Project Report

CHAPTER NO.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT STATEMENT AND METHODOLOGY METHODOL OGY

1.1 Problem Statement: Stat ement:

Ad-b Ad-blu luee solu soluti tion on may be used used for for afte afterr treat treatme ment nt of exhau exhaust st gase gases. s. The The probl problem em associated with the Ad-blue technology currently available to reduce the Nox emission is that is uses a purified purified urea dissolved dissolved into distilled distilled water which cost around 78 IN!"it. The average consumption of the Ad-blue solution for the #iesel $ngine is %"it. for 8& 'm. In India according to current emission norms the Nox emission of &.()g!'m is  permitted. 1.2 Formaton Format on o! NO":

The pressure of Nitrogen in the atmosphere exists in the form of N( *di-atomic modulus of Nitrogen+ which is highly stable. #uring the process of combustion a high temperature will occur inside the cylinder at about 8&&, to %&&&,. At this high temperature the diatomic molecule nitrogen N into monoatomic Nitrogen (N which is highly reactive. This monoatomic Nitrogen reacts with the oxygen which is already present in the cylinder and from oxides of Nitrogen. xides of Nitrogen generally occurs mainly in the form of N and N(. These are generally formed at high temperature. /ence higher temperature and availability of free oxygen are the main two reasons for the formation of N and N(. 0any other Nitrogen xid xides es li'e li'e N(12 N(2 N(32 N() also also form formed ed in low low conce concent ntra rati tion onss but but they they decompose spontaneously at ambient conditions of N(.   In practice the control!minimi4ation of thermal Nx is accomplished primarily by measur measures2 es2 which which reduce reduce temper temperatu ature2 re2 but diluti dilution on of the availab available le oxygen oxygen is also also  beneficial. N2 # O $ NO # N %1& N # O2 $ NO # O %2& N # OH $ NO # H %'& 1.' Problem Sol(ton: Sol(ton :

5heep 6rine is rich source of ammonia. It contains -8  ammonia As well as human urine contains %&-%(  ammonia. 5o this urine can be used to reduce Nox from exhaust emission. As the sheep urine is a animal bi-product it does not have any production cost. Then only transportation cost is re9uired. /ence its :rice per "it.is about (& IN. This can be suitably used to reduce the Nx emissions so that ;51 norms can be achieved.

CHAPTER NO.2 )NTROD*CT)ON #iesel engines are widely used in many areas li'e automobiles2 locomotives marine engines power generation etc.2 due to its high power output and thermal efficiency. $ven though though the diesel engines engines give give more more benefit benefits2 s2 the human discom discomfor fortt caused caused by the  pollutant emission of these engines has to be considered. The ma
The large ma
Gra, 2.1: Contrb(ton o! +aro(/ Se-tor/ n Ar Poll(ton 2.1.1 Poll(ton 0(e to e,-le em//on n )n0a:

In #elhi2 the data shows that of the total 32&&& metric tons of pollutants belched out every day2 close to two-third *+ is from vehicles. 5imilarly2 the contribution of vehicles to urban air pollution is )( in ;ombay and close to one-third in alcutta. =at4 *%>>1+ has estimated estimated that in 5antiago2 5antiago2 hile2 wherever wherever pollution pollution concentration concentration exceeds ambient standards2 mobile sources or vehicles are the cause. 5imilarly2 in case of ;udapest2 /ungary2 transport is the dominant source of emissions except sulphur dioxide *5(+2 contributing )7 of xides of Nitrogen *Nx+2 8& of lead *:b+2 8% of carbon monoxide *+ and 7) of h ydrocarbon */+ emissions *"ehoc4'i2(&&&+.

Table2.1: Table2.1: Ar oll(ton From Pa//ener +e,-le/

2.2 Man E",a(/t Poll(tant/: 2.2.1 H30ro-arbon/:

lasses of burned or partially burned fuel2 hydrocarbons are toxins and are a ma
A product of incomplete combustion2 carbon monoxide reduces the bloods ability to carry oxygen? overexposure *carbon monoxide poisoning+ may be fatal. This odorless2 colorless gas is formed by the combustion of fossil fuels such as ga soline. ars and truc's are the source of nearly two-thirds of this pollutant. Bhen inhaled2  bloc's the transport of oxygen to the brain2 heart2 and other vital organs in the human body.  Newborn children and people with chronic illnesses are especially susceptible to the effects of . 2.2.' Ntroen o"0e/ %NO"& :

 Nx is a precursor to smog and acid rain. Nx is a mixture of N and N(. N( destroys resistance to respiratory infection. Cor dogs most of the nitrogen dioxide is removed in the nasal cavity. Dumbo vehicles and delivery truc's blow hot exhaust2 containing life dangerous 9uantities of N( into the atmosphere.

2.2.4 S(l,(r 0o"0e %SO 2& :

0otor vehicles create this pollutant by burning sulfur-containing fuels2 especially diesel. It can react in the atmosphere to form fine particles and can pose a health ris' to young children and asthmatics.

CHAPTER NO. ' L)TERAT*RE S*R+EY '.1 )ntro0(-ton:

Internal Internal ombustion ombustion $ngines $ngines generate generate undesirable undesirable emissions emissions during during the combustion combustion  process. In this2 both 5I and I engines are e9ually responsible. The ma
$ngine emission can be classified broadly into two categories vi4. exhaust emissions and no exhaust emissions. 0a
5ituation is same in a number of other mega-cities across the globe F be it 0exico ity2 5ao :aulo and 5antiago in "atin America or ;ang'o'2 Da'arta2 0anila2 #ha'a in Asia or  Ibadan and "agos in Africa or in cities of $astern $urope2 the erstwhile 655 and the 0iddle $ast. According to the Borld /ealth rgani4ation *B/+2 1 to 8 of deaths that occur annually in the world are related to air pollution pollution and of its constituents constituents22 the B/ has identified 5:0 as the most sinister in terms of its effect on health. #evices developed developed for after treatment treatment of exhaust exhaust emissions emissions includes thermal converters converters or reactors2 traps or filters for particulate matters and catalytic converters. The most effective after treatment for reducing engine emission is the catalytic converter found on most automobiles and other modern engines of medium or large si4e This chamber  contains contains catalytic catalytic material and it is intended intended to convert harmful harmful combustion combustion byproducts byproducts from an engine cylinder into harmless products. In presence of catalytic material the rate of chemi chemica call reac reacti tion on incr increa ease sess becau because se cata cataly lyst st helps helps to oxid oxidi4 i4ee the the mate materi rial al at comparatively low oxidation temperature level. onverter oxidi4es harmful  and / emission to (and /( in the exhaust system and thus the emission is controlled. atalytic converter uses precious noble metals such as platinum2 palladium and rhodium as catalyst. Generally2 catalytic converters are called as three way converter because they are used to reduce the concentration of three emission gases 2 / and Nx in the exhaust. '.' D!!erent D! !erent S3/tem/ Aalable To Control Control Em//on:

5ome of the more popular emission emission control devices installed installed on the automobile are as followsH atalytic converter • :E valve • $G valve • AI in
Automotive emissions are controlled in three ways? one is to promote more complete combustion so that there is less by products. The second is to reintroduce excessive hydrocarbons bac' into the engine for combustion so that there is less by products. The second is to reintroduce excessive hydrocarbons bac' into the engine for combustion and the third is to provide an additional area for oxidation or combustion to occur. This additional area is called a catalytic converter. The catalytic converter loo's li'e a muffler. It is located in the exhaust system ahead of the muffler. Inside the converter are pellets or  a honeycomb made of platinum or palladium. The platinum or palladium is used as a catalyst *a catalyst is a substance used to speed up a chemical process+. As hydrocarbons or carbon monoxide in the exhaust are passed over the catalyst2 it is chemically oxidi4ed or converted to carbon dioxide and water. As the converter wor's to clean the exhaust2 it develops heat. The dirtier the exhaust2 the harder the converter wor's and the more heat that is developed. In some cases the

converter can be seen to glow from excessive heat. If the converter wor's this hard to clean a dirty exhaust it will destroy itself. Also leaded fuel will put a coating on the  platinum or palladium and render the converter ineffective. This is why2 in the 6.5.A.2 all fuels designed for automobile engines are now unleaded. Lmtaton/ o! Catal3t- Conerter/ :

It is desir desirab able le that that cata cataly lyti ticc conve convert rter erss have have a life lifeti time me comp compar arabl ablee to that that of the the automobile. onverters losses their efficiency with age due to thermal degradation and  poisoning of the active catalyst material. Thermal degradation usually occurs in between )&&->&& degree centigrade.

F(re '.1: Catal3- Conerter '.'.2 PC+ +ale:

The purpose of the positive cran'case ventilation *:E+ system is to ta'e the vapors  produced in the cran'case during the normal combustion process2 and redirecting them into the air!fuel inta'e system to be burned during combustion. These vapors dilute the air!fuel mixture so they have to be carefully controlled and metered in order to not affect the performance of the engine. This is the
F(re'.2: PC+ +ale +ale '.'.' EGR +ale: +ale:

The purpose of the exhaust gas recirculation valve *$G+ valve is to meter a small amount of exhaust gas into the inta'e system? this dilutes the air!fuel mixture so as to lower the combustion chamber temperature. $xcessive combustion chamber temperature creates oxides of nitrogen2 which is a ma
F(re'.': EGR +ale +ale D/a0antae/ o! EGR: •

5ince 5ince $G reduces reduces the availa available ble oxygen in the cylinder cylinder22 the productio production n of   particulates *fuel which has only partially combusted+ is increased when $G is applied. This has traditionally been a problem with diesel engines2 where the trade-off between Nx and particulates is a familiar one to calibrators.

•

The deliberate reduction of the oxygen available in the cylinder will reduce the  pea' power available from the engine. Cor this reason the $G is usually shut off  when full power is demanded2 so the $G approach to controlling Nx fails in this situation.

•

The $G valve cannot respond instantly to changes in demand2 and the exhaust gas ta'es time to flow around the $G circuit. This ma'es the calibration of  transient $G behavior particularly complex- traditionally the $G valve has  been closed during transients and then re-opened once steady state is achieved. /owever2 the spi'e in Nx or particulate associated with poor $G control ma'es transient $G behavior of interest.

'.'.4 Ar )n5e-ton:

5ince no internal combustion engine is %&& efficient2 there will always be some unburned fuel in the exhaust. This increases hydrocarbon emissions. To eliminate this source of emissions an air in
 power2 but it will reduce excessive hydrocarbon emissions. 6nli'e in the combustion chamber2 this combustion is uncontrolled2 so if the fuel content of the exhaust is excessive2 explosions that sound li'e popping will occur. There are times when under  normal conditions2 such as deceleration2 when the fuel content is excessive. 6nder  thes thesee cond condit itio ions ns we woul would d want want to shut shut off off the the air air in
F(re '.4: Ar )n5e-ton S3/tem '.4 T,e SCR Met,o0 :

If the engine operates under conditions which optimi4e the combustion with regard to efficiency2 then 5 will convert Nx emissions into innocuous substances by means of  a reducing agent on a ceramic catalyst .Ammonia is a suitable agent for this purpose. The chemical reaction in the exhaust gas stream behind the engine at the ceramic catalyst causes a reduction of the nitrogen oxides N( and N by ammonia *N/3+.  Nitrogen dioxide *N(+ reacts directly with ammonia *N/ 3+2 whereas whereas initially initially nitrogen nitrogen monoxide *N+ is partly oxidi4ed to N(  *overall the speed of the Nx reduction is fastest2 when N and N( are present present at a ratio of %H%+. ther than water *vapour+2 *vapour+2 this reaction reaction produces produces only elementary nitrogen nitrogen *N(+2 which with 8&  constitutes the main natural component of the atmosphere.

'.4.1 *rea a/ a re0(-ton aent:

Ammonia is a very aggressive and noxious gas. According to the opinion of the Cederal 0inistry for $nvironment2 Nature onservation and 5afety of Nuclear :owerJ2 the use of  ammonia in public transportation would re9uire the establishment of a very extensive system of regulations encompassing e.g. environmental protection plus wor' and traffic safety. Therefore it is preferable to use less ha4ardous chemical compounds instead of  ammonia2 which release ammonia in the exhaust stream only. ne such substance is urea2 which will form ammonia at elevated temperature in the presence of vapour2 according to the following e9uationH %NH2&2CO # H2O CO2 # 2 NH'

/owever2 urea is not applied as a pure substance2 because it forms is a solid white  powder2 which cannot c annot easily be added to the exhaust gases in exact 9uantities. Therefore an a9ueous solution of urea should be used2 which will be described in more detail in the next chapter. '.6 Control o! NO":

o

There are many techni9ues being tried to control Nx emission from diesel engine. The following methods may be employed either as a single techni9ue or  as a combination. 0odification in the engine design

o

hanges in the engine design

o

0odification of fuels

o

After treatment of exhaust gases.

o

'.6.1 A!ter Treatment O! E",a(/t Ga/ B3 )n5e-tn S,ee *rne:

In the after treatment method2 sheep urine is sprayed in the exhaust stream which is at a temperature of (&&, to 3)&,. At this temperature of exhaust gas2 ammonia in the sheep urine acts a reduction agent and coverts oxides of nitrogen *N and N(+ into free  Nitrogen *N(+ and water vapour */(+. A ;ritish ;us ompany Is Testing A New 5ecret Beapon That It /opes Bill /elp Corward Its :ush To ut Its :olluting $missions - 5heep 6rine.

K5tagec K5tagecoac oach h has fitted fitted a bus in Binches Binchester ter with with a tan' tan' contain containing ing the animal waste2 waste2 which is sprayed into exhaust fumes to reduce emissions of harmful nitrous oxides. Andrew Andrew #yer2 #yer2 managing managing director director of 5tagec 5tagecoach oach 5outh2 5outh2 saidH saidH @It is a novel novel way of  reducing pollution but we believe it will wor'. There is nothing to worry about - we wo nt  be as'ing passengers to leave a sample and we wont be carrying a resident sheep at the  bac' of the bus.@ The scheme is bac'ed bac' ed by /ampshire county council coun cil as part of an effort to reduce pollution. The bus carried its first passengers last month. The urine is collected by the fertili4er  industry from farmyard waste and refined into pure urea2 which is then sold on to be used in the green engine technology. Ammonia from the urea reacts with nitrous oxides in the exhaust fumes and converts them to nitrogen gas and water2 which is released as steam. steam. 0r. #yer said the idea was no laughing matter. @I got some laughs when I told a transport conference in ;irmingham that sheep urine could be the 'ey to cleaner vehicles but it is becoming a reality. This is the latest in green technology and we believe it will help ma'e our cities better places to be for the public.@  New $6 regulations to be introduced in ctober next year will bring tighter restrictions on emissions2 he said. The urea-in
'.7 B,arat Stae St ae Em//on Em// on Stan0ar0/ Stan0ar0 / H

;harat stage emission standards are emission standards instituted by the Government of  India to regulate the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engine e9uipment2 including motor vehicles. The standards and the timeline for implementation are set by the entral :ollution ontrol ;oard under the 0inistry of $nvironment L Corests and climate change. The standards2 based on $uropean regulations were first introduced in (&&&. :rogressively stringent norms have been rolled out since then. All new vehicles manufa manufactu ctured red after after the implement implementati ation on of the norms norms have to be compli compliant ant with with the regulations. 5ince ctober (&%&2 ;harat stage III norms have been enforced across the country. In %3 ma
Table '.1:Em//on Stan0ar0/ !or De/el Tr(-8 an0 B(/ Enne/9 8;,

Table '.2: Em//on Stan0ar0/ !or L,t
CHAPTER NO. 4 SYSTEM MODEL)NG 4.1 Con/tr(-ton o! S3/tem: t consists of 1-stro'e #iesel engine2 atalytic converter2 In
4.2 Prmar3 La3o(t:

Be have have stud studie ied d the the dif differe ferent nt meth method odss to redu reduce ce exha exhaus ustt poll pollut utan ants ts and and thei their  r  disadvantages then we have decided to implement our new method to reduce Nx emission. Be decided to ta'e atalytic converter2 design 5pray chamber2 cha mber2 and in
F(re 4.1: Prmar3 La3o(t o! S3/tem %. #iesel engine (. #ynamometer 3. 0easuring instruments 1. 5olution tan' for sheep urine ). 5olution pump . No44le 7. 5mo'e meter 8. Gas analy4er >. :rinter

4.' Enne Se-!-aton/: SR. NO.

PARAMETER

SPEC)F)CAT)ONS

%

No. of cylinder

%

(

No. of 5tro'es

1

3

ylinder #iameter

87.) mm

1

5tro'e length

%%& mm

)

onnecting od length

(31 mm



#ynamometer Arm length

%8) mm

7

Cuel

#iesel

8

:ower

3.) =B

>

5peed

%)&& rpm

%&

.. ange

%(.% to %8.%

4.4 De/n o! Sra3 C,amber:

Input #ataH Inner #iameterH %(& mm2 "engthH 1&& mm2 0ax Bor'ing Bor'ing :ressureH ) ;ar  AssumptionsH /omogeneous And Isotropic 0aterial o o  No external pressure applied on the chamber. 0aterialH 0ild 5teel 5heet 5yt O (3&N!mm( Cactor of safety O 1 :oison atio O &.3& 5olutionH

Bhen the material of the cylinder is ductile2 maximum strain energy of failure is used as a criterion to indicate failure. ur chamber is similar to open cylinder sub
5ubstituting the values of principle stressesH

earranging the terms2

5ubstituting value of *#o O #i P (t+ in above e9uation2

4.6 Sol(ton Re/eror:

In this system2 plastic reservoir is used for storage of the human urine to avoid corrosion. The storage capacity of reservoir is of %.) liters. 4.7 Motor =t, P(m: Cor the in
F(re4.2: Motor =t, (m 4.> Sra3 No??le: o o o o

TypeH TypeH /ollow cone series perating :ressureH ( bar 5pray AngleH )(Q apacityH %(& ml ! min

4.@ Pe/ an0 )n5e-tor/:

Be used flexible pipes to carry the solution in between pump and in
4.1 Proerte/ o! ,(man *rne:

ItRs a li9uid by product of secreted by 'idney through a process called urination. The urine of human contains a significant amount of ammonia *%&-%( +. This ammonia from the urine reacts with nitrous oxides in the exhaust fumes and converts them to nitrogen gas and water2 which is released as steam. Proerte/ H

%. It is light yellow in color. (. It has offensive odor.

F(re 4.': ,(man *rne

CHAPTER NO.6 EPER)MENT DETA)LS Cor conducting test2 we have used single cylinder2 1 stro'e #iesel engine. Cor this experiment we have designed a 5pray chamber for the reaction ammonia in sheep urine with the Nx from the exhaust of the diesel engine. The chamber is designed in such a way that there should be the maximum exposure of human urine with the exhaust stream. The spray chamber is followed by catalytic converter to convert the / and  into

/( and (. $missions from engines are measured with the help of $xhaust gas analy4er. Three Three extens extension ionss are provid provided ed for measur measureme ement nt of exhaus exhaustt gases gases at three three differ different ent locations2 those are as followsH %. ;efore 6rine 5pray. (. After 6rine 5pray. 3. After catalytic converter. 6.1 C,em-al Rea-ton/:

Collowing reactions are ta'es place inside the spray chamber. eaction of /uman urine with NxH 4NO # 4NH' # O2 $ 4N2 # 7H2O 2NO2 # 4NH' # O2 $ 'N2 # 7H2O NO # NO2 # 2NH' $ 2N2 # 'H2O

F(re6.1: E"ermental Set(

6.2 E"erment Pro-e0(re:

%. Assemble all the components as shown in setup. (. Cirst start the $ngine. 3. Allow the engine to run at idling speed for %& min. to reach the normal operating temperature.

1. Temperature of the exhaust should be in between ()&-1)& deg. elsius. ). 5tart the spray of the sheep urine in to the spray chamber. . Now run the engine at low load and at a constant speed. 7. onnect the probe of the exhaust gas analy4er in first extension to measure emissions  before the spray of sheep urine. 8. Ta'e the emission readings. >. Now connect the probe of gas analy4er in the second extension i.e. after spray of sheep urine. %&. Ta'e emission readings. %%. Also measure emissions after the catalytic converter. %(. Note down those displayed readings. %3. Collow the same procedure for medium load and full load condition. Note down the emission readings. %1. ompare the emissions at "ow load2 medium load and full load condition.

6.4 A0antae/ an0 Lmtaton/: 6.4.1 A0antae/: %. Bith the help of this system we can reduce Nx up to )&-&.

(. This system can also reduce ( and / about 3& and >&  respectively. 3. 5ystem is eco-friendly and not harmful to human beings as well as animals. 1. ost of system s ystem is low. ). an be adapted for small space.

. Be can adopt this techni9ue also for 'erosene based engines. 7. unning cost is very low. 6.4.2 Lmtaton/: %. Initial manufacturing cost of system is high.

(. $rosion and corrosion will ta'e place inside the system. 3. 5ometimes bac' pressure will develop on engine. 1. Be cannot determine approximate 9uantity of solution re9uire for NS reduction.

CHAPTER NO. @ CONCL*S)ON AND F*T*RE SCOPE @.1 Con-l(/on/:

n above experimental pro
(. This system reduces the Nx and / by & and >&  respectively. 3. It is more efficient and reliable method for reducing the Nx emission. Thus2 these are the conclusions we made after this pro
%. #ifferent animal urines can be tested for reduction of Nx. (. The optimum flow rate can be found out for the in