Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
GUÍA TÉCNICA PARA LA INTERVENCION DEL HABLA
SUPERVISORES: MIGUEL VARGAS GARCÍA ELIZABETH ZULUAGA CASTRO
INTEGRANTES: ANGELICA MARIA BRITO ROJAS MARIA BELEN FUENTES YAÑEZ LEIDY CONTRERAS PARADA LEYDA YILIBETH CORONADO VANEGAS YADIRA AYMARA GUARIN PEÑA
UNIVERSIDAD DE PAMPLONA FACULTAD DE SALUD PROGRAMA DE FONOAUDIOLOGIA PRACTICA NIVEL III 2013
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
INTRODUCCION ................................................ .......................................................................... .................................................... .......................... 3 OBJETIVOS ................................................ .......................................................................... .................................................... .................................. ........ 4 OBJETIVO GENERAL: ...................................................................................................................... 4 OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS: .......................................................................................................... 4
JUSTIFICACION ................................................. ........................................................................... .................................................... .......................... 5 PROCEDIMIENTO ................................................... ............................................................................ ............................................... ...................... 6 AREA: HABLA.................................................................................................................................... 6 ENFOQUE ........................................................................................................................................... 6 TEORIA SOCIOCULTURAL: .......................................................................................................... 6 REHABILITACIÓN NEURO-OCLUSAL (R.N.O.) .......... ................... .................. ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
METODOLOGIA ................................................. ........................................................................... .................................................... .......................... 8 FASE 1: ............................................................................................................................................... 8 POSTURA ....................................................................................................................................... 8 TONO MUSCULAR ....................................................................................................................... 11 RESPIRACIÓN .............................................................................................................................. 27 REFLEJOS .................................................................................................................................... 28 FASE 2: FUNCIONES ESTOMATOGNATICAS. ............................................................................. 31 SUCCION ...................................................................................................................................... 32 MASTICACION.............................................................................................................................. 33 DEGLUCION ................................................................................................................................. 36 HABLA ........................................................................................................................................... 43
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
INTRODUCCION Esta guía guía de intervención se realiza al ver reflejada la necesidad de construir los lineamientos que indique el camino a seguir para el abordaje terapéutico preciso, confiable y eficaz en cada una de las discapacidades tratadas. Es bueno empezar a definir el rol que cumplen los profesionales de Fonoaudiología, en cuanto al tratamiento a personas con capacidades diferentes abarcando a esta población de forma integral, teniendo en cuenta cuenta todas las esferas esferas de su vida desde su nivel social, cultural, educativo, familiar, afectivo y personal, ya que influyen directamente en el desarrollo de habilidades para su desempeño cotidiano. Por ende se toma como base el enfoque Socio-Cultural planteado desde el modelo de Vigotsky quien considera al individuo como el resultado del proceso histórico y social, identificando como intervienen las conductas y procesos de la persona en el desarrollo de habilidades. En el caso particular del habla se debe tener en cuenta una adecuada postura que favorecerá la respiración y por ende la producción verbal, además de identificar si existe algún trastorno deglutorio en cada una de las fases de la deglución que afectara de forma directa el proceso alimenticio.
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
docentes supervisores en busca de potencializar las destrezas de cada uno de los usuarios en situación de discapacidad.
OBJETIVOS
OBJETIVO GENERAL:
Orientar
a los fonoaudiólogos en formación que asisten al instituto la la
esperanza sobre las patologías
y su tratamiento para un abordaje
terapéutico eficiente y significativo.
OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS:
Conceptualizar sobre los modelos de intervención a utilizarse en al abordaje terapéutico del habla en la población con Discapacidad.
Sugerir técnicas de intervención basadas en los aspectos de evaluación
Proporcionar estrategias de apoyo que faciliten el trabajo fonoaudiológico
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
JUSTIFICACION Esta guía se elabora en beneficio de los usuarios asistentes al instituto la esperanza con diagnóstico de discapacidad motora ya que se retoman técnicas de intervención guiados por modelos que explican cómo se genera el comportamiento de los individuos con las oportunidades que le brinda el medio y las actividades que se retoman para brindar funcionalidad de los órganos, así mismo indirectamente se trabaja la estructura que se está interviniendo, sin llegar a imponer un comportamiento desagradable en el usuario, de esta manera se realiza la intervención de forma variada y dinámica, que genere en el usuario interés de realizarlo y ser libres al ejecutar paso a paso cada una de las actividades, observando su desarrollo lento pero efectivo en sus logros. Teniendo en cuenta lo mencionado anteriormente se realiza una diversidad de actividades encaminadas a las funciones estomatógnaticas, que se ponen al servicio de la necesidad de cada usuario sin limitarse a una patología, teniendo la libertad de aplicarlo según el criterio del terapeuta o cuidador que baya a aplicar la
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
Es muy importante tener en cuenta que cada una de las actividades planteadas se deben realizar de manera dinámica brindando estrategias diferentes para que no sea una simple receta a ejecutar sino una guía práctica favorable para el usuario.
PROCEDIMIENTO AREA: HABLA El habla es el proceso motor más complejo del ser humano ya que requiere del control, la coordinación neuromuscular más fina de todo el cuerpo, debido a la fuerza en la contracción muscular, la velocidad del movimiento, el grado y la precisión para la articulación y la integración neurológica en la realización de los movimientos voluntarios e involuntarios, que no intervienen exclusivamente en la producción del habla, como expresión del lenguaje, sino en la fonación resonancia, prosodia, la respiración y la biomecánica de la deglución en cada una de sus fases.
ENFOQUE El abordaje fonoaudiológico se dará desde el enfoque socio-cultural, el cual conceptualizaremos a continuación:
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
metodológica, sino que puede asociarse con factores de índole sociocultural y económicos. La clase social, costumbres valores y recursos económicos condicionan de algún modo el proceso de desarrollo. Enfatiza tanto los aspectos culturales del desarrollo como las influencias históricas. Para Vygotsky la reciprocidad entre el individuo y la sociedad, siendo definida esta, tanto histórica como culturalmente, es muy importante. En el caso de la intervención en habla se toma el enfoque Socio-Cultural de Vigostky ya que para intervenir las funciones estomatognáticas como la respiración, succión, masticación, deglución y habla donde están inmersos los procesos motores básicos como respiración fonación, resonancia, articulación y prosodia, por lo cual, se hace necesario basar este abordaje con este enfoque ya que las funciones anteriormente mencionadas en la discapacidad motora se encuentran alteradas debido a la inadecuada postura que influye directamente en la respiración, a la tonicidad de los músculos que pueden estar hipotónicos o
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
consistencia, los utensilios a utilizar y la postura requerida, que interviene de igual manera en la respiración y la producción verbal. De acuerdo a Vigostky existe una zona de desarrollo próximo (ZDP) definida como la posibilidad de los individuos de aprender en el ambiente social, en la interacción con los demás. Esta medida por el nivel de desarrollo real, nivel de desarrollo potencial y el papel que realiza el mediador que pueden desempeñar los padres, cuidadores o el terapeuta en acondicionar el medio para mejorar las funciones estomatognaticas y los procesos motores básicos.
METODOLOGIA FASE 1: Postura-Respiración o o
Tonicidad
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
Se realiza una valoración frontal (observando la simetría de los talones, glúteos, manos y apófisis mastoides) y una valoración lateral (a partir de la alineación de tres puntos posteriores: occipital, zona dorsal y sacro), se comenzará estimulando la zona plantar pasando posteriormente a intervenir sobre el resto de las estructuras hasta conseguir una estructura los suficientemente funcional como para permitir llevar a cabo de forma adecuada las diferentes funciones relacionadas con el sistema orofacial. Para ello se harán:
Masajes con las manos y objetos de diferentes rugosidades, durezas, temperaturas (pelotas lisas, moldes redondos de hielo, palos de diferente grosor, etc.) con diferentes presiones por toda la planta y la zona de los dedos, movilizando y estirando cada uno de ellos.
Ejercicios de movilidad como ponerse de puntillas y apoyar toda la planta,
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
postura y alineación de los órganos y zonas comentados anteriormente, y así ir corrigiendo las asimetrías que pueda presentar. Progresivamente puede irse aumentando la dificultad del ejercicio añadiendo objetos que el paciente tenga que sujetar de diferentes formas (mantener el equilibrio mientras sostiene un palo colocado vertical y horizontalmente en la espalda, etc.)
Conviene señalar la diferencia entre ejercicios isométricos donde se trabaja el tono muscular y ejercicios isotónicos para trabajar la elongación y acortamiento de las fibras musculares que condicionan la movilidad de los órganos. Es muy importante que a la hora de realizar distintos ejercicios no existan movimientos asociados, sincinesias de otros órganos (mandíbula, cuello, cintura escapular, cejas, etc.), ya que estos movimientos aunque se realizan de forma involuntaria resultan nocivos para los objetivos del tratamiento. Para evitarlos se puede colocar al paciente sentado al frente del terapeuta de tal
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
TONO MUSCULAR EJERCICIOS PARA AUMENTAR EL TONO DE LOS LABIOS Son fundamentalmente de tipo isométrico. Al realizar los labios una función de esfínter, deben tener tanto el superior como el inferior un tono muscular adecuado.
-Ejercicio labial del botón
Materiales: Botones lisos de distintos tamaños y seda dental, hilo de pescado o hilo elástico. Desarrollo: Se introducirá un botón de un diámetro que se adapte bien al vestíbulo bucal del paciente, se atará un trozo de seda dental, hilo de pescador o hilo elástico al botón y se colocará delante de los dientes, que estarán en inoclusión fisiológica, es decir, ligeramente separada. El paciente con los labios cerrados sujetará con fuerza el botón, activando la musculatura orofacial,
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
terapeuta tirará del corcho de forma mantenida durante 10 seg, de forma fluctuante en 3 series de 5 tracciones.
-Ejercicio de mantenimiento de pesas labiales
Materiales: Depresores de madera o plástico y pesos (plomillos de pesca, tuercas o plastilina). Desarrollo: Colocando un peso igual en cada extremo del depresor, se ubicara éste entre los labios del paciente vigilando que no llegue a morderlo con los dientes.
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
labial; con hielo envuelto en una gasa, con fricciones rápidas; con depresor, efectuando el terapeuta con sus dedos o con el vibrador movimientos de tapping sobre él mientras el paciente lo sujeta con los labios.
-Ejercicios de contra-resistencia:
Materiales: cucharita de moca Desarrollo: El logopeda hará una movilización concreta mientras el paciente, intentando oponerse, realizará la acción contraria con la musculatura pertinente.
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
Son ejercicios que se realizan de forma sistemática y en grupos de dos (en un movimiento se trabaja una musculatura y en el otro la antagonista). Morro
Sonrisa
Morro a la derecha
Morro a la izquierda
Enseñar los labios por dentro
Esconder los labios
Enseñar los dientes juntos
Esconder los dientes
Labio superior sobre labio inferior
Labio inferior sobre labio superior
Labio de arriba barre al de abajo
Labio de abajo barre al de arriba
Doblar labio superior hacia fuera
Meter labio superior hacia adentro Limpiar dientes inferiores con labio
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
labio superior y circulares a ambos lados. De igual forma se procederá sobre el lado inferior. El paciente deberá mantener los labios juntos en todo momento.
EJERCICIOS PARA AUMENTAR EL TONO DE LA L A MUSCULATURA LINGUAL: Tienen como finalidad aumentar el tono de la musculatura lingual, tanto de los músculos intrínsecos como de los extrínsecos, mediante ejercicios isométricos de contracciones mantenidas o fluctuantes.
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
Desarrollo: consiste en colocar el ápice lingual sobre los pliegues palatinos y apretar de forma constante en dirección craneal durante 5 segundos. También se puede hacer de forma intermitente en 3 series de 5 contracciones fluctuante o intermitentes. Tocando la zona de la papada, se puede observar la contracción de la base de la lengua, especialmente del músculo milohioideo.
-Ejercicio lingual del botón Materiales: Botón pequeño y seda dental, hilo de pesca o elástico. Desarrollo: Se colocaran en los pliegues palatinos un botón pequeño atado con seda dental o hilo, que el paciente deberá sujetar fuertemente con el ápice lingual
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
-Ejercicios de tapping Materiales: depresores, vibradores de alta frecuencia, hielo y gasas. Desarrollo: Consiste en movimientos rápidos e intermitentes que producen una contracción rápida del músculo y el consiguiente aumento del tono muscular. Se puede realizar con aparatos de vibración de alta frecuencia a los que se acopla un
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
Desarrollo: Se atará un peso de plomo, una tuerca a una arandela de plástico mediante seda dental o hilo, de tal forma que un extremo se encuentra la arandela y en el otro el peso de plomo. También se podrá dar forma de anillo a un extremo del alambre plastificado mientras que al otro se le enroscará la tuerca. El paciente con la lengua en protrusión máxima, sin tocar labios ni dientes y el ápice lingual
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
Lengua fuera de la boca
Lengua dentro de la boca
Lengua hacía la nariz
Lengua hacía el mentón
Lengua hacía el paladar
Lengua hacía el suelo de la boca
Lengua hacía la derecha por dentro
Lengua hacía la izquierda por dentro
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
boca
-Ejercicios de movilidad y coordinación
Se podrá estimular la zona peribucal e intrabucal con bola de algodón, un
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
Materiales: Guialenguas de plástico o de acero, depresores de madera o de plástico, cuchara y gasas. Desarrollo: Se introducirá el ápice lingual del paciente en el agujero del guialenguas en la concavidad de la cuchara, o bien se fijará con el depresor y se realizarán movimientos pasivos de elevación, depresión y lateralización a ambos
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
-Ejercicios de succión de chupete contra-resistencia.
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
pajita se modificará la fuerza succionadora necesaria para realizar el ejercicio
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
-Ejercicios de movilidad activa.
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Guía Técnica de Intervención del Habla. Practica 2013 Nivel III
de los de abajo
de los de arriba
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