ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PADA ANAK DENGAN TUBERCULOSIS PARU
Disusun Oleh : Mohammad Ivanto., S.Kep
(070111b053)
Ni Kadek Ely Ermawati., Skep (070111b055)
PROGRAM PENDIDIKAN PROFESI NERS SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN NGUDI WALUYO UNGARAN 2012
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. LATAR BELAKANG
Penyakit TBC adalah suatu penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Mikobakterium tuberkulosa. Bakteri ini berbentuk batang dan bersifat tahan asam sehingga dikenal juga sebagai Batang Tahan Asam (BTA). Bakteri ini pertama kali ditemukan oleh Robert Koch pada tanggal 24 Maret 1882, sehingga untuk mengenang jasanya bakteri tersebut diberi nama baksil Koch. Bahkan, penyakit TBC pada paru paru kadang disebut sebagai Koch Pulmonum (KP). Penyakit TBC dapat menyerang siapa saja (tua, muda, laki-laki, perempuan, miskin, atau kaya) dan dimana saja. Setiap tahunnya, Indonesia bertambah dengan seperempat juta kasus baru TBC dan sekitar 140.000 kematian terjadi setiap tahunnya disebabkan oleh TBC. Bahkan, Indonesia adalah negara ketiga terbesar dengan masalah TBC di dunia. Survei prevalensi TBC yang dilakukan di enam propinsi pada tahun 1983-1993 menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi TBC di Indonesia berkisar antara 0,2 – 0,65%. Sedangkan menurut laporan Penanggulangan TBC Global yang dikeluarkan oleh WHO pada tahun 2004, angka insidensi TBC pada tahun 2002 mencapai 555.000 kasus (256 kasus/100.000 penduduk), dan 46% diantaranya diperkirakan merupakan kasus baru. (www.medicastore.com_tbc_images_sebar.htm) Micobacterium tuberculosis (TB) telah menginfeksi sepertiga penduduk dunia, menurut WHO sekitar 8 juta penduduk dunia diserang TB dengan kematian 3 juta orang per tahun (WHO, 1993). Di negara berkembang kematian ini merupakan 25% dari kematian penyakit yang sebenarnya dapat diadakan pencegahan. Diperkirakan 95% penderita TB berada di negara-negara berkembang Dengan munculnya epidemi HIV/AIDS di dunia jumlah penderita TB akan meningkat. Kematian wanita karena TB lebih banyak dari pada kematian karena kehamilan, persalinan serta nifas (WHO). WHO mencanangkan keadaan darurat global untuk penyakit TB pada tahun 1993 karena diperkirakan sepertiga penduduk dunia telah terinfeksi kuman TB. Di Indonesia
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dengan hasil 200-400 penderita tiap 100.000 penduduk. Diperkirakan setiap tahun 450.000 kasus baru TB dimana sekitar 1/3 penderita terdapat disekitar puskesmas, 1/3 ditemukan di pelayanan rumah sakit/klinik pemerintahd an swasta, praktek swasta dan sisanya belum terjangku unit pelayanan kesehatan. Sedangkan kematian karena TB diperkirakan 175.000 per tahun. (www.yahoo.com_pusat-informasi-penyakit-infeksi_tbc.htm) Penyakit TBC pada anak tidak mempunyai gejala yang khas, bahkan sering tanpa gejala dan baru diketahui adanya kelainan dengan pemeriksaan foto rontgen paru. Gejala TBC sendiri tidak serta-merta muncul. Pada saat-saat awal, 4-8 minggu setelah infeksi, bisa jadi anak hanya demam sedikit. "Beberapa bulan kemudian, gejalanya mulai muncul di paru-paru. Anak batuk-batuk sedikit. Tahap berikutnya (3-9 bulan setelah infeksi), anak tidak napsu makan, kurang gairah, dan berat badan turun tanpa sebab. Juga ada pembesaran kelenjar di leher, sementara di paru-paru muncul gambaran vlek. Pada saat itu, kemungkinannya ada dua, apakah akan muncul gejala TBC yang benar-benar atau sama sekali tidak muncul. muncu l. "Ini tergantung te rgantung kekebalan kek ebalan anak. anak . Kalau anak kebal (daya tahan tubuhnya bagus), TBC-nya tidak muncul. Tapi bukan berarti sembuh. Setelah bertahun-tahun, bisa saja muncul, bukan di paru-paru lagi, melainkan di tulang, ginjal, otak, dan sebagainya. Ini yang berbahaya dan butuh waktu lama untuk penyembuhannya”. (www.yahoo.com_bagaimana-mendeteksi-sejak-dini-gejala-tbc-pada-anak.htm) Tidaklah berlebihan kalau dikatakan bahwa bakteri mycobacterium tuberculosis yang menyebabkan TBC adalah bekteri pembunuh massal. WHO memperkirakan bakteri ini membunuh sekitar 2 juta jiwa setiap tahunnya. Antara tahun 2002-2020 diperkirakan sekitar 1 miliar manusia akan terinfeksi. Dengan kata lain pertambahan jumlah infeksi lebih dari 56 juta tiap tahunnya. Biasanya 5-10 persen di antara infeksi berkembang menjadi penyakit, dan 40 persen di antara yang berkembang menjadi penyakit berakhir dengan kematian. kema tian. Di kawasan Asia Tenggara, data WHO (http:www.whosea.org) menunjukan bahwa TBC T BC membunuh memb unuh sekitar 2.000 jiwa setiap hari. Dan sekitar sek itar 40 persen dari kasus TBC di dunia berada di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Dua di antara tiga negara dengan
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tropis seperti demam berdarah dengue (DBD) tidak sampai sepersepuluhnya. Kita bisa membayangkan betapa seriusnya masalah TBC. Karena itu, perlu kita sadari kembali bahwa TBC adalah penyakit yang sangat perlu mendapat perhatian untuk ditanggulangi. Karena bakteri mycobacterium tuberculosis sangat mudah menular melalui udara pada saat pasien TBC batuk atau bersin, bahkan pada saat meludah dan berbicara. Satu penderita bisa menyebarkan bakteri TBC ke 10-15 orang dalam satu tahun. tah un. (www.yahoo.com_pusat-informasi-penyakit-infeksi_tbc.htm) Karena yang menjadi sumber penyebaran TBC adalah penderita TBC itu sendiri, pengontrolan efektif TBC mengurangi pasien TBC tersebut. Ada dua cara yang tengah dilakukan untuk mengurangi penderita TBC saat ini, yaitu terapi dan imunisasi. Untuk terapi, WHO merekomendasikan strategi penyembuhan TBC jangka pendek dengan pengawasan langsung atau dikenal dengan istilah DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse Chemotherapy). Dalam strategi ini ada tiga tahapan penting, yaitu mendeteksi pasien, melakukan pengobatan, dan melakukan pengawasan langsung. Indonesia adalah negara yang besar dengan jumlah penduduk yang banyak, agaknya masih perlu melaksanakan vaksinasi BCG ini. Dengan melaksanakan vaksinasi ini, jumlah kasus dugaan (suspected cases) jauh akan berkurang, sehingga memudahkan kita untuk mendeteksi pasien TBC, untuk selanjutnya dilakukan terapi DOTS untuk pasien yang terdeteksi. Kedua pendekatan, yaitu vaksinasi dan terapi perlu dilakukan untuk memberantas TBC dari bumi Indonesia. (www.yahoo.com_pusat-informasi-penyakit-infeksi_tbc.htm)
B. Tujuan
1. Tujuan Umum
Setelah
mengikuti
seminar
ini,
diharapkan
bagi
mahasiswa
mampu
memberikan tindakan asuhan keperawatan pada anak dengan masalah kesehatan TB Paru. 2. Tujuan Khusus
Mahasiswa setelah mengikuti seminar ini, diharapkan mampu:
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g. Mengetahui komplikasi dari TB paru. h. Mengetahui penatalaksanaan medis dari TB paru. i.
Membuat asuhan keperawatan pada anak dengan TB paru.
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BAB II TINJAUAN TEORI
A. ANATOMI FISIOLOGI
Fungsi sistem pernafasan adalah untuk mengambil oksigen (O2) dari atmosfer kedalam sel-sel tubuh dan untuk mentransport karbondioksida (CO2) yang dihasilkan sel-sel tubuh kembali ke atmosfer. Organ-organ respiratorik juga berfungsi dalam produksi bicara dan berperan dalam keseimbangan asam basa, pertahanan tubuh melawan benda asing dan pengaturan hormonal tekanan darah. Saluran penghantar udara hingga mencapai paru-paru adalah hidung, faring, laring, trakea, bronkus, dan bronkiolus. Saluran pernafasan dari hidung sampai bronkiolus dilapisi oleh membran mukosa yang bersilia. Ketika udara masuk kedalam rongga hidung, udara tersebut disaring, dihangatkan dan dilembabkan. Ketiga proses ini merupakan fungsi utama dari mukosa respirasi yang terdiri: Epitel toraks bertingkat Silia Sel Goblet
Permukaan epitel diliputi oleh lapisan mukus yang disekresi oleh sel goblet dan kelenjar serosa. Partikel-partikel debu yang kasar dapat disaring oleh rambut-rambut yang terdapat dalam lubang hidung, sedangkan partikel yang halus akan terjerat dalam lapisan mukus. Gerakan silia mendorong lapisan mukus ke posterior di dalam rongga hidung, dan ke superior didalam sistem pernafasan bagian bawah menuju ke faring. Dari sini lapisan mukus akan tertelan atau akan dibatukkan keluar. Air yang berfungsi untuk kelembapan diberikan oleh lapisan mukus, sedangkan panas yang disuplai ke udara inspirasi berasal dari jaringan yang berada dibawahnya yang kaya akan pembuluh darah. Udara mengalir dari faring menuju laring. Laring merupakan rangkaian cincin tulang rawan yang dihubungkan oleh otot dan mengandung pita suara. Diantara pita suara terdapat ruang berbentuk segitiga yang bermuara kedalam trakea yang dinamakan glotis. Glotis merupakan pemisah antara saluran pernafasan bagian atas dan bawah. Pada waktu menelan, gerakan laring keatas, penutupan glotis dan fungsinya seperti
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suatu slang endotrakea bulat dan kaku dengan balon yang digembungkan dimasukkan selama ventilasi mekanik, maka dapat timbul erosi di posterior di membran tersebut yang akan membentuk fistula trakeo-esofageal. Erosi bagian anterior menembus cincin tulang rawan dapat juga timbul tetapi tidak sering. Tempat dimana trakea bercabang menjadi bronkus utama kiri dan kanan yang dikenal dengan sebutan karina. karina. Bronkus utama kiri dan kanan tidak simetris. Bronkus kanan lebih pendek dan lebih lebar dan merupakan kelanjutan dari trakea yang arahnya hampir vertikal. Sebaliknya bronkus kiri lebih panjang dan lebih sempit dan merupakan kelanjutan dari trakea dengan sudut yang lebih tajam. Bentuk anatomik yang khusus ini mempunyai implikasi klinis yang penting. Cabang utama bronkus kanan dan kiri bercabang lagi menjadi bronkus lobaris dan bronkus bronkus segmentalis. Percabangan ini berjalan terus menjadi bronkus yang ukurannya semakin kecil sampai akhirnya menjadi bronkiolus terminalis, terminalis, yaitu saluran udara terkecil yang tidak mengandung alveoli (kantung udara). Bronkiolus terminalis memiliki garis tengah kurang lebih 1 mm. Bronkiolus tidak diperkuat oleh cincin tulang rawan, tetapi dikelilingi oleh otot polos sehingga ukurannya dapat berubah. Seluruh saluran udara ke bawah sampai tingkat bronkiolus terminalis disebut saluran penghantar udara karena fungsi utamanya adalah sebagai penghantar udara ke tempat pertukaran gas paru-paru. Setelah bronkiolus terminalis terdapat asinus yang merupakan unit fungsional paru-paru, yaitu tempat pertukaran gas. Asinus terdiri dari: Bronkiolus respiratorius yang terkadang memiliki kantung udara kecil atau alveoli
pada dindingnya. Duktus alveolaris yang seluruhnya dibetasi oleh alveolus. Sakus alveolaris terminalis yang merupakan struktur akhir paru-paru.
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FISIOLOGI PERNAPASAN
Proses fisiologi pernapasan dimana 02 dipindahkan dari udara ke dalam jaringan jaringan, dan C02 dikeluarkan ke udara. Ekspirasi dapat dibagi menjadi tiga stadium. Stadium pertama adalah ventilasi yaitu masuknya campuran gas-gas ke dalam dan keluar paru-paru. karena ada selisih tekanan yang terdapat antara atmosfer dan alveolus akibat kerja mekanik dari otot-otot. Dalam proses ventilasi ini, terdapat beberapa hal yang mempengaruhi, diantaranya adalah perbedaan tekanan antara atmosfer dengan paru. Semakin tinggi tempat tem pat maka tekanan udara semakin rendah. rendah . Demikian sebaliknya, semakin rendah tempat maka tekanan udara semakin tinggi. Stadium kedua, transportasi yang terdiri dan beberapa aspek yaitu : (1) Difusi gas antara alveolus dan kapiler paru-paru (respirasi eksternal) dan
antara
darah sistemik dan sel.-sel jaringan. Dalam proses ini terdapat beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhinya, diantaranya: Pertama
: luasnya permukaan paru.
Kedua
: tebal membran respirasi / permeabilitas yang terdiri atas epitel alveoli dan intersisial keduanya.
Ketiga
: perbedaan tekanan dan konsentrasi 02.
Keempat
: afinitas gas yaitu kemampuan untuk menembus dan saling mengikat Hb.
(2) Distribusi darah dalam sirkulasi pulmonal dan penyesuaiannya dengan distribusi udara dalam alveolus. (3) Reaksi kimia dan fisik dari 0 2 dan C02 dengan darah respimi atau respirasi interna menipak-an stadium akhir dari respirasi, yaitu sel dimana metabolik dioksida untuk mendapatkan energi, dan C02 terbentuk sebagai sampah proses metabolisme sel dan
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Secara garis besar bahwa Paru-paru memiliki fungsi sebagai berikut: (1) Terdapat permukaan gas-gas yaitu mengalirkan Oksigen dari udara
atmosfer
kedarah vena dan mengeluarkan gas carbondioksida dari alveoli keudara atmosfer. (2) Menyaring bahan beracun dari sirkulasi. (3) Reservoir darah. (4) Fungsi utamanya adalah pertukaran gas-gas. (Sloane Ethel, 2003)
B. DEFINISI
Tuberculosis merupakan penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium tuberculosis dan Mycobacterium bovis (jarang oleh Mycobacterium avium). (Ngastiyah, 2005) Tuberculosis adalah penyakit yang dikendalikan oleh respon yang dikendalikan oleh respon imunitas perantara sel. (Sylvia, 1995) Tuberculosis adalah penyakit infeksius yang pada umumnya menyerang parenkim paru. (Smeltzer, 2001) Tuberculosis
merupakan
peradangan
yang
disebabkan
oleh
bakteri
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. (Sri Fatimah, 2001) Penyakit TBC adalah suatu penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Mikobakterium tuberkulosa. Bakteri ini berbentuk batang dan bersifat tahan asam sehingga dikenal juga sebagai Batang Tahan Asam (BTA).
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Penemuan ini sangat penting dilakukan karena untuk menetukan paduan obat antituberculosis yang sesuai sebelum pengobatan dimulai. Klasifikasi penyakit TBC secara umum meliputi: 1. TBC yang menyerang jaringan paru-paru. TBC jenis ini juga dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu: a. TBC paru BTA positif (sangat menular) Sekurang-kurangnya 2 dari 3 pemeriksaan dahak, memberikan hasil yang
positif. Satu pemeriksaan dahak memberikan hasil yang positif dan foto rontgen dada
menunjukkan TBC aktif. b. TBC paru BTA negatif Pemeriksaan dahak positif negatif/foto rontgen dada menunjukkan TBC aktif. Positif negatif yang dimaksudkan disini adalah hasilnya meragukan, jumlah kuman yang ditemukan pada waktu pemeriksaan belum memenuhi syarat positif. 2. TBC ekstra paru atau TBC yang menyerang organ tubuh yang lain selain paru-paru, misalnya selaput paru, selaput otak, selaput jantung, kelenjar getah bening, tulang, persendian, kulit, usus, ginjal, saluran kemih, dll. Ada 2 bentuk klasifikasi TB paru pada anak yaitu: 3. TB Primer Tuberculosis primer merupakan kompleks primer serta komplikasinya. Permulaan tuberculosis primer biasanya sukar diketahui secara klinis karena penyakit mulai secara perlahan-lahan. Kadang-kadang tuberculosis ditemukan pada anak tanpa keluhan atau gejala. Dengan melakukan uji tuberculin secara rutin, dapat ditemukan penyakit tuberculosis pada pad a anak. Gejala tuberculosis tub erculosis primer dapat juga berupa panas yang naik turun selama 1-2 minggu dengan atau tanpa batuk pilek.
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C. ETIOLOGI
Faktor yang menyebabkan anak mengalami TBC: Mycobacterium
Tuberculosa
Mycobacterium
Bovis
Tertular
dari ibu saat dalam kandungan
Sebelum Setelah
atau selama persalinan menghirup air ketuban yang terinfeksi
lahir karena menghirup udara yang terkontaminasi oleh percikan saliva
yang terinfeksi. Faktor-faktor
yang
menyebabkan
seseorang
terinfeksi
oleh
Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis yaitu: Herediter
Resistensi seseorang terhadap infeksi kemungkinan diturunkan secara genetik. Jenis kelamin
Pada akhir masa kanak-kanak dan remaja, angka kematian dan kesakitan lebih banyak terjadi pada anak perempuan. Usia
Pada masa bayi kemungkinan terinfeksi sangat tinggi. Pada masa puber dan remaja dimana terjadi masa pertumbuhan yang cepat, kemungkinan infeksi cukup tinggi karena diit yang tidak adekuat. Keadaan stress
Situasi yang penuh stress (injury atau penyakit, kurang nutrisi, stress emosional, kelelahan yang kronik). Meningkatnya sekresi steroid adrenal yang menekan reaksi inflamasi dan memudahkan untuk penyebarluasan infeksi. Anak yang mendapatkan terapi kortikosteroid kemungkinan terinfeksi lebih mudah.
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Lingkungan yang tidak sehat
TBC menyebar dengan cepat pada tempat tinggal yang kurang ventilasi, sempit dan sesak. Angka penularan tinggi juga terjadi pada orang yang hidup di daerah yang penuh sesak dan kumuh. (Suriadi, 2006) TB disebabkan oleh Mikrobakterium tuberkulosis tuberkulosis dan anak-anak sangat rentan untuk terinfeksi bakteri ini (M. Tuberculosis) dan bovin (Micobacterium bovis). Dalam beberapa bagian di dunia dimana kuman tuberculosis yang ada dalam tempat untuk memasak tidak terkontrol atau tidak melakukan pemanasan terhadap susu sebelum dikonsumi maka bakteri tipe bovin adalah penyebab infeksi yang paling sering ditemukan. Meskipun agen penyebabnya adalah bacillus tuberkel, namun ada beberapa faktor lain yang mempengaruhi terjadinya TB paru ini diantaranya; hereditas (resistensi/ ketahanan terhadap infeksi mungkin disebabkan karena adanya perpindahan genetik), stres: situasi yang penuh stress (emosional atau fisik), status nutrisi yang kurang, jenis kelamin (pada akhir masa kanak-kanak dan remaja, angka kematian dan kesakitan lebih banyak terjadi pada anak perempuan karena pada masa ini terjadi masa pertumbuhan yang cepat, sehingga kemungkinan infeksi cukup tinggi karena diit yang tidak adekuat), usia (sangat tinggi pada infant dan tinggi pada usia ebelum dewasa), dan riwayat penyakit sekarang (khususnya HIV, meassles dan da n pertusis). Konsumi Kon sumi obat-obatan yang
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tumbuh koloni bakteri yang berbentuk globular (bulat).biasanya melalui serangkaian reaksi immunologis bakteri ini akan berusaha dihambat melalui pembentukan dinding itu membuat jaringan disekitarnya menjadi jaringan parut, terjadi penekakan dinding abdomen lalu menekan gaster, dan bakteri TBC ini akan menjadi dormant (istirahat).bentuk-bentuk dormant inilah yang sebenarnya terlihat sebagai tuberkel pada pemeriksaan foto rontgen. Pada sebagian orang dengan sistem imun yang baik, bentuk ini akan tetap dormant sepanjang hidupnya. Sedangkan pada orang-orang dengan sistem kekebalan tubuh yang kurang ,bakteri ini akan mengalami perkembangbiakan sehingga tuberkel bertambah ban yak. Tuberkel Tube rkel yang banyak ini membentuk memben tuk sebuah ruang didalam paru paru.ruang inilah yang nantinya menjadi sumber produksi sputum(dahak).seseorang yang telah memproduksi sputum dapat diperkirakan sedang mengalami pertumbuhan tuberkel berlebih dan positif terinfeksi TBC. (Halim,2000)
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pemeriksaan dahak, makin menular penderita tersebut. Bila hasil pemeriksaan dahak negatif (tidak terlihat kuman), maka penderita tersebut dianggap tidak menular. Kemungkinan seseorang terinfeksi TB ditentukan oleh konsentrasi droplet dalam udara dan lamanya menghirup udara tersebut. Tuberkulosis tergolong airborne disease yakni penularan melalui droplet nuclei yang dikeluarkan ke udara oleh individu terinfeksi dalam fase aktif. Setiap kali penderita ini batuk dapat mengeluarkan me ngeluarkan 3000 droplet drop let nuclei. Penularan umumnya umumn ya terjadi di dalam ruangan dimana droplet nuclei dapat tinggal di udara dalam waktu lebih lama. Di bawah sinar matahari langsung basil tuberkel mati dengan cepat tetapi dalam ruang yang gelap lembab dapat bertahan sampai beberapa jam. Dua faktor penentu keberhasilan pemaparan Tuberkulosis pada individu baru yakni konsentrasi droplet nuclei dalam udara dan panjang waktu individu bernapas dalam udara yang terkontaminasi tersebut di samping daya tahan tubuh yang bersangkutan. Di samping penularan melalui saluran pernapasan (paling sering), M. tuberculosis juga dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui saluran pencernaan dan luka terbuka pada kulit (lebih jarang). (www.yahoo.com_pusat-informasi-penyakit-infeksi_tbc.htm)
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PATHWAY
Penderita TBC dewasa (aktif) batuk
Sistem imun menurun
Droplet di udara terhirup anak-anak
M. Tuberculosa masuk melalui saluran pernafasan
Menyebar melalui darah dan pembuluh getah bening
Menginfeksi paru-paru
Tumbuh koloni bakteri berbentuk globular
Tuberkel berkembangbiak untuk memproduksi sputum
Penumpukan sekret
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E. MANIFESTASI KLINIK
Gejala penyakit TBC dapat dibagi menjadi gejala umum dan gejala khusus yang timbul sesuai dengan organ yang terlibat. Gambaran secara klinis tidak terlalu khas terutama pada kasus baru, sehingga cukup sulit untuk menegakkan diagnosa secara klinik. Gejala sistemik/umum
Demam tidak terlalu tinggi yang berlangsung lama, biasanya dirasakan malam hari disertai keringat malam. Kadang-kadang serangan demam seperti influenza dan bersifat hilang timbul.
Penurunan nafsu makan dan berat badan.
Batuk-batuk selama lebih dari 3 minggu (dapat disertai dengan darah).
Perasaan tidak enak (malaise (malaise), ), lemah.
Gejala khusus
Tergantung dari organ tubuh mana yang terkena, bila terjadi sumbatan sebagian bronkus (saluran yang menuju ke paru-paru) akibat penekanan kelenjar getah bening yang membesar, akan menimbulkan suara "mengi", suara nafas melemah yang disertai sesak.
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lama atau berulang, gampang / sering tertular sakit batuk pilek, adanya benjolan yang banyak di leher, diare yang sulit sembuh dll. TB juga dapat menyerang berbagai organ di seluruh tubuh sehingga bisa timbul gejala pincang jika mengenai sendi panggul atau lutut, benjolan banyak di leher, bisa juga terjadi kejang jika mengenai susunan saraf pusat / otak. (www.yahoo.com_ikatan-dokter-anak-indonesia.htm) Tuberkulosis sering dijuluki “the great imitator” yaitu suatu penyakit yang mempunyai banyak kemiripan dengan penyakit lain yang juga memberikan gejala umum seperti lemah dan demam. Pada sejumlah penderita gejala yang timbul tidak jelas sehingga diabaikan bahkan kadang-kadang asimtomatik. Gambaran klinik TB paru dapat dibagi menjadi 2 golongan, gejala respiratorik dan gejala sistemik: Gejala respiratorik, meliputi:
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tetapi penampilan akut dengan batuk, panas, sesak napas walaupun jarang dapat juga timbul menyerupai gejala pneumonia. pneumon ia.
F. PEMERIKSAAN DIAGNOSTIK Pemeriksaan Fisik Riwayat Penyakit
Riwayat kontak dengan individu yang terinfeksi penyakit TBC. Tes Tuberkulin atau Tes Mantoux
Tes Mantoux atau tuberculin adalah tes kulit yang digunakan untuk menentukan apakah individu telah terinfeksi basil TB. Ekstrak basil tuberkel (tuberkulin) disuntikkan kedalam lapisan intradermal pada aspek dalam lengan bawah, sekitar 10 cm dibawah siku. Dengan menyuntikkan tuberkulin sebanyak 0,1 ml yang mengandung 5 unit tuberculin.
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saja tidak bisa dijadikan dasar tunggal diagnosis TB, tetap harus disertai gejala dan tanda sakit TB, dan pemeriksaan penunjang lain. Tehnik Polymerase Chain Reaction
Deteksi DNA kuman secara spesifik melalui aplikasi dalam berbagai tahap sehingga dapat mendeteksi meskipun hanya ada 1 mikroorganisme dalam spesimen. Juga dapat mendeteksi adanya resistensi. Pemeriksaan bakterioligis
Pemeriksaan Bakteriologik (Sputum): Ditemukannya kuman micobakterium TBC dari dahak penderita memastikan diagnosis TB paru. Pemeriksaan biasanya lebih sensitive daripada sediaan apus (mikroskopis). Pengambilan dahak yang benar sangat penting untuk mendapatkan hasil yang sebaik-baiknya. Pada pemeriksaan pertama. sebaiknya 3 kali pemeriksaan dahak. Uji resistensi harus dilakukan apabila ada dugaan resistensi terhadap pengobatan. Pemeriksaan sputum adalah diagnostik yang
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Komplikasi infeksi tuberculosis serius tetapi jarang terjadi pada anak bila focus primer membesar dengan mantap dan terjadi pusat perkejuan yang besar. Pencairan dapat menyebabkan pembentukan kaverna primer yang disertai dengan sejumlah besar basil tuberkel. Pembesaran focus dapat melepaskan debris nekrotik kedalam bronkus yang berdekatan, menyebabkan men yebabkan penyebaran intrapulmonal lebih lanjut. 3. Efusi pleura Efusi pleura tuberculosis, yang dapat local atau menyeluruh, mula-mula padakeluarnya basili kedalam sela pleura dari focus paru subpleura atau perkejuan limfonodi.efusi yang lebih banyak dan secara klinis berarti terjadi beberapa bulan sampai beberapa tahun sesudah infeksi primer.efusi pleura dapat terjadi 6-12 bulan setelah terbentuk kompleks primer 4. Penyakit pericardium Bentuk tuberculosis jantung yang paling sering adalah perikarditis.penyakit ini
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H. PENATALAKSANAAN MEDIS
Obat Anti TB (OAT) OAT harus diberikan dalam kombinasi sedikitnya dua obat yang bersifat bakterisid dengan atau tanpa obat o bat ketiga. Tujuan pemberian OAT, antara lain :
Membuat konversi sputum BTA positif menjadi negatif secepat mungkin melalui bakterisid.
Mencegah kekambuhan dalam tahun pertama setelah pengobatan dengan kegiatan sterilisasi.
Menghilangkan atau mengurangi gejala dan lesi melalui perbaikan daya tahan imunologis.
Maka pengobatan TB dilakukan melalui 2 fase, yaitu :
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hipersensitivitas yang disebabkan oleh INH amat jarang. Inh dapat menaikkan kadar fenitoin dan menyebabkan toksisitas denagan memblokade metabolismenya. Kadangkadang INH berinteraksi dengan teofilin, sehingga memerlukan modifikasi dosis. Rifampisin obat ini adalah obat kunci pada manejemen tuberculosis moderen. Ia
diserap dengan baik dari saluran cerna selama puasa, dengan kadar serum puncak dicapai dalam 2 jam.Efek samping lebih sering daripada dengan INH dan termasuk
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memakan waktu 9-12 bulan. Dan ini pun bisa dicapai berkat perkembangan obat-obatan yang lebih baik. Sebelumnya bisa mencapai 18-24 bulan dengan dosis yang banyak. Jika pengobatan tersebut belum memadai, masih akan dilanjutkan dengan menambah obat etambutol dan suntikan Streptomisin selama 4-5 bulan yang disuntikkan setiap hari. Bahkan bisa sampai menjalani rawat inap, yang paling penting, pemberian obat sesuai dosis yang diberikan dokter dan diberikan dengan jadual teratur.
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Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse Shortcourse (DOTS) adalah nama untuk suatu strategi yang dilaksanakan di pelayanan kesehatan dasar di dunia untuk mendeteksi dan menyembuhkan pasien TB. Strategi ini terdiri dari 5 komponen, yaitu : 1. Dukungan politik para pimpinan wilayah di setiap jenjang sehingga program ini menjadi salah satu prioritas dan pendanaan pun akan tersedia. 2. Mikroskop sebagai komponen utama untuk mendiagnosa TB melaui pemeriksaan
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2
DS:
Penurunan keinginan untuk Ibu
mengatakan
nutrisi kurang
anaknya kurang nafsu
dari kebutuhan
makan.
tubuh
DO:
makan
Perubahan
Anak usia 5 tahun,
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RENCANA ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN
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2.
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karbohidrat
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