia esia'' dan ge#ala ge#ala psikia psikiatri trik k &ansiet &ansietas as atau atau depresi depresi'" '" ;ambar ;ambaran an klinis klinis pender penderita ita parkinson
&;ilroy, 2000 ?id#a#a ?id#a#a , 2003 elompok tudi oement Disorder
P)D56, 2013' 1" >remor remor >remor akan bertambah pada keadaan emosi dan hilang pada +aktu tidur" tidur" 2" )igiditas Pada permulaan rigiditas terbatas pada satu ekstremitas atas dan hanya terdeteksi pada gerakan pasif" Pada stadium lan#ut, rigiditas men#adi menyeluruh dan lebih berat dan memberikan tahanan #ika persendian digerakan se%ara pasif" )igiditas
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;erakangerakan otomatis yang ter#adi tanpa disadari +aktu duduk #uga men#adi sangat kurang"
selama
-
tahun
mengalami
ge#ala
ini"
eadaan
ini
disebabkan disebabkan kegagalan integrasi integrasi dari saraf propiosept propioseptif if dan labirin dan sebagian ke%il impuls dari
mata,
pada
leel
talamus
dan
ganglia
basalis
yang
akan
mengganggu ke+aspadaan posisi tubuh" eadaan ini mengakibatkan penderita mudah #atuh" -" ?a#ah Parkinson eperti telah diutarakan, bradikinesia mengakibatkan kurangnya ekspresi muka serta mimik" uka men#adi seperti topeng, kedipan mata berkurang, disamping itu kulit muka seperti berminyak dan ludah sering keluar dari mulut" *" ikrografia
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8"
disfungsi disfungsi
kardioasku kardioaskular lar
&hipotensi &hipotensi
ortostatik, ortostatik,
aritmia aritmia
#antung', #antung',
gastrointestinal &gangguan dismotilitas dismotilitas lambung, gangguan gangguan pen%ernaan, sembelit sembelit dan regurgitas regurgitasi', i', saluran kemih kemih
&frekuensi, &frekuensi, urgensi urgensi
atau inkontinen inkontinensia', sia',
seksual seksual
&impotensi &impotensi atau hyperseEual hyperseEual drie', termoregulator termoregulator &berkeringat &berkeringat berlebihan atau intoleransi intoleransi panas atau dingin'" Disfungsi Disfungsi otonom otonom ini mungkin terlihat sebagai ge#ala dini dini PP namun namun lebih lebih spesifi spesifik k dikaitk dikaitkan an dengan dengan stadium stadium lan#ut lan#ut PP" PP" Prealens Prealensii disfungsi otonom ini berkisar 14(18 " Patofisiologi disfungsi otonom pada PP diakui diakui akibat degener degenerasi asi dan disfung disfungsi si nukleus nukleus yang mengatu mengaturr fungsi fungsi otonom, otonom, seperti nukleus nukleus agus dorsal, dorsal, nukleus nukleus ambigus ambigus dan pusat medullary medullary lainnya lainnya seperti medulla entrolateral, rostral medulla, medulla entromedial dan nukleus rafe kaudal"
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11" >anda yerson Dilakukan
dengan
#alan
mengetok
di
daerah
glabela
berulang(
ulang" ulang"Pasi Pasien en Parkin Parkinson son tidak tidak dapat dapat men%ega men%egah h mata mata berked berkedip ip pada pada tiap tiap ketoka ketokan" n" Disebut #uga sebagai tanda FyersonG 12" Demensia Demensia adalah suatu sindroma sindroma penurunan kemampuan kemampuan intelektual progresif progresif yang menyebabkan deteriorasi kognisi dan fungsional, sehingga mengakibatkan gangguan fungsi sosial, peker#aan dan aktifitas sehari(hari &sosiasi l!aimer 6ndonesia, 2003'" elainan ini berkembang sebagai konsekuensi patologi PP disebut disebut kompleks kompleks parkinsonism parkinsonism demensia" demensia" Demensia Demensia pada PP mungkin mungkin baru akan terlihat terlihat pada stadium lan#ut, lan#ut, namun namun pasien PP telah memperlihatkan memperlihatkan perlambatan fungsi kognitif dan gangguan fungsi eksekutif pada stadium a+al" ;angguan fungsi kognitif pada PP yang meliputi gangguan bahasa, fungsi isuospasial,
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G. DIAG DIAGNO NOSI SIS S
Diagnosis PP berdasarkan klinis dengan ditemukannya ge#ala motorik utama antara lain tremor pada +aktu istirahat, rigiditas, bradikinesia dan hilangnya refleks postural" riteria
diagnosis yang dipakai di 6ndonesia adalah kriteria @ughes
&P)D56, 2013' : •
•
Possible : didapatkan 1 dari ge#ala(ge#ala utama b" >remor istirahat %"
)igiditas
d"
e"
egagalan refleks postural
Probable :
•
atau bradikinesia asimetris sudah %ukup" Definite :
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H.
H. DIAGNOSA !ANDING
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Dari ketiga ma%am pengobatan tersebut diatas, mempunyai tu#uan yang sama
yaitu
degeneratif
mengurangi lainnya,
obat
ge#ala akan
motorik terus
dari
PP"
digunakan
esuai
dengan
seumur
hidup"
penyakit @al
ini
akanmenimbulkan efek samping penggunaan obat #angka pan#ang yang merugikan dan akan mempengaruhi kualitas hidup penderita PP &@ristoa dkk, 2000 isba%h, 2003'" Pada obat yang beker#a pada sistem dopaminergik terutama leodopa mempunyai efek samping neurotoksisitas pada penggunanan #angka pan#ang" Cahn &2003' membuktikan bah+a leodopa bersifat toksik dan menambah progesifitas dari PP" PP" fek samping ini dapat berupa fluktuasi motorik, diskinesia dan gangguanne gangguanneurops uropsikiatri ikiatrik" k" ;e#ala yang timbul timbul pada tahap lan#ut dan tidak berespon berespon terhad terhadap ap terapi terapi leodo leodopa pa sering sering menye menyebab babkan kan pender penderita ita mudah mudah #atuh, #atuh, ganggu gangguan an postural, Ffree!ing F, F , disfungsi otonom, dan demensia" ;e#ala yang timbul pada tahap lan#ut lan#ut ini sering sering di#um di#umpai pai pada pender penderita ita usia usia muda muda dan #arang #arang didapa didapatka tkan n pada pada
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dopa
Daine a+nists
.onergot: pramipeEole &irapeE', ropinirole &)eIuip' rgot: bromo%riptine &Parlodel', pergolide
prolongs %apa%ity to perform instrumental a%tiities of daily liing /an be used as monotherap y in early disease or added to leodopa for treatment of motor %ompli%atio ns ess risk of
%onfusion, psy%hosis, sedation
ll: dopaminergi% aderse effe%ts &nausea, omiting, orthostati% hypotension', neuropsy%hiatri% aderse effe%ts&hallu%inatio ns, psy%hosis, impulse %ontrol disorder', eE%essie daytime sleepiness
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In;e2ta63e daine a+nist
pomorphine &pokyn'
)edu%es off time in late disease
N9eth-39D9 asartate re2etr inhi6itr
mantadine
>reatment of dyskinesias in late disease
Anti2h3iner+i2s
seful for the treatment of tremor in patients younger than *0 years +ithout
)eIuires initiation in hospital, regular sub%utaneous in#e%tions /ognitie aderse effe%ts, liedo reti%ularis, edema, deelopment of toleran%e, potential for +ithdra+al se limited by anti%holinergi%
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>u#uan rehabilitasi medik adalah untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup hidup penderita penderita dan menghambat menghambat bertambah beratnya ge#ala penyakit serta mengatasi masalah(masalah sebagai berikut : K bnormalitas gerakan K e%enderungan postur tubuh yang salah K ;e#ala otonom K ;angguan pera+atan diri & %tiity of Daily iing D ' K Perubahan psikologik ntu ntuk k men% men%ap apai ai tu#u tu#uan an ters terseb ebut ut diat diatas as dapa dapatt dila dilaku kuka kan n tindakan sebagai berikut :
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latihan bernapas dalam sebelum bi%ara" atihan ini dapat membantu memperbaiki olume berbi%ara , irama dan artikulasi" 4" Psikoterapi embuat embuat program program dengan dengan melakukan melakukan interensi interensi psikoterapi psikoterapi setelah melakukan asesmen mengenai fungsi kognitif , kepribadian , status mental ,keluarga dan perilaku" -" >erapi sosial medik
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2" Pembedahan : >indaka >indakan n pembedahan pembedahan untuk penyakit parkinson parkinson dilakukan dilakukan bila penderita penderita tidak lagi memberikan respon terhadap pengobatan B intra%table , yaitu masih adanya ge#ala dua dari ge#ala utama penyakit parkinson & tremor , rigiditas , bradiBakinesia, gaitBpostural instability ' , Cluktuasi motorik , fenomena on(off , diskinesia karena obat, #uga memberi respons baik terhadap pembedahan " da 2 #enis pembedahan yang bisa dilakukan : a" Pallidotomi , yang hasilnya %ukup baik untuk menekan ge#ala : ( kinesia B bradi kinesia
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dopamin" $aringan transplan & graft ' lain yang pernah digunakan antara lain dari #aringan embrio entral mesensefalon yang menggunakan #aringan premordial steam atau progenitor %ells , non neural %ells & biasanya fibroblast atau astrosytes ' , testis( deried sertoli %ells dan %arotid body epithelial glomus %ells" ntuk men%egah reaksi penolakan
#aringan
diberikan
obat
immunosupressant
%y%losporin
yang
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menyebabkan kematian" Progresifitas ge#ala pada PD dapat berlangsung 20 tahun atau lebih" .amun demikian pada beberapa orang dapat lebih singkat" >idak ada %ara yang tepat untuk untuk memprediksi memprediksikan kan lamanya lamanya penyakit penyakit ini pada masing(masi masing(masing ng indiidu" indiidu" Dengan treatment yang tepat, kebanyakan pasien PD dapat hidup produktif beberapa tahun setelah diagnosis"
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!A! III PENUTUP
KESIMPULAN
Penya Penyakit kit Parkin Parkinson son merupa merupakan kan penya penyakit kit kronis kronis yang yang membut membutuhk uhkan an penang penangana anan n
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
"opik >opik .eurologi .eurologi D ,disi ke(4" $akarta : ;/ $oao $oao assan assano o and ailash ailash P"