ZTE UMTS Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide U9.2

Coverage Enhancement WCDMA RAN

Featu Feature re Guide Guide

Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide

Coverage Coverage Enhancement Enh ancement Feature Guide Guid e Version

V4.0

Date

2010-6-18 2010-6-18

Author Author

ShenWei ShenWei

Approved By

Remarks

JiangMin JiangMin

© 2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved. ZTE CONFIDENTIAL: This CONFIDENTIAL: This document contains proprietary information of ZTE and is not to be disclosed or used used witho ut the pri pri or written permission of ZTE. Due to update and improvement of ZTE products and technologies, information of the document is subjected to change without notice.

ZTE Confidential Confid ential Proprietary

© 2010 ZTE Corporation. Corpo ration. All rights reserved. reserved.

I


Coverage Coverage Enhancement Enh ancement Feature Guide Guid e Version

V4.0

Date

2010-6-18 2010-6-18

Author Author

ShenWei ShenWei

Approved By

Remarks

JiangMin JiangMin

© 2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved. ZTE CONFIDENTIAL: This CONFIDENTIAL: This document contains proprietary information of ZTE and is not to be disclosed or used used witho ut the pri pri or written permission of ZTE. Due to update and improvement of ZTE products and technologies, information of the document is subjected to change without notice.



I


TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

Func Functio tional nal Attribu Attribute te .......................................... ................................................................... .............................................. .........................1 ....1

2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5

Overview Overview ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. ........................................1 ...................1 Functio Function n Introdu ntroduction ction .......................................... ................................................................... .............................................. .........................1 ....1 Multi-Antenna Multi-Antenna Receive Receive Diversity Diversity ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....1 MultiMulti-RRU RRU For For One Cell .................................................. ........................................................................... ......................................2 .............2 Tran Transmit smit Diversity Diversity .............................................. ....................................................................... .............................................. .........................2 ....2 Extende Extended d Cell Cell Range.............................................. Range....................................................................... ..............................................2 .....................2 High-S High-Speed peed Access ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. .........................2 ....2

3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 3.7 3.8 3.8.1 3.8.2 3.8.3 3.8.4 3.8.5 3.8.6

Technic Technical al Descr Description iption ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................3 ....................3 Single Antenna Reception.....................................................................................3 Two-Antenna Receive Diversity.............................................................................4 FourFour-Antenna Antenna Receptio Reception n ............................................. ...................................................................... ..........................................6 .................6 Multi-RRU for One Cell .........................................................................................7 Tran Transmit smit Diversity Diversity .............................................. ....................................................................... .............................................. .......................11 ..11 Space-Time Transmit Diversity............................................................................11 Time Switched Transmit Diversity........................................................................14 Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity Mode I ...............................................................14 Connection Connection of of Tran Transmit smit Diversity Diversity ........ ........ ......... ....... ........ ........ ......... ....... ........ .15 Extended Cell Range to 80Km ............................................................................16 Reductio Reduction n of Path Loss............................. Loss...................................................... .................................................. .................................16 ........16 Optimization of Antenna......................................................................................20 Cell Searching Capability ....................................................................................22 AMR Code .... .... .... .... .... ....... .... ....... ....... ... ....... .... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... .... .... .... ....... .... ....... ....... ....... ....... ... ....... .... ...22 22 Extended Cell Range to 120 km ..........................................................................23 High-S High-Speed peed Access ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. .......................24 ..24 Doppler Doppler shift shift ............................................... ........................................................................ .............................................. ..............................24 .........24 Handover Handover Influence Influence ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. .......................26 ..26 Cell Selection and Reselection ............................................................................27 Baseband Frequency Offset Offset Compensation Algorithm Algorithm ............... ........ ........ ....... ....27 Handover Handover Optimiza Optimization tion ............................................ ..................................................................... ...........................................3 ..................30 0 Cell Reselection Optimization..............................................................................31

4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.6 4.6.1

Parameters Related to Coverage Coverage Enhanceme Enhanceme nt Cont Control rol ......... ........ ........ ....... ...32 Parameters Related to RF Connection.................................................................32 Paramete Parameterr List List ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. ..............................32 .........32 Parameter Parameter Configuration Configuration ........ ........ ......... ....... ........ ........ ......... ....... ........ ........ .....33 Parameters Related to Receive Diversity .............................................................37 Paramete Parameterr List List ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. ..............................37 .........37 Parameter Parameter Configuration Configuration ........ ........ ......... ....... ........ ........ ......... ....... ........ ........ .....37 Parameters Related to Multi-RRU One Cell..........................................................38 Paramete Parameterr List List ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. ..............................38 .........38 Parameter Parameter Configuration Configuration ........ ........ ......... ....... ........ ........ ......... ....... ........ ........ .....38 Parameters Related to Transmit Diversity ............................................................38 Paramete Parameterr List List ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. ..............................38 .........38 Parameter Parameter Configuration Configuration ........ ........ ......... ....... ........ ........ ......... ....... ........ ........ .....39 Parameter Related to Extended Cell Range to 80Km............................................42 Paramete Parameterr List List ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. ..............................42 .........42 Parameter Parameter Configuration Configuration ........ ........ ......... ....... ........ ........ ......... ....... ........ ........ .....43 High High speed access access ............................................. ...................................................................... .............................................. .......................43 ..43 Paramete Parameterr List List ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. ..............................43 .........43



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5

Glossary Glossary ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. ......................................4 .................46 6



III


FIGURES Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21

Connection of Single Antenna Reception .................................................................3 Mechanism Mechanism of Two-Antenna Two-Antenna Receive Receive Diversity Diversity ......... ........ ........ ....... ......... ........ ........ 4 Connection of Two-Antenna Receive Diversity .........................................................5 Mechanism of Four-Antenna Receive Diversity ........................................................6 Connection of Four-Antenna Receive Diversity.........................................................7 Principle of Multi-RRU Combined Cell (1).................................................................8 Principle of Multi-RRU Combined Cell (2).................................................................8 Example on Multi-RRU Combined Cell ....................................................................9 STTD STTD in QPSK Mode ........................................... .................................................................... .............................................. .......................12 ..12 STTD STTD in 16QAM Mode .............................................. ....................................................................... ...........................................1 ..................12 2 STTD STTD in 64QAM Mode .............................................. ....................................................................... ...........................................1 ..................13 3 TSTD of SCH.................................................. SCH............................................................................ .................................................. ...........................14 ...14 Closed-Loop Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity Mode of DP DP CH/ CH/ HS-PDSCH ......... ........ ........ ....... ...15 Connection Connection of of Transmit Transmit Diversity ......... ........ ........ ....... ......... ........ ........ ....... ......... ..15 Sections of Radio propagation on the Sea .............................................................16 Propaga Propagation tion Curve Curve ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. ..........................19 .....19 Connection of TMA...............................................................................................21 Scenario where a High-Speed UE Passes a Node B ..............................................25 Doppler Doppler shift when the Value of D Changes at Different Different Vehicle Rates .... ......... ....... 25 Frequency Frequency Offset Offset Estimation of ZTE ZTE UMTS UMTS ........ ......... ........ ....... ........ ......... ........ ...28 Frequency Frequency Offset Offset Compens Compens ated by by ZTE ZTE UMTS Baseband Subsystem . ......... ........ ..29



III


1

Functional Attribute System version: [RNC V3.09, Node B V4.09, OMMR V3.09, OMMB V4.09] Attribute: [Option al] Involved NEs: UE Node B

√

√

RNC

MSCS

MGW

SGSN

GGSN

HLR

√

-

-

-

-

-

Note: * –-:Not involved. *: Involved. Dependency: [None] Mutual-exclusion function: [None] Note: [None]

2

Overview

2.1

Function Introduction During network planning and construction, it is necessary to consider the coverage enhancement technology to the uplink/downlink according to network load and service, with a view to offsetting the deficiency of coverage capacity in a specific direction. This document describes the main uplink/downlink coverage enhancement technologies (Two-Antenna receive diversity, Four-antenna receive diversity, Transmit diversity, MultiRRU for one cell, and Extended Cell Range to 80km ) of ZTE UMTS in respect of functions and usage.

2.1.1

Multi-Antenna Receive Diversity The diversity technology is implemented by searching and utilizing the independent multi-path signals in the radio propagation environment in nature. In short, the technology is to select two or more signals among multiple signals for merging, so as to raise the instantaneous SNR and average SNR of the receiver at the same time. Diversity is an anti-fading technology in the field of mobile communication. It is also a powerful receiving technology that improves the radio link performance greatly. In practice, such technologies as multi-path diversity, multi-antenna receive diversity, and mac ro diversity, are used to increase the uplink co verage.



ZTE’s UMTS enables multi-path diversity reception and MRC (maximal ratio combining) of signals through a Rake recei ver.

ZTE Confidential Proprietary

© 2010 ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.

1




ZTE’s UMTS uses the multi-antenna receive diversity technology, for example, Two-Antenna receive di versity and four-antenna recei ve diversity.



2.1.2

ZTE’s UMTS supports soft handover and softer hand over.

Multi-RRU For One Cell In special environments, a large number of antennas are required for covering a complicated area while too much cells may increase network management load. In this case, it can be considered to merging multiple RRUs and their antenna coverage areas into one logic cell. In the view of Node B and RNC, these coverage areas belong to the same cell. This technology is the multi-RRU for one cell.

2.1.3

Transmit Diversity Transmit diversity is to transmit a signal through multiple antennas of a BTS. In a fading environment, transmit diversity enables a UE to receive multi-path signals and better signal quality, thus improving the performance of the radio commu nication system effectively.

ZTE’s UM TS uses open -loop transmits di versity and closed-loop transmit diversity mode 1. In the open-loop mode, no feedback information is available between the UE and Node B. Open-loop transmit diversity includes Space-Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) and Time Switched Transmit Diversity (TSTD). In the closed-loop mode, the UE sends the feedback information to Node B so as to optimize the transmission of the diversity antennas. Open-loop transmit diversity requires no signaling overhead and make the mobile stations process quickly. However, this mode does not utilize the channel information. Closed-loop transmit diversity has high performance in a l ow-speed m oving e nvironment, but its control mode is more complex.

2.1.4

Extended Cell Range Due to its powerful baseband processing capability and searching capability, ZTE’s UMTS ensures random access of the cells within the distance of 80 km. The ZTE’s UMTS supports the Extended Cell Range (as distant as 80 km) through various coverage enhancement technologies including multi-antenna reception, transmit diversity, and antenna feeder optimization.

2.1.5

High-Speed Access For the high-speed access coverage, the system and the environment should be considered comprehensi vely to s olve various problems rel ated to the high-speed mo ving, especially the Doppler shift, fast handover and the call through rate. The 3GPP has defined three high-speed train scenarios: trains moving at a rate of 350 km per hour in open space; trains moving at a rate of 300 km/h in tunnels with multiantennas; trains moving at a rate of 300 km/h in tunnels with leaky cables.



2


Based on the experience of implying the mobile technology for years, ZTE has developed a series of distinctive high-speed moving technologies such as: baseband frequency offset compensation algorithm, optimized RRM algorithm for high-speed moving, and flexible network planning adapted to various environments,etc. These technologies can handle the high-speed WCDMA communication scenarios with rates higher than 350 km/h, and can provide abundant data and voice services to satisfy users' requirements.

3

Technical Description

3.1

Single Antenna Reception Receiver diversity will not be applied when only one antenna is used to receive the uplink signal. The parameter defining the type of recei ver diversity (RxDiversity) should be set to "1: Single Antenna Rx", and an RF receiving cable needs to be configured, with RF receiving cable 1 (RFRxID [1] ) set to be "Antenna 1". By default, only one antenna is configured in one RRU. Then the transmitter antenna can only be connected to the TX/RX path of the RRU, whereas the receiver antenna can be connected to the TX/RX path or the RX path of the RRU, that means any one of these two paths could be the receiver antenna path.(as shown in Figure 1). In the figure1, the RRU transceiver (RTR) module is the transceiver, the PA is the power amplifier module, and the duplexe r filter (DF) is the duplexer and filter.

Figure 1

Connection of Single Antenna Reception



3


3.2

Two-Antenna Receive Diversity Receive diversity includes multi-path diversity, multi-antenna diversity, and softer handover. It makes no difference when the Rake receiver processes these types of diversity. The RF can receive and utilize all the energy transmitted from the multiple paths of the multiple antennas, when the corresponding demodulation multiple fingers are allocated to the configured multi-path signals. Therefore, multi-antenna receive diversity is based on the Rake receiver. When Two-Antenna receive diversity is used, you need to set the RxDiversity parameter to 2:2-antenna Rx Diversity. In addition, you need to configure two receiving RF connections: configure RFRxID [1] (receiving RF connection 1) to Antenna 1, and configure RFRxID [2] (receiving RF connection 1) to Antenna 2. Figure 2 shows the mechanism of Two-Antenna receive diversity.

Figure 2

Mechanism of Two-Antenna Receive Diversity

Reflector

RF Unit (RRU）

Antenna 1

RF process

U E

Base Band Unit（BBU） Multi-path detection and assignation

Finger demodulation Antenna 2

MRC

RF process Symbol level process

Two-Antenna recei ver diversity works on the following principle: 1

The radio signals received by the Two-Ant ennas are process ed by RF units respectively, and then are sent to the base band unit (BBU) of Node B.

2

The BBU receives the Rake signal and performs the subsequent processing.

The Rake receiver mainly performs the following functions:



Multi-path detection and assignation



Finger demodulation



MRC

For Two-Antenna receive diversity, the multi-path detection and assignation module searches the Two-Antennas at the same time, merges the lag energy values of the Two Antennas, and assigns demodulation fingers for so me multi-path delays in descending order of the energy.



4


For the assigned demodulation fingers, the Rake receiver centrally performs the following demodulation operations: descrambling, dispreading, channel estimation and compens ation, an d frequency offset estimation and compensation. Finally, the Rake receiver performs the MRC operation for the demodulation results of all paths, and performs the subsequent s ymbol level processing. Figure 3 shows the hardware connection of Two-Antenna recei ve diversity.

Figure 3

Connection of Two-Antenna Receive Diversity

ANT1

R&T

ANT2

R

RRU/RSU

DF T

2R

RTR+PA

BBU

The RRU transc eiver (RTR) serves as a transceiver. PA refers to the power ampli fier module, DF refers to the duplexer and filter, ANT1 refers to Antenna 1, and ANT2 refers to Antenna 2. By default, a single RRU and single antenna are configured. Therefore, you need to configure the RF connection for the Rake receiver before configuring double antennas or multiple antennas. The detailed procedure is as follows: 3

Add the rack table that contains the new RRU to the co nfiguration. The rack table contains the following parameters: Rack .RackNo and Rack .RackType (it depends on the product model of the RRU/RSU module).

4

Add the correspo nding topolo gy table. Note that Rack Topology . RackNo, RackTopology.ShelfNo, and RackTopology.SlotNo should be co nfigured to the data of the rack that accommodates the BBU. RackTopology.PortID should be set to the number of the port between the FS board of the BBU and the TX/RX of the RRU. RackTopology.ChildRackNo, RackTopology.ChildShelfNo, and RackTopology.ChinldSlotNo reflects the information on the newly added RRU rack. RackTopology.ChildPortID should be set to the number of the optical port between the RRU and BBU, and RackTopology.TopologyType (the topology type of the RRU) to Star or Chain.



5


3.3

5

Add the corresponding RF connection table. The table contains RFConnection . RFGroupID and RFConnection.RTSign. For the RF connection of main antennas, RFConnection.RTSign can be set to 0: Transmit or 1: Receive. For the RF connection of diversity antennas, RFConnection.RTSign should be set to 1: Receive. RFConnection.RFType and RFConnection.ResourceType should be set as needed.

6

Add the correspondin g RF central frequency point table. RFCentralFrequencyPoint ..RackNo, RFCentralFrequencyPoint.ShelfNo , and RFCentralFrequencyPoint.SlotNo should be set to the rack information configured at Step 1 and Step 2. RFCentralFrequencyPoint.RadioMode should be set to WCDMA. RFCentralFrequencyPoint (.OperBand ) and RFCentralFrequencyPoint.CentralFreq sh ould be set as planned.

Four-Antenna Reception Figure 4 hows the mechanism o f four-antenna receive diversity.

Figure 4

Mechanism of Four-Antenna Recei ve Diversity

Reflector

RF Unit1 (RRU）

Antenna 1

U E

Antenna 2

Antenna 3

Antenna 4

RF process

Base Band Unit（BBU）


RF process

RF process

Finger demodulation

RF process

MRC

Symbol level process

RF Unit 2(RRU）

Four-antenna recei ver diversity works on the following principle: 1

Four-antenna recei ve diversity is implemented through two RF units. Each RF unit inputs two channels of antenna signals, which are processed by two independent RF channels of the RF units and then are sent to the BBU of Node B.

2

The BBU performs the following Rake process ing: The multi-path detection and assignation module searches four antennas at the same time, merges the lag energy values of Two-Antennas of each RF unit respectively, and thus obtains two groups of combined energy values. Then, the module assigns demodulation fingers in descending order of the energy respectively. The module obtains two groups of assignation results, which correspond to the two Two-Antenna groups o f the two RF units respectively.



6


When four-antenna receive diversity is used, you need to set the RxDiversity parameter to 3:4-antenna Rx Diversity. You need to configure four receiving RF connections at the same time:



Set RFRxID[1] (receiving RF connection 1) to Antenna 1










The subsequent processing is the same as that for Two-Antenna receives diversity. Figure 5 shows the hardware connection of four-antenna diversity. It shows that the hardware configuration of four-antenna diversity is equal to the configuration of multiple suites of Two-Antenna diversity.

Figure 5

Connection of Four-Antenna Receive Diversity ANT2

ANT1 R

ANT4

ANT3 R&T

R

R

RRU/RSU

RRU/RSU

DF

DF TX

2RX

2RX

RTR+PA

RTR

BBU

The RRU transceiver (RTR) serves as a transceiver. PA refers to the power amplifier module, DF refers to the duplexer and filter, ANT1 refers to Antenna 1, ANT2 refers to Antenna 2, ANT3 re fers to Antenna 3, and AN T4 refers to Antenna 4. The procedure of adding new RF connections to four-antenna receive diversity is the same as that of adding new RF connections to two-antenna receive diversity.

3.4

Multi-RRU for One Cell A multi-RRU combined cell is to merge the multiple cells covered by multiple RRUs into one cell. From another point of view, it is equal to the following process:



The co verage area of one cell is divided into multiple sectors or multiple areas,



The sectors or coverage areas use different antennas for rec eiving signals,



7




The signals are combined in the baseband. The transmitting signals of all sectors or coverage areas are the same.

Figure 6 shows the detailed signal process ing flow.

Figure 6

Principle of Multi-RRU Combined Cell (1)

RRU

BBU


... RAKE finger demodulation

RRU

RRU

. . .

MRC

Downlink signal copy

Symbol rate process and higher layer process

RNC

Downlink signal generation

As shown in Figure 6, the same carriers of three RRUs are combined into one cell, and the coverage areas of these three RRUs are different from each other. In the uplink direction, the signals received by multiple RRUs are sent to the BBU respectively. The BBU performs multi -path detection and RAKE d emodulation for the sig nals o f each RRU, performs the MRC operation for the signals of each demodulated RRU (only one RRU or multiple RRUs have signals possibly), and then performs the subsequent processing. In the combined cell, it is obvious that the handover between RRU coverage areas is complete during multi-path detection and assignation without the signaling exchange and control of the RNC and UE. In the downlink direction, the generated downlink signals are copied and sent to multiple RRUs, thus attaining the effect of total-cell transmitting.

Figure 7

Principle of Multi-RRU Combined Cell (2)

RRU

RRU

RRU Weighted combination

RRU

BBU


Weighted combination

... RAKE finger demodulation

. . .

MRC

Symbol rate process and higher layer process

RNC

Weighted combination

RRU

Downlink signal copy

Downlink signal generation

RRU

For a cell comprising more RRUs, the signals of the receiving antennas of some RRUs can be weighted according to the receiving power, be combined into one data stream, and then undergo subsequent detection and demodulation with a view to reducing the resource consumption of multi-path detection. Figure 7 shows the merge of six RRUs. The coverage areas of these RRUs can be di fferent from each other. ZTE Confidential Proprietary


8


The multi-RRU merge technology has the following advantages:



Decrease the numbe r of cells in a mobile commu nication netwo rk, simplify network planning and adjacency configuration in the RNC, reduce the frequency of handover controlled by the RNC greatly, implement the handover between coverage areas inside a cell through Node B, and improve subscriber experience and system performance.



One cell is co vered by multiple RRUs and with their anten nas. The co verage area of one cell can be so flexible as not to be limited to sector coverage or round coverage. It well caters to the coverage needs in special sc enarios, for example, a c omplex urban area, inside a building, or along a traffic route.



Attain the space division multiplexing effect in the uplink division: The uplink throughput of one cell can be equal to several times as high as that of a conventional cell.



The downlink signals of the same cell are transmitted by multiple RRUs. Downlink diversity gain can be attained in the overlap coverage area of different RRUs, thus improving the network coverage quality and raising the HSDPA throughput of each individual UE.

Figure 8 sh ows a n example of c ell coverage. Assume th at omni-directional round cells are not suitable to coverage in this dense urban area due to th e obstruction of buildings, and if a conventional coverage method is used, In Figure 8, each diamond-shaped area needs to be covered by one cell, and thus a total of 12 cells are required. Through the multi-RRU merge technology, a hexagonal area (approximate to a round in practice), which comprises three adjacent diamond-shaped areas (approximate to a sector in practice), is used as the coverage area of one cell. Three RRUs and their antennas are used to cover three diamond-shaped areas. As a result, only four cells are enough for the same network coverage. Generally, the technology decreases the number of required cells great ly, and reduces the frequency of hando ver controlled by the RNC.

Figure 8

Example on Multi-RRU Combined Cell



9


S13 S11 Cell 1 S23

S12

S21 Cell 2

S43 S41 Cell 4

S22

S33

S42

S31 Cell3 S32

Compared with the traditional sector networking mode, the merge technology has the following disadvantages:



While the number of required cells is decreased and downlinks UPAs and code resources are scheduled basing on a cell, the downlink system throughput is reduced greatly (although the average peak throughput per UE can be raised).



Downlink sig nals are transmitted by multiple RRUs at the same time, but UEs are usually distributed in the coverage area of one RRU, thus multiplying the downlink power consumption.



If there are a large number of RRUs, the signals of these RRUs undergo weighted combination be fore desc rambling and dispreading. As a r esult, the combined RRUs interfere with each other, thus a ffecting the receiving performance.

ZTE’ s UMTS supports five types of multi-RRU cell configuration (two RRUs, three RRUs, four RRUs, five RRUs, and six RRUs) as follows:



2-RRU Cell: Configure RxDiversity to 4: 2-RRU Cell and configure four receiving antenna parameters (configure RFRxID[1] to the main antenna of the first RRU, configure RFRxID[2] to the diversity antenna of the first RRU, configure RFRxID[3] to the main antenna of the second RRU, and configure RFRxID[4] to the diversity antenna of the second RRU,). Configure TxDiversity to 3: 2-RRU Cell, and configure two transmitting antenna parameters (configure RFTxID[1] to the transmitting main antenna of the first RRU, and configure RFTxID[2] to the transmitting main antenna of the second RRU.



3-RRU Cell: Configure RxDiversity to 5: 3-RRU Cell and configure six receiving antenna parameters (configure RFRxID[1] to the main antenna of the first RRU, configure RFRxID[2] to the diversity antenna of the first RRU, configure RFRxID[3] to the main antenna of the second RRU, configure RFRxID[4] to the diversity antenna of the second RRU, configure RFRxID[5] to the main antenna of the third RRU, and



10


configure RFRxID[6] to the diversity antenna of the third RRU). Configure TxDiversity to 4: 3-RRU Cell, and configure three transmitting antenna parameters (configure RFTxID[1] to the transmitting main antenna of the first RRU, configure RFTxID[2] to the transmitting diversity antenna of the second RRU, and configure RFTxID[3] to the transmitt ing main antenna of the third RRU.



4-RRU Cell: Configure eight recei ving antenn as and four transmitting antennas (the receiving antennas should be configured to receiving RF connections 1 to 8, and the transmitting antennas should be configured to transmitting RF connections 1 to 4).



5-RRU Cell: Configure ten recei ving antennas and five transmitting antennas (the receiving antennas should be configured to receiving RF connections 1 to 10, and the transmitting antennas should be configured to transmitting RF connections 1 to 5).



6-RRU Cell: Configure 12 receiving anten nas and six transmitting antennas (the receiving antennas should be configured to receiving RF connections 1 to 12, and the transmitting antennas should be configured to transmitting RF connections 1 to 6).

The procedure of adding new RF connections to the multi-RRU combined cell is the same as that of adding new RF connections to two-antenna receive diversity.

3.5

Trans mit Diversity This section describes the technical principle of transmit diversity in detail, including Space-Time Transmit Diversity (STTD), Time-Switched Transmit Diversity (TSTD), and closed-loop transmit mode 1.

3.5.1

Space-Time Transmit Diversity For STTD, the antenna data is encoded through the space time block and is sent to the main antenna and diversity antenna respecti vely. The space time block c ode varies with the modulation mod e. Figure 9 shows the S TTD codes o f QPSK, 16QAM, and 64 QAM. bi, i=0, 1, 2… are channel bits. For the AICH, E-RGCH, a nd E-HICH, the bi means  bi . For other channels,

bi is defined as follows:



If

bi = 0, bi = 1



If

bi = 1, bi = 0



If

bi b = other values, bi = bi i



11


Figure 9

STTD in QPSK Mode

b0 b1 b2 b3

Antenna 1

b2 b3 b0 b1

Antenna 2

b0 b1 b2 b3

Symbols

STTD encoded symbols for antenna 1 and antenna 2

Figure 10 STTD in 16QAM Mode



12


Antenna 1

b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7

b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7

Antenna 2 Symbols

b4 b5 b6 b7 b0 b1 b2 b3


Figure 11 STTD in 64QAM Mode Antenna 1 b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10

b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10

b11

b11

Symbols

Antenna 2 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10

b11

b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5


If space time transmit diversity is used, you need to set TxDiversity to 2: Two-Antenna transmit diversity, set RFTxID[1] to Antenna 1 , and set RFTxID[1] to Antenna 2 . To use space time transmit di versity , you need to configure the RNC appropriat ely, for example, set TxDivInd to 1: Active.



13


If configuring transmits diversity for a dedicated channel, you need to set PCCPCH.SttdInd of the P-CCPCH to 1: Active, and set PSCH.SttdInd of the P-SCH to 1: Active. If configuring transmit for a dedicated channel, the transmit diversity of the preceding three physical channels must be acti vated. To use the transmit di versit y of the DPCH/F -DPCH, you need to set TxDivMod to STTD. To use the transmit diversity of the S-CCPCH, you need to set SCCPCH.SttdInd to 1: Active. To use the transmit diversity of the S-CPICH, you need to set SCPICH.SttdInd to 1: Active. To use the transmit diversity of the AICH, MICH, and PICH, you need to set AICH.SttdInd , MICH.SttdInd, and PICH.SttdInd to 1: Active.

3.5.2

Time Switched Transmit Diversity TSTD is only used for a SCH, as shown in follow figure. Cp refers to the primary i,k synchronization code (PSC), and cs refers to the secondary synchronization code (SSC). i (= 0, 1, 63) refers to the number of scrambling groups. k (= 0, 1, 14) refers to the slot number. If the slot number is an even number, the PSC and SSC are transmitted by Antenna 1. If the slot number is an odd number, the PSC and SSC are transmitted by Antenna 2. If the P-CCP CH uses the STTD codes, a = a +1. Otherwise, a = 1.

Figure 12 TSTD of SCH Slot #0

Antenna 1

Slot #1

acp

(Tx OFF)

,

(Tx OFF)

acs

(Tx OFF)

Antenna 2 (Tx OFF)

acp i,1

acs

Slot #2

Slot #14

acp

acp

i,2

i,14

acs

acs

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)

If TSTD is used, you need to set SCH.TstdInd to 1: Active.

3.5.3

Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity Mode I Closed-loop transmit diversity mode 1 is mainly used for a dedicated physical channel (DPCH/HS-PDSCH), as shown in Figure 13. After being spread and scrambled, the DPCH/HS-PDSCH data is divided into master antenna data stream and diversity antenna data stream, which are multiplied by w1 and w2 respectively, and then are sent to the antennas. w1 and w2 are generated from the feedback information bits of the uplink DPCCH that Node B reads.

w1  1 / 2 ,

w2 

1  j 2

. For closed-loop transmit

diversity mode 1, the Two-Antennas use orthogonal pilot symbols. You need to set ZTE Confidential Proprietary


14


TxDiversity to 2: Two-Antenna transmit diversity, set RFTxID[1] to Antenna 1 , and set RFTxID[1] to Antenna 2 .

Figure 13 Closed-Loop Transmit Diversi ty Mode of DPCH/HS-PDSCH

CPICH1

Ant1

w1

 DPCH/ HS-PDSCH

w2

Spread/scramble

Ant 2

CPICH2 w1



w2

Weight Generation

Determine weight info message from the uplink

3.5.4

Connection of Transmit Diversity Figure 14 sh ows t he transmit diversity connection.

Figure 14 Connection of Transmi t Diversity

ANT2

ANT1

R&T

R&T

RRU/RSU

RRU/RSU

DF

DF T

T

R

R RTR+PA

RTR+PA

BBU



15


The RTR serves as a transceiver. PA refers to the power amplifier module, DF refers to the duplexer and filter, ANT1 refers to Antenna 1, and ANT2 refers to Antenna 2. The procedure of adding new RF connections to the transmit diversity is the same as that of adding new RF connections to two-antenna receive diversity.

3.6

Extended Cell Range to 80Km The scenarios of extended cell include seas, deserts, grasslands, mountainous region , and mountains; ZTE’ s UMTS supports the cells as distant as 80 km. When configuring the extended Cell Range 80 km, you need to set dwCellRadius to 80,000 m. To attain a better coverage effect, the following coverage enhancement measures can be taken:

3.6.1



Reduce the path loss by adjusting the mounting height o f antennas and lowering the carrier band.



Improve the sensiti vity by using directional anten nas and tower mounte d amplifiers and reducing the noise figure of the receivers.



Improve the processing gain: For example, use the AM R codes.



Improve the baseband processing capability to enhance the cell search capability.



Reduce the fading margin through various diversity technologies (multi- path diversity, antenna di versity, and macro diversity)

Reduction of Path Loss The typical application of extended cell is sea coverage. Depending on the coverage distance, the radio propagation environment on the sea is divide d into three sections: A, B, and C. Figure 15 shows its schematic diagram.

Figure 15 Sections of Radio propagation on the Sea



16


The following shows the details:

1

i

Section A: The distance from the BTS to its visu al range point is set to d1.

ii

Section B: The distance from the visu al range point of the BTS to the combined visual range point of the BTS and UEs is set to d2.

iii

Section C: The distance of the shadow area beyo nd the co mbined visual range point of the BTS and UEs is set to d.

Formula of line-of-sig ht propagatio n loss The propagation distance of radio electromagnetic waves on the sea can exceed the visible distance through diffraction. The eart h is a sphere. Ass ume that the mounting height of the BTS is Ht meters and the height of UE is Hr meters. The combined maximum visible distance (line-of-sight distance) of the BTS and UE is as follows:

d 

2 R ( H t  H r ) (km)

(1)

R refers to t he radius o f the earth. Considering th e impact o f atmos pheric refraction on the propagation of radio electromagnetic waves, the equivalent earth radius Re is usually used instead of R. In the conditions of standard atmospheric refraction, Re = 8,500 km. Therefore, Formul a (1) is changed into the following formula:

d  4.12( H t  H r ) (km)



(2)

17


The radio propagation environment on the sea is divided into three sections: A, B, and C. Section A: The distance from the BTS to the visual range point is set to d1.

d 1  4.12 H t

(km)

(3)

Section B: The distance from the visual range point of the BTS to the combined visual range point of the BTS and UEs is set to d2. Based on Formula (2), the following formula can be de rived:

d 2  4.12 H r

(km)

(4)

Section C: The shadow area beyond the combined visual range point of the BTS and UEs, that is, the area with the propagation dist ance beyo nd d1+d2. 2

Formula of path loss during radio propag ation Section A: Within the propagation distance of Section A, the radio propagation environment is very good on the sea and is similar to the propagation environment in free space. The mounting height of the BTS and height of UEs have little impact on propagation path loss, but have some impact on applicable distance and slope of path loss. The component of reflected waves is smaller than that of direct waves, and has little impact on the prediction of statistical median of the receiving level. Therefore, it can be ignored. For Sectio n A, the formula on propagation path loss is as follows:

L p  32.44  20 lg f  10 lg(d km)

(5)

where, Lp refers to t he propagation path loss on the sea; dkm refers to the distance (km) between the test point and the BTS; dkm ≤ d1. f



refers to the carrier frequency (MHz). refers to the slope of path loss. Its value range is 2.6 to 3.4.

Section B: Section B is a transition from the approximate free space to t he shadow globe area. At the combined visual range point of the B TS and UEs, the additional diffraction loss is about 6 dB. If the accuracy of prediction is ensured, the formula on propagation path loss in Section B is as follows:

L p  32.44  20 lg f  10 lg( d km)  6(d km  d 1) / d 2

(6)

where, the parameters are the same as those of Section A, for example, d1≤dkm≤d1+d2. Section C: ZTE Confidential Proprietary


18


Section C is in the shadow globe area. You need to refer to the diffraction loss model and revise the model properly. In addition, you need to consider the environmental features of radio propagation on the sea and the operability of coverage prediction. The formula on propagation path loss is as follows:

L p  32.44  20 lg f  10 lg( d km)  20 lg 0.5e ( 0.450.62v) v 



(7)



where, L refers to the wavelength (km).

v   R e1  sin(   ) (sin   sin  )

2d km  (d 1  d 2)(d km  (d 1  d 2)

(8)

Re refers to the equivalent earth radius when the impact of atmospheric refraction on radio electromagnetic waves is taken into account. In the condition of standard atmospheric refraction, Re = 8,500 km.

α = (d1+d2)/Re: It refers to the included angle of the combined visual range of the BTS and UEs to the revised earth model (unit: radian).

β = [dkm -(d1+d2)]/Re: It refers to the included angle between the test point and the combined visual range point of the BTS and UEs to the revised earth model (unit: radian).

The parameters are the same as those of Section A, for example, dkm ≥ d1+d2. 3

The total propagation loss is equal to the sum of propagation loss in Sections A, B, and C.

Ass ume that the preceding pat h loss model is used. Figure 16 sh ows a typical exten ded cell link propagation curve.

Figure 16 Propagation Curve



19


Section A is the line-of-sight propagation range and is also the main coverage area of over-distance coverage. To wide n the line-of-sight propagation range, the most e ffecti ve means is to raise the altitude height of the B TS antenna and altitude hei ght of the UE antenna, and reduce the carrier frequency. In practice, it is difficult to stipulate the altitude height of UEs by force. Therefore, the effective means is to raise the altitude height of the BTS antenna. Additionally, it is also an effective means to reduce the carrier transmit frequency. For example, assume that the altitude height of the UE antenna is 3 meters. To ensure the coverage distance of 80 km, the altitude height of the BTS antenna should be 310 meters (in the frequency band of 2.1 GHz) or 260 meters (in the frequency band of 9 00 MHz ).

3.6.2

Optimization of Antenna ZTE UMTS extended cell solution considers the gain of directional antennas. A highgain directional antenna can be used to raise the receiving gain and the coverage distance significantly.



A directional antenna brings a far higher gain than an omni directional antenna (usually by 6 to 7 dB). Therefore, the coverage radius of a macro cell directional BTS is far greater than that of an omni directional BTS. 



A directional transmitting antenn a is intended to improve the efficient utilization of the transmitted power and raise the confidentiality. A directional receiving antenna is intended to enhance the immunity from interference and raise the coverage distance.



20




The actual gain of a direction al antenna is related to the angle o f the antenn a. Usually, the smaller the lobe width is, the higher the gain is and the longer the co verage distance is. The smaller the lobe width is, the more cells are required.

Figure 17 Connection of TMA

ANTENNNA

+45º

-45º

Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Div

TMA

Tx/RxTx/Rx Div Sector1

ANTENNNA

ANTENNNA

+45º

+45º

-45º

Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Div

TMA

Tx/Rx

Tx/Rx Div

-45º

Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Div

TMA

Tx/Rx

Sector2

Tx/Rx Div

Sector3

Node B UMTS

A TMA is used to amplify the uplink signals. Usually, it is installed between the main feeder and the upside jumper (the 1/2 jumper connected to the antenna) so as to offset the deficiency of the uplink during the balanced budget between the uplink and downlink.

ZTE’ s extended cell solution fully considers the functions and advantages of the TMA, and uses the TMA technology to avoid system noise deterioration caused by over length of the feeder and improve the system sensitivity. As an important coverage enhancement means, the TMA technology is widely applied. It is mainly used in



21


extended cell scenarios, for example, suburban areas, rural areas, sea surface, and deserts. Customers can select the electrical down tilt antenna and TMA solution for the AISG interface. The solution allows you to adjust the down tilt angle of the antenna and TMA gain through remote or local control software, thus facilitating fine adjustment and network optimization.

3.6.3

Cell Searching Capability For an extended cell, the greater the cell radius is, the larger the multi-path search window of the Node B uplink is and the more search resources have to be consumed. ZTE’ s Node B baseband processing board uses the ASIC chip with proprietary intellectual property. The ASIC chip is so designed as to consider the search capability of the extended cell. ZTE‘ s baseband processing board supports the baseband processing capability and search capability of the over -distance (80 km) co verage cell and reserves the PRACH preamble search and message demodulation resources without occupying the CE resources of the baseband.

3.6.4

AMR Code The bit rate affects the uplink coverage. If the bit rate is very high, the processing gain is very low and the coverage area is very small. An AMR vocoder can be used to raise the coverage area of the voice service effectively. The AMR vocoder is a single voice codec. Its source rate can be 12.2 (GSM-EFR), 10.2, 7.95, 7.40 (IS-641), 6.70 (PDC-EFR), 5.90, 5.15, an d 4.75kbit/s. Dynamic AMR adjustment is to adjust the rate of the uplink/downlink AMR service dynamically to adapt to the ever-changing radio environment. In the UMTS, the radio environment between the UE and BTS is constantly changing. When the UE moves to the edge of the coverage area or if the radio environment is bad, the BTS or UE transmits higher power through closed-loop power control so as to ensure the QoS of the AMR service. As a result, the power is further raised, the radio environment is further deteriorated, and the system capacity is reduced. Furthermore, the QoS cannot be ensured even if the power is raised to an ultimate value. In this cas e, you can lower t he AMR, offs et the deterioration of the radio environm ent through high spreading gain, and reduce the power overhead. If the radio environment between the UE and BTS is very good and if the transmit power of the BTS or UE is very low, you can raise the AMR to provide a higher QoS so long as the experience of other subscribers or system performance is not affected.

ZTE’ s UMTS supports t he dynamic AM R adjustment based on th e transmit power of the dedicated c hannel:



When the transmit power of the uplink UE is very high, the uplink AMR is reduced at the UE side under the control o f the RNC.



When the dedicated transmit power of the downlink Node B is very high, the downlink AMR is reduced at the CN side unde r the control of the RNC.



If the transmit power of the uplink UE is very low and system load is very low, the uplink AMR is raised at the UE side under the control of the RNC.



22




If the dedicat ed transmit power of the do wnlink Node B is very low and sys tem load is very low, the downlink AMR is raised at the CN side unde r the control of the RNC.

The RNC sends the TFC CONTROL message to the UE so as to control the uplink AMR at the UE side. The RNC sends the IUUP rate control frame to the CN so as to control the downlink AMR at the CN side. You can attain the link budget gain by reducing the AMR. The calculation formula is as follows: 3dB

12.2  12.2 10

Gain _ AMR  10 * log 10(

10

3dB

bitrate _ AMR(kb / s )  12.2 10

）

10

For the 12.2-Kbps AMR voice service, the power difference between the DPCCH and DPDCH is -3 dB. When the AMR is varying, the power of the DPCCH remains unchanged. When the AMR goes down, the power of the DPDCH is reduced. Table 1 shows the mapping between the AMR and the gain of the 12.2 -Kbps voice service.

Table 1

Mappi ng Between AMR and Coverage Gain

AMR (Kbps)

Coverage Gain (dB)

12.2

0

10.2

0.5

7.95

1.15

7.4

1.32

6.7

1.55

5.9

1.83

5.15

2.11

4.75

2.27

The coverage gain varies with the coverage scenario. The coverage gain is mainly related to the path loss factors. For over-distance coverage, the coverage gain varies with the height of the BTS antenna.

3.7

Extended Cell Range to 120 km The Extended Cell Range scenarios include seas, desserts, grasslands, plains, and mountains. ZTE UMTS equipments support the Extended Cell Range to 120 km. To configure such a cell, you need to set the dwCellRadius parameter to 120,000 m. The description of the technology used for 120 km Extended Cell Range is referred to that for Extended Cell Range to 80 km.



23


3.8

High-Speed Access Comparing with the communications in standstill or low-speed moving, there are more problems involved in the high-speed moving conditions. The main influences are the Doppler shi ft and the fast h andover. The higher the mo ving sp eed is ,the more influence there are. And it ’s more difficult to solve that problem and need more technical requirements correspondently. Compared with the common access environment, the high-speed access environment has the following features: 1

Propagation model and channel environment The propagation environment and channel environment of high-speed trains are similar to those of expressways. The propagation environment outside a train is similar to that in rural scenarios. Similarly, there is great probability of a direct path between a UE and a Node B; there is little time delay spread and less multipath(except for the mountainous areas); and the beam-forming gain of a smart antenna is supposed to be high.

2

Vehicle loss Since the users are inside the high-speed trains, the penetration loss of the vehicle should be considered during coverage planning. The penetration loss is generally 10 – 15 dB for a common train. For a high-speed train like the one moving from Guangzhou to Shenzhen, the penetration loss is about 15 –20 dB according to the test results. The penetration loss brings great challenges on the continuous coverage.

3

High moving speed of the terminals The moving speed of a UE is generally 150 – 200 km/h Sometimes it may arrive to 250 km/h in some railway sections. In the coming years, the moving speed of a UE could be 300 – 350 km/h. At such speed, the Doppler shift is more than 400 Hz. Both the Node B and the UE must support the dynamic phase compensation to meet the Quality of Se rvic e (QoS) requirements.

4

Users ’ distribution The users in high-speed trains are distributed inside the passenger carriages and are moving along with the train. The handover and the cell reselect ion are rather frequently. Therefore, Node B resources a re occupied in a burst manner.

5

Special environments such as railway tunnels There are more railway tunnels than road tunnels. In general, railway tunnels are much longer than road tunnels. They need s pecial co verage design.

3.8.1

Doppler shift In high-speed coverage scenarios, the Doppler effect has the greatest influence on the performance of the UMTS system. The wavelengths of the received signals are changed due to the relative motion of the signal source and the receiver. This is called the Doppler effect. In mobile communication systems, especially in high-speed scenarios,



24


the Doppler effect is even more obvious. The frequency offset caused by the Doppler effect is called Doppl er shift, which is expressed by the following formula:

f d 

f C

 v  cos

Where:

θ is the inclined angle between the moving direction of the UE and the signal propagation direction; v is the movi ng speed of the UE; C is the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves; f is the carrier frequency, which is about 2 GHz. Ass ume a high-sp eed UE passes a Node B,the scenario is as shown in the following figure.

Figure 18 Scenario where a High-Speed UE Passes a Node B

y

v UE

θ

r

d

Node B

x

When the carrier frequency f and the moving speed v are fixed, the Doppler shift will be changed with cosθ. In addition, since the UE adjusts its transmitting frequency according to its receiving signal from the Node B, a double Doppler shift will be generated for the Node B. Therefore, the fd can be further express ed by the following formula:

f d 

2  f  v 2  t C  v 2  t 2  d 2

The following figure shows a tendency curve of the Doppler frequency offset that changes with the value of d at differe nt vehicle rates.

Figure 19 Doppler shift when the Value of D Changes at Different Vehicle Rates



25


As can be seen from th e figure ab ove, the Doppler shift has the following features: 1

When the UE is moving, the Dopple r shift changes as the UE's location changes.

2

The maxim um Doppler shift received by the Node B is in proportion to the moving speed of the UE. The more quickly the UE moves, the greater the frequency offset is, as shown in Table 1.

Table 2

3

3.8.2

Rela tionship Between the Doppler shift and the Vehicle Rates

Vehicle Rate (km/h)

Max imum Doppler shift (Hz)

120

480

300

1150

350

1340

430

1600

The farther the UE is away from the Node B ,the more Doppler shift is The frequency offset would be 0 but the frequency offset has the fastest change when the UE passes the Node B.

Handover Influence In high-speed scenarios, the handover performance will be much affected. To guarantee the users' seamless mobility and QoS, the system design should ensure that the time for the UE to pass the handover zone is longer than the handover processing time.



26


Otherwise, the handover procedure cannot be completed and the user's QoS will be degraded or even call drops, The handover In WCDMA systems include intra-frequency soft handover, interfrequency hard handover, and inter-system handover. They have different features and different applications in high-speed scenarios. Soft handover is a particular policy of WCDMA systems. A user may establish and maintain multiple wireless connections with multiple cells so as to obtain a greater link gain. In high-speed scenarios, the system needs to provide a greater cell coverage radius than in common scenarios, so as to avoid frequent handover. A large handover zone, however, should be guaranteed among cells to ensure the users in macro diversity as much as possible to increase the macro diversity gain, and to guarantee users' QoS and seamless mobility accordingly. In general, it takes about 400 to 800 milliseconds to process soft handover. For this reason, the handover zone should meet at least the requirements given in Table 2 at different moving rates.

Table 3

3.8.3

Minim um Handover Distance Required At Different Moving Rates

Scenario

Rate

Handover Distance

Expressway

120 km/h

26.67 m

High-speed railway

300 km/h

66.67 m

High-speed railway

350 km/h

77.78 m

Magnetic levitation railway

450 km/h

100.01 m

Cell Selection and Reselection In high-speed scenarios, network problems such as user registration failure and cell reselection failure may easily occ ur. These problems occur mostly because th e camp-on time of the UE is shorter than the duration of the cell reselection procedure. In general, the planned cell radius is large in high-speed scenarios and a user should be able to complete the cell reselection procedure in a cell. In areas where the coverage of one cell overlaps that of another cell, the cell reselection procedure may fail if the UE is moving too fast. This cell reselection failure, however, does not much affect the user ’s experience unless he/she is making or receiving a call at that moment. To avoid this problem, the cell reselection procedure should be shortened as much as possible. This involves the reading of system messages, of which the length and repetition period are both factors affecting the cell selection.

3.8.4

Baseband Frequency Offset Compensation Algorithm The Doppler shift is often very great for the users moving at high speed. Estimating and correcting this frequency offset to the transmitter is a mandatory function of the Node B ’s receiver. Otherwise, the link performance will be greatly affected. In addition, the Node B receiver must solve the fast changing of frequency offset, that is, it must rapidly adapt to the changing sp eed of frequency offset and effecti vely make com pensation. The baseband frequency o ffset com pensation algorithm of the Node B is usually divided into two types: frequency offset estimation and compensation in the random access procedu re; frequency offset estimation and compensation for dedicated channels. These two types greatly differ from each other.



27


In the access procedure of a Code Division Multiple Access system, the frequency offset estimation and compensation in the random access procedure should attain a tradeoff between resources and performance. When decoding the preamble information, generally the system simultaneously performs frequency offset compensation and decoding by setting multiple fixed frequencies offset compensation values, t hen determines the frequency offset compensation value with which the decoding results has the highest preamble energy, and then uses this value to make frequency offset compens ation in the access message decoding procedu re. Whe n the moving speed of a magnetic levitation train reaches 430 km/h, the maximum Doppler frequency offset is approximately 2000 Hz. If the system uses the current random access frequency offset estimation and compensation method, usually more than seven preset frequency offset compensation values need to be set. This involves a huge waste of hardware resources, because usually only three preset frequency offset compensation values are set in wireless scenarios. Even so, the estimated frequency offset value is not accurate enough. To solve this problem, ZTE has developed an enhanced frequency offset estimation method, which can guarantee b etter frequency o ffset estimation per formance while greatly saving preamble check resources and can be flexibly applied to the configuration of coherent integration parameters. The frequency offset estimation and compensation algorithm for dedicated channels should focus on the speed and range of frequency offset tracking. For example, the channel model for high-speed trains given in 3GPP R7 comprehensively takes into account the sp eed and range of frequency offset tracking, as described in Table 3 below.

Table 4

Parameters in High-Speed Train Scenarios

Parameter

Value Scena rio 1

Scena rio 2

Scena rio 3

1000 m

Infinity

300 m

Dm in

50 m

-

2m

K

-

10 dB

-

v

350 km/h

300 km/h

300 km/h

f d

1340 Hz

1150 Hz

1150 Hz

D s

D s 2 is

In the table above,

the farthest distance in m from the train to the Node B,

Dm in is the distance in m from the Node B to the rail, and v is the moving velocity per hou r of the train. ZTE UMTS baseband subsystem employs a frequency offset compensation algorithm independently developed by ZTE to ensure that the frequency offset estimation is within a reasonable range and the changes of the frequency offset could be quickly tracked. The figure below shows the obtained frequency offset tracking results.

Figure 20 Frequency Offset Estimation of ZTE UMTS



28


The figure 21 shows the actual frequency offset after being compensated by ZTE UMTS baseband subsystem. As can be seen, the estimated value of frequency offset well coincides with the actual value of frequency offset, and the maximum frequency offset estimation error is less than 300 Hz.

Figure 21 Frequency Offset Compensated by ZTE UMTS Baseband Subsystem



29


3.8.5

Handover Optimization Soft handover is a particular policy of WCDMA systems. A user may establish and maintain multiple wireless connect ions with multiple cells so as to obtain a gre ater link gain. In high-speed scenarios, the system needs to provide a greater cell coverage radius than in common scenarios, so as to avoid frequent handover. A large handover zone, however, should be guaranteed amon g cells to ensure the users in macro diversity as much as possible in order to increase the macro diversity gain and to guaranteeing use rs' QoS a nd seamless mobility accordingly. In addition, the handover performance could be improved by configuring the handover parameters. The 1A (RptRange) configuration can be easily triggered, whereas it is much more difficult to trigger the 1B (RptRange) configuration, so th at the radio links are in macro diversity as much as possible. The time for triggering event reports is designed to smoothen the measurements and to avoid erroneous event reports caused by burst signals. In high-speed scenarios, the TrigTime parameter can be set to a small value for 1A events so as to timely responds to the signal changing. For 1B events, it can be set to a large value so that the corresponding link will be removed from macro diversity only when the signal quality of the link is really poor an d thus th e user's m acro diversity gain is g uaranteed as much as possible. In the case of inter-frequency hard handover and inter-system handover, the compression mode should be started first. The UE performs inter-frequency or intersystem measurement. The measurements will be reported only when the conditions for triggering inter-frequency handover or inter-system handover e vents are met. Thus there is a large time delay. In general, the time required to complete inter -frequency hard



30


handover is about 1.4 to 2 seconds and the time for inter-system handover is about seconds, even if handover event reporting is triggered immediately after the activates the compression mode. Because the event reporting time of the UE is certain, usually inter-frequency hard handover and inter-system handover are recommended in high-speed scenarios.

1.4 UE not not

Acc ording to the previous analysis, handover needs to be optimized in the following aspects to meet the application requirements in special scenarios of high-speed railway:



Plan the c ell radius as large as possible in high-speed scenarios: When the coverage radius of a cell is large enough, handover does not frequently occur even if the UE mo ves at high s peed.



Plan the hand over zo ne as large as possible: This ensures that UEs are kept in macro diversity state as much as possible.



Apply handover policies: Implement co-frequency coverage as much as p ossible for the network layer used to absorb the traffic of high-speed UEs, so that only intrafrequency soft handover but neither inter-frequency hard handover nor inter-system handover is performed for high-speed UEs.



Optimize the configuration of handover parameters: Ensure that decision-m aking is quick enough for measurement events which are timely notified to the network.

3.8.6

Cell Reselection Optimization 1

Shortening the time for reading system messages In WCDMA systems, the useful system information include SIB1, SIB3, and SIB11. These system messages would be much longer if too many neighboring cells are configured. Therefore, valid neighboring cells should be configured during setting the cell reselection parameters. Besides, cell reselection and cell handover need to be configured sepa rately to ensure that the neighboring cell configuration would not be lost during h andover. Because the system messages are read on wireless channels which will be interfered by the surrounding wireless environment, it is very hard to read the complete system messages of a cell accurately in a petition period. Instead, it takes multiple repetition periods to finish reading all these system messages. A UE can continue to camp on a cell only after reading all the system messages of this cell. Therefore, to ensure that UEs can quickly camp on a cell, the network needs to shorten the repetition period o f the system messages as much as possible.

2

Configuring reselection parameters Reselection parameters should be reasonably configured to quicken the cell reselection procedure. Because UEs may move very fast, to timely respond to QoS changes, you can set the SIntraSearchPre parameter to No (indicating that the SIB message does not carry the relevant SIntraSearch information), so that the UE periodically performs intra-frequency measurement. The TReselection parameter is used to avoid misjudgment due to burst signals. In general, UEs move unidirectional and the signal quality does not fluctuate much in high-speed scenarios. Therefore,



31


this parameter should be set to a value as small as possible to quicken the cell reselection procedure. Furthermore, parameters QHyst2S/QHyst1S and Qoffset1SNSib11/Qoffset2SNSib11 can also be set to small values. Cell reselection is performed as long as the signal quality of the neighboring cells is slightly better than the signal quality of the current cell.

4

Parameters Related to Coverage Enhancement Control

4.1

Para meters Related to RF Connectio n

4.1.1

Parameter List Abbreviated name Parameter name Rack Configuration Table RackNo

Rack No

Rack Type

Rack Typ e

Rack Topology Configuration Table RackNo

RACKNO

ShelfNo

SHELFNO

SlotNo

SLOTNO

PortID

PORT

ChildRackNo

RACKNO

ChildShelfNo

SHELFNO

ChildSlotNo

SLOTNO

ChildPortID

PORT

Topology Type

Topo type

RF Connection Table RackNo

RACKNO

ShelfNo

SHELFNO

SlotNo

SLOTNO

Rx port ID

Rx port ID

Parent frequency band

Parent frequency band

Sub frequency band

Sub frequency band



32


4.1.2

Parameter Configuration

4.1.2.1

Rack No 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set->Equipment object-> Rack ->Rack No




The parameter indicates the rack number.

4.1.2.2

Rack Type 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set->Equipment object-> Rack ->Rack Type




The parameter indicates the rack type. When the rack number is 1, you can only select the main rack that matches the BTS type, and you cannot modify this rack type. When the rack number is large r than 1, you can select a RRU rack (ZXSDR R8840, ZXSDR R8860, ZXSDR R8880).

4.1.2.3

RACKNO 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Fiber cable object ->Optical port of previous hop in topology s tructure->RA CKNO




The parameter indicates the number of the upper-level rack in the topology. Its value is equal to the number of a configured rack that serves as an upper-level rack.

4.1.2.4

SHELFNO 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Fiber cable object ->Optical port of previous hop in topology s tructure ->SHELFNO



33





The parameter indicates the number of the shelf accommodating the upper-level board in the topology. Its value is automatically specified.

4.1.2.5

SLOTNO 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Fiber cable object ->Optical port of previous hop in topology structure->SLOTNO




The parameter indicates the number of the slot accomm odating the u pper-le vel board in the topology. Its value is automatically specified.

4.1.2.6

PORT 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Fiber cable object ->Optical port of previous hop in topology st ructure->PORT




The parameter indicates the number of the available port of the upper -level board. The value range is automatically adjusted according to the sel ected upper-level board.

4.1.2.7

RACKNO 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Fiber cable object ->Optical port of next hop in topology s tructure->RACKNO




The parameter indicates the number of the lower-level rack in the topology. Its value is equal to the number of a configured rack that serves as a lower-level rack.

4.1.2.8

SHELFNO 

OMC Path



34


View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Fiber cable object ->Optical port of next hop in topology s tructure->SHELFNO




The parameter indicates the number of the shelf accommodating the lower-level board in the topology. Its value is automatically specified accordin g to the selected boa rd.

4.1.2.9

SLOTNO 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Fiber cable object ->Optical port of next hop in topology structure->SLOTNO




The parameter indicates the number of the slot acc ommodating the lower -level board in the topology. Its value is automatically specified according to the selected b oard.

4.1.2.10

PORT 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Fiber cable object ->Optical port of next hop in topology s tructure->PORT




The parameter indicates the number of the available port of the lower-level board in the topology. At present, its value can only be equal to 0.

4.1.2.11

RACKNO 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Rx de vice o bject ->RACKNO




The parameter indicates the number of the RF rack. The parameter is automatically configured when RF board is configured.



35


4.1.2.12

SHELFNO 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Rx device object ->SHELFNO




The parameter indicates the number of the RF shelf. The parameter is automatically configured when RF board is configured.

4.1.2.13

SLOTNO 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Rx de vice o bject ->SLOTNO




The parameter indicates the number of the slot accommodating the RF board. The parameter is automatically configured when RF board is configured.

4.1.2.14

Rx port ID 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Rx de vice o bject ->Rx po rt ID




The parameter indicates the RF port ID. Its value can be equal to 0 or 1. The parameter is automatically configured when RF board is configured

4.1.2.15

Parent frequency band 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Rx device object ->Parent frequency band




The parameter indicates the band flag. The parameter is automatically configured when RF board is configured



36


4.1.2.16

Sub frequency band 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set-> Equipment object->Rx de vice o bject ->Sub frequency band




The parameter indicates the sub band flag. The parameter is automatically configured when RF board is configured

4.2

Para meters Related to Receive Diversity

4.2.1

Parameter List

4.2.2

Abbreviated name

Parameter name

Tx Type

Tx Type

Tx device

Tx device

Rx Typ e

Rx Typ e

Rx devic e

Rx devic e


4.2.2.1

Tx Type 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object-> Tx Type




The parameter indicates the type of transmit diversity.

4.2.2.2

Tx device 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object ->UMTS sector object-> Tx de vice




The parameter indicates the transmitting antenna of the RRU. The antennas of several RRU can be selected.



37


4.2.2.3

Rx Type 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object-> Rx Type




The parameter is used to co nfigure the recei ving type o f the antenna.

4.2.2.4

Rx device 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object-> Rx device




The parameter indicates the receiving antenna of the RRU. The receiving antennas of several RR U can be selected.

4.3

Para meters Related to Multi-RRU One Cell

4.3.1

Parameter List Refer to 4.2.1 Parameter list

4.3.2

Parameter Configuration Refer to 4.2.2 Parameter C onfiguration

4.4

Para meters Related to Transmit Diversity

4.4.1

Parameter List Abbreviated name

Parameter name

Tx Type

Tx Type

Tx device

Tx device

Rx Typ e

Rx Typ e

Rx devic e

Rx devic e

TxDivM od

Transmit Diversity Mode

SCH.TstdInd

SCH TS TD Indicator



38


4.4.2

P-CPICH.SttdInd

P-CPICH STTD Indicator

S-CPICH.SttdInd

S-CPICH STTD Indicator

P-CCPCH.SttdInd

PCCPCH STTD Indicator

S-CCPCH.SttdInd

SCCPCH STTD Indicator

MICH.SttdInd

MICH STTD Indicator

AICH.SttdInd

AICH STTD Indicator

PICH.SttdInd

PICH S TTD Indicator

TxDivInd

Tx Diversity Indicator


4.4.2.1

Tx Type 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object-> Tx Type




The parameter indicates the type of transmit diversity.

4.4.2.2

Tx device 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS s ector object-> Tx d evice




The parameter indicates the transmitting antenna of the RRU. The antennas of several RRU can be selected.

4.4.2.3

Rx Type 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object-> Rx Type




The parameter is used to co nfigure the recei ving type o f the antenna.



39


4.4.2.4

Rx device 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object-> Rx device




The parameter indicates the receiving antenna of the RRU. The receiving antennas of several RRU can be selected.

4.4.2.5

Transmit Diversity Mode 

OMC Path

Path: View -> Configuration Management -> OMC -> UTRAN SubNetwork -> RNC Management Element -> RNC Config Set -> RNC Radio Resource Management -> Advanced Paramet er Man ager -> Power Control Related to Service and Di versity Mode -> Sub-service Type XXX -> Transmit Diversity Mode




This parameter indicates the mode of transmit diversity.

4.4.2.6

SCH TSTD Indicator 

OMC Path

Path: View -> Configuration Management -> OMC -> UTRAN SubNetwork -> RNC Management Element -> RNC Config Set -> RNC Radio Resource Management -> Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> PSCH -> SCH TSTD Indicator




The parameter is used if it is necessary to improve t he receiving performance of the mobile UE. When the parameter is activated, the SCH recei ving performance of the UE is improved. In case any downlink channel uses transmit diversity, the SCH must also use transmit diversity.

4.4.2.7

P-CPICH STTD Indicator 

OMC Path

View -> Configuration Management -> OMC -> UTRAN SubNetwork -> RNC Management Element -> RNC Config Set -> RNC Radio Resource Management -> Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> PCPICH -> P-CPICH STTD Indicator



40





When the parameter is activated, the transmit di versity of the PCPICH is enabled.

4.4.2.8

S-CPICH STTD Indicator 

OMC Path

Path: View -> Configuration Management -> OMC -> UTRAN SubNetwork -> RNC Management Element -> RNC Config Set -> RNC Radio Resource Management -> Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> SCPICH -> S-CPICH STTD Indicator




When the parameter is activated, the transmit di versit y of the P- CCPCH is enabled.

4.4.2.9

PCCPCH STTD Indicator 

OMC Path

Path: View -> Configuration Management -> OMC -> UTRAN SubNetwork -> RNC Management Element -> RNC Config Set -> RNC Radio Resource Management -> Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> PCCPCH -> PCCPCH STTD Indicator




The parameter is used if it is necessary to improve the receiving performance of the mobile UE. When the parameter is activated, the P-CCPCH receiving performance of the UE is improved. In case any downlink channel uses transmit dive rsity, the P -CCPCH must also use transmit diversity.

4.4.2.10

S-CCPCH STTD Indicator 

OMC Path

Path: View -> Configuration Management -> OMC -> UTRAN SubNetwork -> RNC Management Element -> RNC Config Set -> RNC Radio Resource Management -> Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> S-CCPCH -> SCCPCH STTD Indicator




When the parameter is activated, the transmit di versit y of the S- CCPCH is enabled.

4.4.2.11

MICH STTD Indicator 

OMC Path



41


Path: View -> Configuration Management -> OMC -> UTRAN SubNetwork -> RNC Management Element -> RNC Config Set -> RNC Radio Resource Management -> Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> MICH -> MICH STTD Indicator




When the parameter is activated, the transmit di versit y of the MICH is enabled.

4.4.2.12

AICH STTD Indicator 

OMC Path

Path: View -> Configuration Management -> OMC -> UTRAN SubNetwork -> RNC Management Element -> RNC Config Set -> RNC Radio Resource Management -> Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> AICH -> AICH STTD Indicator




When the parameter is activated, the transmit di versit y of the AICH is enabled.

4.4.2.13

PICH STTD Indicator 

OMC Path

Path: View -> Configuration Management -> OMC -> UTRAN SubNetwork -> RNC Management Element -> RNC Config Set -> RNC Radio Resource Management -> Utran Cell -> Utran Cell XXX -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> PICH -> PICH STTD Indicator




When the parameter is activated, the transmit di versit y of the PICH is enabled.

4.5

Para meter Related to Extended Cell Range to 80Km

4.5.1

Parameter List Abbreviated name

Parameter name

dwCellRadius

Cell radius



42


4.5.2


4.5.2.1

Cell radius 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->OMC->UTRAN SubNetwork->Management NE>Base Station Config Set->SdrFunction object->UMTS sector object->Local cell object-> Cell radius




The parameter indicates the c ell radius.

4.6

High speed access

4.6.1

Parameter List Field Name

Name on the Interface

QHyst2S

QHyst2S

QHyst1S

QHyst1S

Qoffset1SNSib11

Qoffset1SNSib11

Qoffset2SNSib11

Qoffset2SNSib11

TReselection

TReselection

SIntraSearchPre

SIntraSearchPre

SIntraSearch

SIntraSearch

RptRange

RptRange

TrigTime[MA X_INTRA_MEAS_EVE NT ] TrigTime RptRange [MA X_INTRA_MEAS_EVENT]

4.6.1.1

RptRange

QHyst1S 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->RNC NE->RNC Radio Resource Management>UtranCell->UtranCellXX->Cell Selection and Reselection-> Cell Selection and ReselectionX-> Modify Ad vanced Parameter-> Qhyst1-s(dB)




This parameter indicates the hysteresis value for FDD cells in case the quality measure for cell selection and reselection is set to CPICH RSCP. In cell-ranking criterion



43


R of cell reselection, the R value of serving cell equals to the measured value plus the hysteresis value. For more information, see TS 25.304

4.6.1.2

QHyst2s 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->RNC NE->RNC Radio Resource Management>UtranCell->UtranCellXX->Cell Selection and Reselection-> Cell Selection and ReselectionX-> Modify Ad vanced Parameter-> Qhyst 2-s(dB)




This parameter indicates the hysteresis value for FDD cells in case the quality measure for cell selection and reselection is set to CPICH RSCP. In cell-ranking criterion R of cell reselection, the R value of serving cell equals to the measured value plus the hysteresis value. For more information, see TS 25.304

4.6.1.3

Qoffset1SNSib11 

OMC Path

This parameter indicates the q uality o ffset of t he serving cell and neighbor cell when the quality measure is CPICH RSCP. This parameter is required when queues cells in the cell reselection rule. This parameter is broadcast to UE in SIB11. R of neighbor cell = measured signal quality of neighbor cell - this offset.




This parameter indicates the q uality o ffset of t he serving cell and neighbor cell when the quality measure is CPICH RSCP. This parameter is required when queues cells in the cell reselection rule. This parameter is broadcast to UE in SIB11. R of neighbor cell = measured signal quality of neighbor cell - this offset.

4.6.1.4

Qoffset2SNSib11 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->RNC NE->RNC Radio Resource Management>UltranCell ->UltranCellXXX-> Neighbouring Cell -> Advanced Parameter Manager -> Qoffset2s,n in S IB11(dB)




This parameter indicates the q uality o ffset of t he serving cell and neighbor cell when the quality measure is CPICH Ec/No. This parameter is required when queues cells in the cell reselection rule. This parameter is broadcast to UE in SIB11. R of neighbor cell = measured signal quality of neighbor cell - this offset.



44


4.6.1.5

TReselection 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->RNC NE->RNC Radio Resource Management>UltranCell-> UtranCellXX->Cell Selection and Reselection-> Cell Selection and ReselectionX->Advanced Parameter Mana ger -> Treselection(s)




This parameter indicates the cell reselection timer value. UE will reselect the new cell if the new cell is best ranked according to the criterion R during a time interval indicated by Treselection and the new cell can be selected as new serving cell only after extension of the reselection timer.

4.6.1.6

SIntraSearchPre 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->RNC NE->RNC Radio Resource Management>UtranCell->UtranCellXX->Cell Selection and Reselection-> Cell Selection and ReselectionX-> Modify Ad vanced Parameter-> S-intrasearch C onfiguration Tag)




This parameter is a switch indicating whether S intrasearch is configured or not. If the value is False, S intrasearch is not configured to UE, and UE performs the intra-frequency measurement. If the value is True, S intrasearch is configured to UE, and UE judges whether to perform the intra-frequency measurement. For the judgment rule, see 3.2.4. The parameter decription in For the description, see TS 25.304

4.6.1.7

SintraSearch 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->RNC NE->RNC Radio Resource Management>UtranCell->UtranCellXX->Cell Selection and Reselection-> Cell Selection and ReselectionX-> Modify Ad vanced Parameter-> S-intrasearch(dB)




This parameter indicates the intra-frequency measurement triggering threshold for cell reselection (S intrasearch ) used by UE to judge whether intra-frequency measurement should be performed. When HCS is not used, if the quality of serving cell exceeds Sintrasearch, UE may choose to not perform intra-frequency measurement. If the quality of serving cell is not larger than S intrasearch or if S intrasearch is not configured, UE performs intra-frequency measurement. For more information, see TS 25.30 4.



45


4.6.1.8

TrigTime[MAX_INTRA_MEAS_EVENT] 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->RNC NE->RNC Radio Resource Management-> Advanced Param eter Manager ->intra ->TrigTime[MAX_INTRA_MEAS_EVENT]




This parameter indicates the time difference between the time that the event generation is detected and the time that the event is reported. The event is triggered and the measurement report is reported only when the event generation is detected and still meets the requirements of event triggering after Time to trigger.

4.6.1.9

RptRange [MAX_INTRA_MEAS_EVENT] 

OMC Path

View->Configuration Management->RNC NE->RNC Radio Resource Management-> Advanced Param eter Manager ->intra -> R ptRange [MAX_INTRA_ MEAS_EVENT]




Event 1A is easier to be triggered when the reporting range constant for event 1A is set to a larger value; and vice verse. Event 1B is easier to be triggered when the reporting range constant for event 1B is set to a smaller value; and vice verse.

5

Glossary 16QAM

16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

A AICH

Acquisition Indicator Channel

AISG

Antenna Interface Standar ds Group

AMR

Adaptive Multi-Rate

ANT

ANTenn a

ASIC

Application Specified Integ rated Circuit

B BBU

Base Band Unit



46


C CE

Channel Element

CN

Core Network

CPICH

Common Pilot Channel

D DF

Duplexer Filter

Div

Diversity

DPCCH

Dedicate d Physic al Cont rol Channel

DPCH

Dedicated Physic al Channel

DPDCH

Dedicate d Physic al Data Channel

E EFR

Enhanced Full Rate

E-HICH

E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel

E-RGCH

E-DCH Relati ve Grant Channel

F-DPCH

Fractional DPCH

G GGSN

GPRS Gateway Support Node

GSM

Global System for Mobile comm unication

H HLR

Home Location Register

HSDPA

High Speed Downlink Packet Acc ess

HS-PDSCH

High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel

M MICH

MBMS Indicator Channel

MRC

Maximal Ratio Combing

N Node B

UMTS base station

P



47


PA

Power Amplifier

P-CCPCH

Primary Common Control Physic al Channel

PDC

Personal Digital Cellular

PICH

Paging Indicator Channel

PRACH

Physical Random Access Channel

PSC

Primary Synchronisation Code

P-SCH

Primary Synchronization Channel

Q QoS

Quality of Service

QPSK

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

R RAN

Radio

Access Network

RF

Radio frequency

RNC

Radio Network Controlle r

RRU

Radio Remote Unit

RTR

RRU Transceive

Rx(R)

Receive

S S-CCPCH

Secondary Common Control Physical

SCH

Synchronization Channel

S-CPICH

Secondary Common Pilot Channel

SGSN

Serving GPRS Support Node

SSC

Secondary Synchr onisation Code

STTD

Space Time Transmit Diversity

Channel

T TFC

Transmission Power Control

TMA

Tower Mounte d Amplifier

TS TD

Time Switched Transmit Diversity



48

ZTE UMTS Coverage Enhancement Feature Guide U9.2

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