ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI HIDUNG DAN SINUS PARANASAL A. Anatomi Hidung
1. Hidung Luar Hidung luar berbentuk piramid dengan bagian – bagian – bagiannya dari atas ke bawah : 1. Pangkal hidung (bridge (bridge)) 2. Dorsum nasi 3. Puncak hidung 4. Ala nasi 5. Kolumela 6. Lubang hidung (nares anterior) 1,2,3 Hidung luar dibentuk oleh kerangka tulang dan tulang rawan yang dilapisi kulit, jaringan ikat dan beberapa otot kecil yaitu M. Nasalis pars transversa dan M. Nasalis pars allaris. Kerja otot – otot tersebut menyebabkan nares dapat melebar dan menyempit. Batas atas nasi eksternus melekat pada os frontal sebagai radiks (akar), antara radiks sampai apeks (puncak) disebut dorsum nasi. 1,2,3 Lubang yang terdapat pada bagian inferior disebut nares, yang dibatasi oleh : - Superior : os frontal, os nasal, os maksila - Inferior : kartilago septi nasi, kartilago nasi lateralis, kartilago alaris mayor dan kartilago alaris minor 1,2,3
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Gambar 1. Bagian-bagian pembentuk hidung luar Dengan adanya kartilago tersebut maka nasi eksternus bagian inferior menjadi fleksibel. Pendarahan : 1. A. Nasalis anterior (cabang A. Etmoidalis yang merupakan cabang dari A. Oftalmika, cabang dari a. Karotis interna). 1,2,3 2. A. Nasalis posterior (cabang A.Sfenopalatinum, cabang dari A. Maksilaris interna, cabang dari A. Karotis interna) 1,2,3 3. A. Angularis (cabang dari A. Fasialis) Persarafan : 1. Cabang dari N. Oftalmikus (N. Supratroklearis, N. Infratroklearis) 2. Cabang dari N. Maksilaris (ramus eksternus N. Etmoidalis anterior) 3. Nervus Olfaktorius (N I) untuk fungsinya sebagai organ penghidu1,2,3 2. Kavum Nasi Dengan adanya septum nasi maka kavum nasi dibagi menjadi dua ruangan yang membentang dari nares sampai koana (apertura posterior). Kavum nasi ini berhubungan dengan sinus frontal, sinus sfenoid, fossa kranial anterior dan fossa kranial media. 1,2,3 Batas – Batas – batas kavum nasi : - Posterior : berhubungan dengan nasofaring - Atap : os nasal, os frontal, lamina kribriformis etmoidale, korpus sfenoidale dan sebagian os vomer
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
-
subkutan dan kartilago alaris mayor. Bagian dari septum yang terdiri dari kartilago ini disebut sebagai septum pars membranosa = kolumna = kolumela. Lateral : dibentuk oleh bagian dari os medial, os maksila, os lakrima, os etmoid, konka nasalis inferior, palatum dan os sfenoid. 1,2,3
Gambar 2. Septum nasi Gambar 4. Konka nasalis Konka nasalis suprema, superior dan media merupakan tonjolan dari tulang etmoid. Sedangkan konka nasalis inferior merupakan tulang yang terpisah. Ruangan di atas dan belakang konka nasalis superior adalah resesus sfeno-etmoid yang berhubungan dengan sinis sfenoid. Kadang – kadang konka nasalis suprema dan meatus nasi suprema terletak di bagian ini. 2,3 Pendarahan : Arteri yang paling penting pada perdarahan kavum nasi adalah A.sfenopalatina yang merupakan cabang dari A.maksilaris dan A. Etmoidale anterior yang merupakan cabang dari A. Oftalmika. Vena tampak sebagai pleksus yang terletak submukosa yang berjalan bersama – bersama – sama arteri.1,2,3 Persarafan : 1. Anterior kavum nasi dipersarafi oleh serabut saraf dari N. Trigeminus yaitu N. Etmoidalis anterior
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Gambar 3. Vaskularisasi hidung 3. Mukosa Hidung Rongga hidung dilapisi oleh mukosa yang secara histologik dan fungsional dibagi atas mukosa pernafasan dan mukosa penghidu. Mukosa pernafasan terdapat pada sebagian besar rongga hidung dan permukaannya dilapisi oleh epitel torak berlapis semu yang mempunyai silia dan diantaranya terdapat sel – sel goblet. Pada bagian yang lebih terkena aliran udara mukosanya lebih tebal dan kadang – kadang terjadi metaplasia menjadi sel epital skuamosa. Dalam keadaan normal mukosa berwarna merah muda dan selalu basah karena diliputi oleh palut lendir (mucous ( mucous blanket ) pada permukaannya. Palut lendir ini dihasilkan oleh kelenjar mukosa dan sel goblet.1,2,3 Silia yang terdapat pada permukaan epitel mempunyai fungsi yang penting. Dengan gerakan silia yang teratur, palut lendir di dalam kavum nasi akan didorong ke arah nasofaring. Dengan demikian mukosa mempunyai daya untuk membersihkan dirinya sendiri dan juga untuk mengeluarkan benda asing yang masuk ke dalam rongga hidung. Gangguan pada fungsi silia akan menyebabkan banyak sekret terkumpul dan menimbulkan keluhan hidung tersumbat. Gangguan gerakan silia dapat disebabkan oleh pengeringan udara yang berlebihan, radang, sekret kental dan obat – obat – obatan.1,2,3 Mukosa penghidu terdapat pada atap rongga hidung, konka superior dan sepertiga bagian atas septum. Mukosa dilapisi oleh epitel torak berlapis semu dan tidak bersilia
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
1. Sebagai jalan nafas Pada inspirasi, udara masuk melalui nares anterior, lalu naik ke atas setinggi konka media dan kemudian turun ke bawah ke arah nasofaring, sehingga aliran udara ini berbentuk lengkungan atau arkus. Pada ekspirasi, udara masuk melalui koana dan kemudian mengikuti jalan yang sama seperti udara inspirasi. Akan tetapi di bagian depan aliran udara memecah, sebagian lain kembali ke belakang membentuk pusaran dan bergabung dengan aliran dari nasofaring. 3 2. Pengatur kondisi udara (air conditioning ) Fungsi hidung sebagai pengatur kondisi udara perlu untuk mempersiapkan udara yang akan masuk ke dalam alveolus. 3 Fungsi ini dilakukan dengan cara : a. Mengatur kelembaban udara. Fungsi ini dilakukan oleh palut lendir. Pada musim panas, udara hampir jenuh oleh uap air, penguapan dari lapisan ini sedikit, sedangkan pada musim dingin akan terjadi sebaliknya. 3 b. Mengatur suhu. Fungsi ini dimungkinkan karena banyaknya pembuluh darah di bawah epitel dan adanya permukaan konka dan septum yang luas, sehingga radiasi dapat berlangsung secara optimal. Dengan demikian suhu udara setelah melalui hidung kurang lebih 37 oC.3 3. Sebagai penyaring dan pelindung Fungsi ini berguna untuk membersihkan udara inspirasi dari debu dan bakteri dan dilakukan oleh : a. Rambut (vibrissae (vibrissae)) pada vestibulum nasi b. Silia c. Palut lendir (mucous (mucous blanket ). ). Debu dan bakteri akan melekat pada palut lendir dan partikel – partikel – partikel yang besar akan dikeluarkan dengan refleks bersin. Palut lendir ini akan dialirkan ke nasofaring oleh gerakan silia. d. Enzim yang dapat menghancurkan beberapa jenis bakteri, disebut lysozime. lysozime.3 4. Indra penghidu Hidung juga bekerja sebagai indra penghidu dengan adanya mukosa olfaktorius pada
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Penting untuk kualitas suara ketika berbicara dan menyanyi. Sumbatan hidung akan menyebabkan resonansi berkurang atau hilang, sehingga terdengar suara sengau. 3 6. Proses bicara Membantu proses pembentukan kata dengan konsonan nasal (m,n,ng) dimana rongga mulut tertutup dan rongga hidung terbuka, palatum molle turun untuk aliran udara. 3 7. Refleks nasal Mukosa hidung merupakan reseptor refleks yang berhubungan dengan saluran cerna, kardiovaskuler dan pernafasan. Contoh : iritasi mukosa hidung menyebabkan refleks bersin dan nafas terhenti. Rangsang bau tertentu menyebabkan sekresi kelenjar liur, lambung dan pankreas. 3 B. Anatomi Sinus Paranasal Sinus paranasal merupakan rongga-rongga yang terdapat di dalam maxilla os frontale, os sphenoidale, dan os ethmoidale. Dindingnya terdiri atas tulang kompakta dengan dilapisi muco-endosteum yang berhubungan dengan mucosa respiratoria pada cavitas nasi. Sinus paranasal diinervasi oeleh cabang-cabang n.ophthalmicus dan n.maxillaris. Sinus merupakan penonjolan/evaginasi dari cavitas nasi sehinga drainage keluar dari cairannya menuju cavitas nasi secara langsung atau tidak langsung. Dengan adanya hubungan ini maka rhinitis atau radang pada cavitas nasi dapat menjalar ke sinus menyebabkan sinusitis. Sinus pada waktu lahir kecil tapi mengalami perkembangan pada waktu pubertas atau dewasa.1,2,3
Gambar 4. Sinus Paranasal
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
processus zygomaticus maxillae. Dinding medialnhya merupakan dinding lateral cavitas nasi. Atapnya merupakan lantai orbita. Sedangkan alasnya merupakan processus alveolaris.1,2,3 Muara sinus maxillaris pada meatus nasi medius yaitu pada hiatus semilunaris. Saluran ini terdapat pada dinding medial sebelah anterosuperior.1,2,3 - Innervasi oleh n.alveolaris superior dan n.infraorbitalis - Vaskularisasi oleh a.maxillaris interna, a.infraorbitalis, a.palatina mayor.1,2,3 2. Sinus Ethmoidalis Terdiri atas beberapa ruangan (4-17 pada tiap sisi), terletak di dalam labyrinthus ethmoidalis di antara orbita dan cavitas nasi. 1,2,3Bagian-bagian dari sinus ethmoidalis disebut cellulae ethmoidales. Dindingnya dibentuk oleh os frontale, maxilla, os lacrimale, os sphenoidale, dan os palatina. 1,2,3Berdasarkan muaranya, cellulae ethmoidales digolongkan menjadi: 1. Cellulae ethmoidales anterior yang bermuara di meatus nasi medius 2. Cellulae ethmoidales posterior yang bermuara di meatus nasi superior dan suprema1,2,3 - Inervasi oleh n.ethmoidalis posterior dan n.ethmoidalis anterior. - Vaskularisasi oleh a.ethmoidalis posterior dan a.ethmoidalis anterior.1,2,3 3. Sinus Frontalis Dapat dianggap sebagai akibat meluasnya cellulae ethmoidalis anterior ke os frontale. Kanan dan kiri tidak sama besar dan dipisahkan oleh keping tulang yang terdapat di linea mediana. Sinus ini sering meluas sampai atap orbita. Sinus frontalis
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
satu pihak. Dinding depannya merupakan dua keping tulang tipis disebut conchae sphenoidale.1,2,3 - Inervasi n.ethmoidalis posterior - Vaskularisasi a.maxillaris 3 Anatomi dan fisiologi tenggorokan 2.3.1 Anatomi Tenggorokan8 Tenggorokan merupakan bagian dari leher depan dan kolumna vertebra, terdiri dari faring dan laring. Bagian terpenting dari tenggorokan adalah epiglottis, ini menutup jika ada makanan dan minuman yang lewat dan menuju esophagus. Rongga mulut dan faring dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian. Rongga mulut terletak di depan batas bebas palatum mole, arkus faringeus anterior dan dasar lidah. Bibir dan pipi terutama disusun oleh sebagian besar otot orbikularis oris yang dipersarafi oleh nervus fasialis. Vermilion berwarna merah karena ditutupi lapisan sel skuamosa. Ruangan diantara mukosa pipi bagian dalam dan gigi adalah vestibulum oris. Palatum dibentuk oleh dua bagian: premaksila yang berisi gigi seri dan berasal prosesusnasalis media, dan palatum posterior baik palatum durum dan palatum mole, dibentuk olehgabungan dari prosesus palatum, oleh karena itu, celah palatum terdapat garis tengah belakang tetapi dapat terjadi kearah maksila depan. Lidah dibentuk dari beberapa tonjolan epitel didasar mulut. Lidah bagian depan terutamaberasal dari daerah brankial pertama dan dipersarafi oleh nervus lingualis dengan cabang kordatimpani dari saraf fasialis yang mempersarafi cita rasa dan sekresi kelenjar submandibula. Saraf glosofaringeus mempersarafi rasa dari sepertiga lidah bagian belakang. Otot lidah berasal dari miotom posbrankial yang bermigrasi sepanjang duktus tiroglosus ke
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
lebih empat belas centimeter; bagian ini merupakan bagian dinding faring yang terpanjang. Dinding faring dibentuk oleh selaput lender, fasia faringobasiler, pembungkus otot dan sebagian fasia bukofaringeal. Faring terbagi atas nasofaring, orofaring, dan laringofaring (hipofaring). Pada mukosa dinding belakang faring terdapat dasar tulang oksiput inferior, kemudianbagian depan tulang atas dan sumbu badan, dan vertebra servikalis lain. Nasofaring membuka kearah depan hidung melalui koana posterior. Superior, adenoid terletak pada mukosa atap nasofaring. Disamping, muara tuba eustachius kartilaginosa terdapat didepan lekukan yangdisebut fosa rosenmuller. Otot tensor velipalatini, merupakan otot yang menegangkan palatum dan membuka tuba eustachius masuk ke faring melalui ruangan ini. Orofaring kearah depan berhubungan dengan rongga mulut. Tonsila faringeal dalamkapsulnya terletak pada mukosa pada dinding lateral rongga mulut. Didepan tonsila, arcus faring anterior disusun oleh otot palatoglossus, dan dibelakang dari arkus faring posterior disusun oleh otot palatofaringeus, otot-otot ini membantu menutupnya orofaring bagian posterior. Semua dipersarafi oleh pleksus faringeus. 2.3.1.1 Vaskularisasi. 8 Berasal dari beberapa sumber dan kadang-kadang tidak beraturan. Yang utama berasal daricabang a. Karotis ekstern serta dari cabang a.maksilaris interna yakni cabang palatine superior. 2.3.1.2 Persarafan 8 Persarafan motorik dan sensorik daerah faring berasal dari pleksus faring yang ekstensif. Pleksus ini dibentuk oleh cabang dari n.vagus, cabang dari n.glosofaringeus dan serabut simpatis. Cabang faring dari n.vagus berisi serabut motorik. Dari pleksus faring yang ekstensif
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
2.3.1.4. Nasofaring Berhubungan erat dengan beberapa struktur penting misalnya adenoid, jaringan limfoid pada dinding lareral faring dengan resessus faring yang disebut fosa rosenmuller, kantong rathke, yang merupakan invaginasi struktur embrional hipofisis serebri, torus tubarius, suatu refleksi mukosa faring diatas penonjolan kartilago tuba eustachius, konka foramen jugulare, yang dilalui oleh nervus glosofaring, nervus vagus dan nervus asesorius spinal saraf kranial dan vena jugularis interna bagian petrosus os.tempolaris dan foramen laserum dan muara tuba eustachius. 9
Gambar 2.11. Anatomi faring dan struktur sekitarnya 2.3.1.5 Orofaring Disebut juga mesofaring dengan batas atasnya adalah palatum mole, batas bawahnya adalah tepi atas epiglotis kedepan adalah rongga mulut sedangkan kebelakang adalah vertebra servikal. Struktur yang terdapat dirongga orofaring adalah dinding posterior faring, tonsil palatina fosa tonsil serta arkus faring anterior dan posterior, uvula, tonsil lingual dan foramen sekum.9
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
fasia yang merupakan bagian dari fasia bukofaring dan disebu kapsul yang sebenar- benarnya bukan merupakan kapsul yang sebena-benarnya. 9 c. Tonsil Tonsil adalah massa yang terdiri dari jaringan limfoid dan ditunjang oleh jaringan ikat dengan kriptus didalamnya.9 Terdapat macam tonsil yaitu tonsil faringal (adenoid), tonsil palatina dan tonsil lingual yang ketiga-tiganya membentuk lingkaran yang disebut cincin waldeyer. Tonsil palatina yang biasanya disebut tonsil saja terletak di dalam fosa tonsil. Pada kutub atas tonsil seringkali ditemukan celah intratonsil yang merupakan sisa kantong faring yang kedua. Kutub bawah tonsil biasanya melekat pada dasar lidah.9 Permukaan medial tonsil bentuknya beraneka ragam dan mempunyai celah yang disebut kriptus. Epitel yang melapisi tonsil ialah epitel skuamosa yang juga meliputi kriptus. Di dalam kriptus biasanya biasanya ditemukan leukosit, limfosit, epitel yang terlepas, bakteri dan sisa makanan.9 Permukaan lateral tonsil melekat pada fasia faring yang sering juga disebut kapsul tonsil. Kapsul ini tidak melekat erat pada otot faring, sehingga mudah dilakukan diseksi pada tonsilektomi.Tonsil mendapat darah dari a.palatina minor, a.palatina ascendens, cabang tonsil a.maksila eksterna, a.faring ascendens dan a.lingualis dorsal. 9 Tonsil lingual terletak di dasar lidah dan dibagi menjadi dua oleh ligamentum glosoepiglotika. Di garis tengah, di sebelah anterior massa ini terdapat foramen sekum pada apeks, yaitu sudut yang terbentuk oleh papila sirkumvalata. Tempat ini kadang-kadang menunjukkan penjalaran duktus tiroglosus dan secara klinik merupakan tempat penting bila ada massa tiroid lingual (lingual thyroid) atau kista duktus tiroglosus.9
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Bila laringofaring diperiksa dengan kaca tenggorok pada pemeriksaan laring tidak langsung atau dengan laringoskop pada pemeriksaan laring langsung, maka struktur pertama yang tampak di bawah dasar lidah ialah valekula. Bagian ini merupakan dua buah cekungan yang dibentuk oleh ligamentum glosoepiglotika medial dan ligamentum glosoepiglotika lateral pada tiap sisi. Valekula disebut juga ³ kantong pil´ ( pill pockets), sebab pada beberapa orang, kadang-kadang bila menelan pil akan tersangkut disitu. Dibawah valekula terdapat epiglotis. Pada bayi epiglotis ini berbentuk omega dan perkembangannya akan lebih melebar, meskipun kadang-kadang bentuk infantil (bentuk omega) ini tetap sampai dewasa. Dalam perkembangannya, epiglotis ini dapat menjadi demikian lebar dan tipisnya sehingga pada pemeriksaan laringoskopi tidak langsung tampak menutupi pita suara. Epiglotis berfungsi juga untuk melindungi (proteksi) glotis ketika menelan minuman atau bolus makanan, pada saat bolus tersebut menuju ke sinus piriformis dan ke esofagus.2 Nervus laring superior berjalan dibawah dasar sinus piriformis pada tiap sisi laringofaring. Hal ini penting untuk diketahui pada pemberian anestesia lokal di faring dan laring pada tindakan laringoskopi langsung. 2.3.2 Fisiologi Tenggorokan Fungsi faring yang terutama ialah untuk respirasi, waktu menelan, resonasi suara dan untuk
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
m.palatofaring, kemudian m.levator veli palatine bersama-sama m.konstriktor faring superior. Pada gerakan penutupan nasofaring m.levator veli palatini menarik palatum mole ke atas belakang hampir mengenai dinding posterior faring. Jarak yang tersisa ini diisi oleh tonjolan (fold of) Passavant pada dinding belakang faring yang terjadi akibat 2 macam mekanisme, yaitu pengangkatan faring sebagai hasil gerakan m.palatofaring (bersama m,salpingofaring) oleh kontraksi aktif m.konstriktor faring superior. Mungkin kedua gerakan ini bekerja tidak pada waktu bersamaan. 9 Ada yang berpendapat bahwa tonjolan Passavant ini menetap pada periode fonasi, tetapi ada pula pendapat yang mengatakan tonjolan ini timbul dan hilang secara cepat bersamaan dengan gerakan palatum. 9 GANGGUAN HIDUNG (INFEKSI) RINITIS ALERGI Definisi Rinitis alergi adalah penyakit inflamasi yang disebabkan oleh reaksi reaksi alergi pada pasien atopi atopi yang sebelumnya sudah tersensitisasi oleh allergen yang sama serta dilepaskan suatu mediator kimia ketika terjadi paparan ulangan denganallergen spesifik tersebut (von pirquet 1986).
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
sel mast dan basofil yang mana kedua sel ini merupakan sel mediator. Adanya IgE yang terikat ini menyebabkan teraktifasinya kedua sel tersebut. 4 Reaksi Alergi Fase Cepat Reaksi cepat terjadi dalam beberapa menit, dapat berlangsung sejak kontak dengan alergen sampai 1 jam setelahnya. Mediator yang berperan pada fase ini yaitu histamin, tiptase dan mediator lain seperti leukotrien, prostaglandin (PGD2) dan bradikinin. Mediator-mediator tersebut menyebabkan keluarnya plasma dari pembuluh darah dan dilatasi dari anastomosis arteriovenula hidung yang menyebabkan terjadinya edema, berkumpulnya darah pada kavernosus sinusoid dengan gejala klinis berupa hidung tersumbat dan oklusi dari saluran hidung. Rangsangan terhadap kelenjar mukosa dan sel goblet menyebabkan hipersekresi dan permeabilitas kapiler meningkat sehingga terjadi rinore. Rangsangan pada ujung sarafsensoris (vidianus) menyebabkan rasa gatal pada hidung dan bersin-bersin. Reaksi Alergi Fase Lambat Reaksi alergi fase cepat terjadi setelah 4 – 8 jam setelah fase cepat. Reaksi ini disebabkan oleh mediator yang dihasilkan oleh fase cepat beraksi terhadap sel endotel postkapiler yang
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
4. Alergen kontaktan, yang masuk melalui kontak kulit atau jaringan mukosa C/: bahan kosmetik, perhiasan Klasifikasi1 Berdasarkan rekomendasi dari WHO Initiative ARIA tahun 2000, menurut sifat berlangsungnya rinitis alergi dibagi menjadi: Intermiten, yaitu bila gejala kurang dari 4 hari/minggu atau kurang dari 4 minggu. Persisten, yaitu bila gejala lebih dari 4 hari/minggu dan/atau lebih dari 4 minggu. Sedangkan untuk tingkat berat ringannya penyakit, rinitis alergi dibagi menjadi: Ringan, yaitu bila tidak ditemukan gangguan tidur, gangguan aktivitas harian, bersantai, berolahraga, belajar, bekerja dan hal-hal lain yang mengganggu. Sedang atau berat, yaitu bila terdapat satu atau lebih dari gangguan tersebut di atas. atas . 1
VI. Gejalaklinis Gejala klinik rinitis alergi, yaitu:6 Bersinpatologis. Bersin yang berulang lebih 5 kali setiap serangan bersin. Rinore. Ingus yang keluar.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Basah, o Berwarna pucat atau livid o Disertai sekret encer yang banyak Pemeriksaan Nasoendoskopi Pemeriksaan sitologi hidung, walaupun tidak dapat memastikan diagnosis, tetap berguna sebagai pemeriksaan pelengkap. Ditemukannya eosinofil dalam jumlah banyak menunjukkan adanya adanya alergi inhalan. Jika basofil (5sel/lap) mungkin disebabkan alergi makanan, sedangkan jika ditemuka sel PMN menunjukkan adanya infeksi bakteri. Hitung eosinofil dalam darah tepi, Dapat normal atau meningkat. Lebih bermakna bila diperiksa IgE spesifik dengan RAST ( Radio Immuno Sorbent Test), atau ELISA ( Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay Test). Uji kulit, alergan penyebab dapat dicari. Uji cukit (Prick Test) Uji gores (Scratch Test). Uji Intrakutan atau intradermal tunggal atau berseri (Skin End-point Titration) Untuk mengetahui allergen apa yang sensitif pada pasien dengan pasti. 2 o
3. 4.
5.
6.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Alergen
disuntikkan dengan intrakutan dalam konsentrasi sangat kecil agar terbentuk IgG, kadarnya ditingkatkan terus, sehingga saat allergen masuk tidak diikat oleh IgE tapi oleh IgG, dan tidak terjadi degranulasi. 1
Operatif 1,5,6
Kauteterisasi dengan AgNO3 25% atau triklor asetat. Tindakan konkotomi parsial ( pemotongan sebagian konka inferior) Konkoplasti atau multiple outfractured Inferior turbinoplasty
KOMPLIKASI Polip hidung
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
mukosa cavum nasi dan bentuk histologi sama; maka setiap rhinitis mempunyai potensi terjadi sinusitis, tetapi bila kelancaran drainage dari ostia sinus paranasalis tidak terganggu, maka tidak akan memberikan gejala-gejala klinik sinusitis. Sinusitis dapat terjadi hanya terbatas pada satu sinus atau beberapa sinus (multisinusitis) atau pada semua sinus paranasalis baik pada satu sisi maupun kedua sisi (pansinusitis unilateral atau bilateral). Menurut perlangsungannya, sinusitis dapat kita bedakan dalam dua macam, yakni sinusitis akuta dan sinusitis kronika. Sinusitis Akuta Etiologi a. Rhinitis ekuta, penyebarannya secara langsung melalui sistem limfatik pada sub mukosa.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
4) Malnutrisi, penyakit-penyakit kronis 5) Keadaan atmosfir atmosfir yang ekstrim. Bacteriologi Mikro organisme yang paling sering menurut urutan sebagai penyebab dari sinusitis adalah pneumococcus, staphylococcus, N. influenza, Fridlander’s bacillus, Escheria colli dan anaerobic streptococci sebagai penyebab dari sinusitis maxillaris dentogen. Patologi Perubahan-perubahan peradangan pada mukosa hidung pada sinusitis adalah sebagai berikut: a. Hyperemia
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
b. c. d. e. f.
Migraine Tregeminal neuralgia Neoplasma pada sinus paranasalis Erisipelas Gigitan serangga
Pengobatan Untuk menanggulangi sinusitis akuta, maka ada beberapa tindakan pokok yang diperlukan, antara lain: a. Menanggulangi infeksi: pemberian antibiotika dengan dosis yang adekuat (kalau bisa setelah dilakukan sensitivity test terhadap kuman penyebab), agar dapat dipilih antibiotika yang paling tepat.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
b. Mixed infective and vasomator chronic sinusitis Simple Chronic Infective Sinusitis Pada type ini tidak terdapat allergi atau vasomator instability. Etiologi Setelah satu serangan atau serangan berulang-ulang dari sinusitis akuta. Patologi a. Oedema, berkisar dari sedikit penebalan dari mukosa sinus sampai pembentukan polip. b. Infiltrasi sel-sel radang kronik. c. Fibrosis, pada stroma submukosa terutama pada bagian yang mengalami peradangan infeksi akut.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
kita akan melangkah pada tindakan operatif, baik yang amat sederhana maupun yang lebih kompleks atau radikal. Misalnya yang paling sederhana kita lakukan, infraksi, yakni mengadakan luksatio pada conchae media untuk memperlebar meatus nasi media. Fungsi sinus dengan troicart, untuk mengadakan pembilasan pada sinus.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Diagnosa banding a. Absces yang berasal dari gigi atas. b. Trigeminal neuralgia, cabang kedua dari n.V. c. Tumor rahang atas, atau tumor sinus maxillaris. Pengobatan lokal
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Pengobatan Pertama-tama kita harus berusaha menghilangkan penyebabnya dari gigi yang diduga sebagai sumber dari infeksi, kemudian penderita dikirim ke bagian gigi untuk pencabutan gigi. Setelah gigi diadakan canering, kita lakukan pungsi sinus, untuk pembilasan seperti yang telah dijelaskan pada sinusitis maxillaris rhinogen. Kalau dengan pembilasan kurang berhasil kita
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Sinusitis Frontalis Akuta Sinusitis frontalis merupakan sinusitis yang amat jarang terjadi, ini disebabkan oleh perkembangan sinus frontalis yang paling terlambat dan bentuk anatomis dimana ostium dari sinus frontalis terletak di dasar dari sinus frontalis, sehingga setiap ada pembentukan exudat dalam sinus frontalis dengan mudah dapat disalurkan ke luar ke dalam cavum nasi.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
dikontrol dengan tanpa mengadakan operasi. Dalam keadaan dimana tindakan tadi tidak berhasil, maka tindakan operasi perlu dipertimbangkan. Operasi khusus untuk sinusitis frontalis kronika termasuk: a. Operasi menurut King. Pada prinsipnya memperbaiki drainage dari sinus frontalis, dengan jalan mengadakan trepanasi pada dasar dari sinus frontalis yang letaknya pada atap medial
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.