CHAPTER 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1.1 INTRODUCTION In the project the robot is controlled by a mobile phone that makes a call to the mobile phone attached to the robot. In the course of a call, if any button is pressed a tone corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the other end called „Dual Tone Multiple frequency‟ (DTMF) tone. The robot receives these tones with help of phone stacked in the robot. The received tone is processed by the microcontroller with the help of DTMF decoder ic cm8870 .these ic sends a signals to the motor driver ic l293d which derives the motor forward, reverse.
1.1.1 Problem There are various problems on operating a robot with a wide distance. Problems were based on its control and others
1.1.2 AVAILABLE SOLUTIONS This project which is based on GSM technology is provided with many features such as camera and all. This can be made on bigger margins/scale. This project can be controlled from a distance of available GSM range.
FIGURE 1.1 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM 1
CHAPTER 2 PRAPOSED SOLUTIONS
2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FIG 2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
2.2 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION The important
components of this robot
are a DTMF de code r, microcontroller
and motor driver. A CM8870 series
DTMF decoder is used he re. All types of the CM8870 series
use digital counting techniques to detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4- bit code output. The built-in dial tone rejection circuit eliminates the need of
pre- filtering. 2
When
the
input
signals
are
given at
pins
1(IN+) & 2(IN-), a differential
input configuration is recognized to be effe ctive, the correct 4-bit decode signal of the DTMF tone is trans ferr ed to (pin11) through (pin14) outpu ts. The pin11 to pin14 of DTMF decoder are connected to the pins of microcontroller (P1.4 to P1.7) . The atmega16 is a 8-bit m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r , has 64 kB Flash microcontroller with 1 kb RAM. it provides
the following features: 64 kB of on-chip
Flash program
memor y with ISP (In-System Programming) and IAP (In-Application Programming), Four 8-bit I/O ports with three high-curren t. Outputs from port pins P0.0 through P0 .3 and P0.7 of the microcontroller are fed to the inputs IN1 through IN4 and enable pins (EN1 and EN2) of motor driver L293D IC, respectively to drive two geared dc motors. Switch S1 is used for manual rese t. The microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive the dc motors, so current drivers are
required for motor rota tion. The L293D is a quad , high-current, half-h driver designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to600mA at voltages from 4.5V to 36V. It makes it easier to drive the dc motors. The L293D consists
of four drivers. Pins IN1 through IN4 and
OUT1 through OUT4 are
and
the
input
output
pins, respectively
of driver
1
through driver 4. Drivers 1 and 2, and driver 3 and 4 are enabled by enable pin 1(EN1) and pin 9 (EN2) , respe ctively. When enable input EN1 (pin1) is high, drivers 1 and 2 are enabled and the outputs corresponding to their inputs are a ctive. Simila rly, enable input EN2 (pin9) enables drivers 3 and 4.
2.3 DIPTRACE Dip Trace is EDA software for creating schematic diagrams and printed circuit boards. The first version of Dip Trace was released in August, 2004. The latest version as of September 2011 is Dip Trace version 2.2. Interface has been translated to many languages and new language can be added by user. Starting from February 2011 Dip Trace is used as project publishing standard by Parallax.
3
FIGURE 2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SHOWING DIPTRACE
2.4 µVision IDE and Debugger Overview The µVision IDE from Keil combines project management, make facilities, source code editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one powerful environment. The µVision development platform is easy-to-use and helping you quickly create embedded
4
FIGURE 2.3 Diagram showing the coding done in KEIL µVision
programs that work. The µVision editor and debugger are integrated in a single application that provides a seamless embedded project development environment.
The µVision Debugger from Keil supports simulation using only your PC or laptop, and debugging using your target system and a debugger interface. µVision includes traditional features like simple and complex breakpoints, watch windows, and execution control as well as sophisticated features like trace capture, execution profiler, code 5
coverage, and logic analyzer.
2.4.1 Viewing Data
The µVision Debugger offers a number of different views into the code and data that comprise your target application. Source Code: Source Code Windows display your high-level language and assembly program source code. Disassembly: The Disassembly Window shows mixed high-level language and assembly code.
System Registers: The Registers Tab of the Project Workspace shows system registers. Symbol Window: The Symbol Window hierarchy displays program symbols in your application. Output Window: The Output Window display the output of various debugger commands. Memory Window: The Memory Window displays up to four regions of code or data memory. Watch & Call Stack Window: The Watch Window displays local variables, userdefined watch expression lists, and the call stack. System Viewer: The System Viewer Windows provide detailed status information about device peripheral register contents while the processor is running.
2.5 PROTEUS SIMULATION Proteus is
software
for microprocessor simulation,
schematic
circuit board (PCB) design. It is developed by Lab center Electronics.
6
capture,
and printed
FIGURE 2.4 PROTEUS SIMULATION
2.5.1 System components
ISIS Schematic Capture - a tool for entering designs. PROSPICE Mixed mode SPICE simulation - industry standard SPICE3F5 simulator combined with a digital simulator. ARES PCB Layout - PCB design system with automatic component placer, ripup and retry auto-router and interactive design rule checking.
VSM - Virtual System Modeling lets co simulate embedded software for popular micro- controllers alongside hardware design.
System Benefits Integrated package with common user interface and fully context
7
CHAPTER 3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION 3.1 COMPONENTS LIST
Name of component Resistors
Specialization 100k,10k,330k
Quantity 2,5,1
Capacitors
.1uf,22pf
2,4
Oscillators
3.57 mhz,12mhz
Microcontroller
Atmega16
Ic
L293d
Ic
7805
TABLE 3.1 LIST OF COMPONENT
3.2 ATmega16 MICROCONTROLLER 3.2.1 Description The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional
3.2.2 CISC microcontrollers. ATmega16 provides the following features: 16 Kbytes of In-System Programmable Flash Program memory with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes EEPROM, 1 Kbyte SRAM,32 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, a JTAG interface for
Boundary scan, 8
On-chip Debugging support and programming, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, Internal and External Interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte oriented Two-wire Serial Interface, an 8-channel, 10-bit ADC with optional differential input stage with programmable gain (TQFP package only), a programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and six software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the USART, Two-wire interface, A/D Converter, SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register\ contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next External Interrupt or Hardware Reset. In Power-save mode, the Asynchronous Timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping.
3.2.3 Pin Description
FIGURE 3.1 PIN DESCRIPTION 9
FIGURE 3.2 VIEW OF MICROCONTROLLER IC
VCC Digital supply voltage.
GND Ground
Port A (PA7..PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter Port A
also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
Port B (PB7..PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up
resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running
Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16 as listed.
Port C (PC7..PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up
resistors (selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pinsPC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a 10
reset occurs.
Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of the ATmega16 as listed.
Port D (PD7..PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up
resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running
Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16 as listed
RESET Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse
length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.
XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It
should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter Symbol Function: TF2 Timer 2 overflow flag set by a Timer 2 overflow and must
be cleared by software. TF2 will not be set when either RCLK = 1 or TCLK = 1. EXF2 Timer 2 external flag set when either a capture or reload is caused by a negative transition on T2EX and EXEN2 = 1. When Timer 2 interrupt is enabled, EXF2 = 1 will cause the CPU to vector to the Timer 2 interrupt routine. EXF2 must be cleared by software. EXF2 does not cause an interrupt in up/down counter mode (DCEN = 1). RCLK Receive clock enable. When set, causes the serial port to use Timer 2 overflow pulses for its receive clock in serial port Modes 1 and 3. RCLK = 0 causes Timer 1 overflow to be used for the receive clock. TCLK Transmit clock enable. When set, causes the serial port to use Timer 2 overflow pulses for its transmit clock in serial port Modes 1 and 3. TCLK = 0 causes Timer 1 overflows to be used for the transmit clock. EXEN2 Timer 2 external enable. When set, allows 11
a capture or reload to occur as a result of a negative transition on T2EX if Timer 2 is not being used to clock the serial port. EXEN2 = 0 causes Timer 2 to ignore events at T2EX. TR2 Start/Stop control for Timer 2. TR2 = 1 starts the timer. C/T2 Timer or counter select for Timer 2. C/T2 = 0 for timer function. C/T2 = 1 for external event counter (falling edge triggered). CP/RL2 Capture/Reload select. CP/RL2 = 1 causes captures to occur on negative transitions at T2EX if EXEN2 = 1. CP/RL2 = 0 causes automatic reloads to occur when Timer 2 overflows or negative transitions occur at T2EX when EXEN2 = 1. When either RCLK or TCLK = 1, this bit is ignored and the timer is forced to auto-reload on Timer 2 overflow.
Dual Data Pointer Registers: To facilitate accessing both internal and external
data memory, two banks of 16-bit Data Pointer Registers are provided: DP0 at SFR address locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H-85H. Bit DPS = 0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user should always initialize the DPS bit to the appropriate value before accessing the respective Data Pointer Register.
Power Off Flag: The Power Off Flag (POF) is located at bit 4 (PCON.4) in the
PCON SFR. POF is set
to “ 1”
during power up. It can be set and rest under software
control and is not affected by reset.
Memory Organization: MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for
Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external program and Data Memory can be addressed.
Program Memory: If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are
directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.
Data Memory: The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper
128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access of the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is 12
P2).
MOV 0A0H, #data Baud Rate Generator: Timer 2 is selected as the baud rate generator by setting TCLK and/or RCLK in T2CON. The baud rates for transmit and receive can be different if Timer 2 is used for the receiver or transmitter and Timer 1 is used for the other function. Setting RCLK and/or TCLK puts Timer 2 into its baud rate generator mode. The baud rate generator mode is similar to the auto-reload mode, in that a rollover in TH2 causes the Timer 2 registers to be reloaded with the 16-bit value in registers RCAP2H and RCAP2L, which are preset by software. The baud rates in Modes 1 and 3 are determined by Timer 2 ‟s overflow rate according to the following equation. The Timer can be configured for either timer or counter operation. In most applications, it is configured for timer operation (CP/T2 = 0). The timer operation is different for Timer 2 when it is used as a baud rate generator. Normally, as a timer, it increments every machine cycle (at 1/12 the oscillator frequency). As a baud rate generator, however, it increments every state time (at 1/2 the oscillator frequency). Where (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) is the content of RCAP2H and RCAP2L taken as a 16-bit unsigned integer. Timer 2 as a baud rate generator is shown in Figure 8. This figure is valid only if RCLK or TCLK = 1 in T2CON. Note that a rollover in TH2 does not set TF2 and will not generate an interrupt. Note too, that if EXEN2 is set, a 1-to-0 transition in T2EX will set EXF2 but will not cause a reload from (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) to (TH2, TL2). Thus, when Timer 2 is in use as a baud rate generator, T2EX can be used as an extra external interrupt. When Timer 2 is running (TR2 = 1) as a timer in the baud rate generator mode, TH2 or TL2 should not be read from or written to. Under these conditions, the Timer is incremented every state time, and the results of a read or write may not be accurate. The RCAP2 registers may be read but should not be written to, because a write might overlap a reload and cause write and/or reload errors. The timer should be turned off (clear TR2) before accessing the Timer 2 or RCAP2 registers.
Timer 0 and 1: Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as 13
Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51 and AT89C52.
Timer 2: It is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an
event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON.TIMER 2 has three operating modes capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator
RCLK +TCLK
CP/RL2
TR2
MODE
0 0 1 X
0 1 X X
1 1 1 0
16-bit Auto-reload 16-bit Capture Baud Rate Generator (OFF)
TABLE 3.2 OPERATING MODES
3.3 RESISTORS The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the passage of a steady electric current. An object of uniform cross section will have a resistance proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area, and proportional to the resistivity of the material.
FIGURE 3.3 RESISTORS 14
The resistance of a resistive object determines the amount of current through the object for a given potential difference across the object, in accordance with Ohm's law: I =V/R 2
R
is the resistance of the object, measured in ohms, equivalent to J·s/C .
V
is the potential difference across the object, measured in volts
I
is the current through the object, measured in amperes
For a wide variety of materials and conditions, the electrical resistance does not depend on the amount of current through or the amount of voltage across the object, meaning that the resistance R is constant for the given temperature and material. Therefore, the resistance of an object can be defined as the ratio of voltage to current. In the case of nonlinear objects (not purely resistive, or not obeying Ohm's law), this ratio can change as current or voltage changes; the ratio taken at any particular point, the inverse slope of a chord to an I–V curve, is sometimes referred to as a "chordal resistance" or "static resistance".
3.4 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators". Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens of megahertz.
15
FIGURE 3.4 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR A quartz crystal can be modeled as an electrical network with a low impedance (series) and a high impedance (parallel) resonance point spaced closely together.
3.5 CAPACITOR A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When a potential difference (voltage) exists across the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductors. The effect is greatest when there is
a narrow separation between large areas of conductor; hence capacitor
conductors are often called plates. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.
Figure 3.5: Radial Capacitor 16
Figure 3.6: Ceramic Capacitor
3.6 L293D
Fig3.7 L293D
3.6.1 Description : L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors. motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively. 17
Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to start operating. When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a result, the outputs become active and work in phase with their inputs. Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state.
3.6.2 FEATURES:
L293D is a dual H-Bridge motor driver, So with one IC we can interface two DC motors and one stepper motor
600mA output current capability per channel
1.2A peak output current (non repetitive) per channel
Enable facility Over temperature protection
Logical "0" input voltage up to 1.5 V(High noise immunity)
Internal clamp diodes
3.7 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
FIGURE 3.8 LCD
3.7.1 DESCRIPTION
Mostly used LCD is 16*2 in which 2 stands for line and 16 stand for characters
Pin 4 is RS (Resistor select) If RS =0 than command is given to LCD 18
If RS =1 than data is given to LCD
Pin 5 is RW (Read/Write) If RW=0 than information is being written to LCD If RW=1 reading from LCD
Pin 6 is E (Enable) It tells the LCD that we are sending data
Pin 7 to Pin 14 are Data Bus
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals.
19
CHAPTER 4 DTMF
4.1 Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling is used for telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other communications
devices
DTMF used
tone
for telephone
Touch-Tone
(canceled March
Recommendation Q.23. It is also
and
the
13,1984) , and
the
of term
trademarked
is standardized by ITU-T
known in the UK as
MF4. Other multi-frequency
the telephone ne twork.
systems are used for signaling internal to
As a method of in-band signa ling, DTMF tones television broadcasters to indicate the start
insertion
cen ter. The version
switching
dialing is known by
and
were
also
used
by cable
stop times of local commercial
p oints during station breaks for the benefit of cable compan ies. Until better
out-of-band signaling equipment
una cknowled ged,
and
loud
was
developed
in
1990s , fast,
the
DTMF tone sequences could be
heard during the
commercial breaks of cable channels in the United States.
4.2 Telephone Keypad The contemporary keypad
is laid out in a 3x4 grid, although the srcinal DTMF
keypad had an additional column for four now-defunct menu selector used to dial a telephone
numbe r, pressing
ke ys. When
a single key will produce
a pitch
consisting of two simultaneous pure tone sinusoidal fre quen cies. The row in which the key appears determines the low frequen cy, and the column determines the high fre quen cy. Forexample, pressing the
!1 !
key will result in a
sound
composed
of
both a 697 and a 1209 hertz (Hz) tone . The srcinal keypads had levers inside , so each button activated two contacts. The multiple tones are the reason for calling the system multifrequen cy. These tones are then decoded by the switching center to determine which key was pressed 20
Figure 4.1 A DTMF Telephone Keypad
4.3 DTMF Keypad Frequencies (With Sound Clips)
1209 Hz
1336 Hz
1477 Hz
1633 Hz
697 H z
1
2
3
A
770 H z
4
5
6
B
852 H z
7
8
9
C
941 H z
*
0
#
D
TABLE 4.1 DTMF KEYPAD FREQUENCIES
4.4 DTMF Event Frequencies
E vent
Low Freq .
High Freq.
Busy Signal
480 Hz
620 Hz
Dial Tone
350 Hz
440 Hz
Ringback Tone(US) 440 Hz
480 Hz
TABLE 4.2 DTMF EVENT FREQUENCIES
Tones #, *, A, B, C, and D 21
CHAPTER 5
5.1 WORKING The important components of this robot are a DTMF de code r, microcontroller and motor driver. A CM8870 series
DTMF decoder
is used here. All types of the CM8870 series
use
digital counting techniques to detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4bit code outpu t. The built-in dial tone rejection circuit eliminates the need of p refiltering.
When the input
signals are given at pins 1(IN+) & 2(IN-) , a differential input
configuration is recognized
to be effective, the correct
4-bit decode signal of the
DTMF tone is trans ferred to (pin11) through (pin14) outpu ts. The pin11 to pin14 of DTMF decoder are connected to the pins of microcontroller (P1.4 to P1.7) .
The atmega16 is a 8-bit m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r , has 64 kB Flash microcontroller with 1 kB RAM. it provides the following features: 64 kB of on-chip Flash program memory with ISP (In-System Programming) and IAP (In-Application Progr a mming), Four 8bit
I/O ports with three
high-current Port 1 pins (16 mA each) ,Three 16-bit
time rs/coun ters. Outputs from port pins P 0.0 through P0 .3 and P0.7 of the microcontroller are fed to the inputs
IN1 through IN4 and
enable
pins
(EN1 and
EN2) of motor
driver
L293D IC, respectively to drive two geared dc motors. Switch S1 is used for manual rese t. The microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive the dc motors, so current drivers are required for motor r otation. The L293D is a quad , high-current, half-h driver designed
to provide
bidirectional
drive
of up to 600mA at voltages from 4.5V to 36V. It makes it easier to currents drive the dc motors. The L293D consists of four drivers. Pins IN1 through IN4 and OUT1 through OUT4 are the input and output pins, respectively of driver 1 through
driver 4. Drivers 1 and 2, and driver 3 and 4 are enabled by enable pin 1(EN1) and pin 9 ( EN2) , respe ctive ly. When enable 22
input
EN1 (pin1)
is high.
5.2 FLOWCHART
FIGURE 5.1 FLOW CHART
23
5.3CIRCUIT VALIDATION USING µVision IDE
FIGURE 5.2 CIRCUIT VALIDTAION
24
CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS
1. Scientific:Remote control vehicles have various scientific uses including hazardous environments, working in the deep ocean , and space exploration. The majority o f the to the other planets in our solar system have been remote control vehicles,
probes
although some of the more recent
ones
were
sophistication of these devices has fueled greater spaceflight and e xplor ation. The Voyager kind
to
leave
have provided
the
solar
partially
au tonomous.
The
debate on the need for manned
I spacecraft
is the first craft
of any
syste m. The Martian explorers Spirit and Opportunity
continuous data about the surface of Mars since Janua r y 3, 2004 .
2. Military and Law Enforcem ent:Military usage of remotely controlled military vehicles dates back to the first half of 20th cen tur y. Soviet Red Army used remotely controlled Tibetans during 1930s in the Winter War and early stage of World War II.
25
CHAPTER 7 FUTURE SCOPE
1. IR Sensors:IR sensors can be used to automatically detect & avoid obstacles if the robot goes beyond line of sight.
This avoids damage to the vehicle if we are maneuvering it
from a distant p la ce.
2. Password Protection: Project can be modified in order to password protect the robot so that it can be operated only if correct
protected
password
or necessary
is entered. Either cell phone should be password
modification should be made in the
assembly language
code. This introduces conditioned access & increases security to a great extent.
3. Adding a Camera: If the current project is interfaced with a camera (e .g. a Webcam) driven beyond
line-of-sight
& range
networks have avery large ran ge.
26
becomes
practically
robot
unlimited
can be as GSM
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION
The
development
and
implementation
of
the
CELLPHONE
CONTROLLED
LANDROVER has been carried out successfully. The system was tested, validated and
found to be working prototype. It is simple and comfortable to the end user. The system is flexible and can be used in the modified form. The whole system can be concluded by the following summarized details.
Use technical skills and abilities in order to assemble the circuit.
The need for a fully compatible digital speed measuring system was felt because the previous analog speedometers were not precise enough.
Researchers are still being carried out in the various parts of the world to increase its accuracy.
Overall, the system is good but it still needs improvement to achieve a hundred percent accuracy.
27
CHAPTER 9 REFERENCES
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/search.php?terms=lcd+panel http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/search.php?terms=eeprom http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/search.php?terms=optocoupler http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lightemittingdiode http://www.electro-tech-online.com/electronic-projects-design-ideas-reviews/24358-digitalspeedometer.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator http://www.ustudy.in/node/4945 http://www.answers.com/topic/capacitor http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=2051+microcontroller &button
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