CHEMISTRY PROJECT Name – ASHAR FATMI Class - XII - A School – BHATNAGAR INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY CERTIFY ASHAR FATMI OF CLASS XII-A HAS PERFORMED THIS PROJECT —“FOAMING CAPA CAPACITY OF SOAP” UNDER MY SUPERVISION. ______________ ___________________ _____ SHUBHRA SHUKLA CHEMISTRY TEACHER BHATNAGAR INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is my duty to recor record d my sincere sincere thanks and deep since of gratitude to my respected respected teacher and lab assistants. I have benefited a lot from from suggestions given to me by school faculty. faculty. I am indebted to my guide Mr. Mr. Brijmohan and Mr. Mr. Sharma my lab assistants for their constant support in the implementation of the project project
____________ ASHA ASHA !A"MI
CONTENTS
AIM PREFACE INTRODUCTON THEORY REUIREMENTS PROCEDURE OBSERVATONS RESULT PRECAUTIONS BIBLEOGRAPHY
AIM
TO STUY STUY THE CLEANING ACTION OF THE SOAPS AN TO ARRANGE THEM IN ECREASING ORER OF CLEANING EFFECT
PREFACE Soaps and detergents remove dirt and grease from skin and clothes. But all soaps are not equally effective in their cleaning action. Soaps are the Na and K salts of higher fatty acids such as Palmitic acid, Stearic acid and Oleic acid. The cleansing action of soaps depends on the soluility of the long alkyl chain in grease and that of the !"OONa or the !"OOK part in #ater. $henever soap is applied on a dirty #et cloth, the non polar alkyl group dissolves dissolves in grease #hile the polar !"OONa part dissolves in #ater. %n this manner, an emulsion is formed et#een grease and #ater #hich appears as foam. The #ashing aility of soap depends on foaming capacity, as #ell as the #ater used in cleaning. The salts of "a and &g disrupt the formation of micelle formation. The presence of such salts makes the #ater hard and the #ater is called hard #ater.
These salts thus make the soap inefficient in its cleaning action. Sodium "aronate #hen added to hard #ater reacts #ith "a and &g and precipitates them out. Therefore sodium caronate is used in the treatment of hard #ater. This pro'ect aims at finding the foaming capacity of various soaps and the action of "a and &g salts on their foaming capacity.
INTRODUCTION %ntroduction Soap is an anionic surfactant used in con'unction #ith #ater for #ashing and cleaning, #hich historically comes either in solid ars or in the form of a viscous liquid. Soap consists of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids and is otained y reacting common oils or fats #ith a strong alkaline in a process kno#n as saponification. The fats are hydroly(ed y the ase, yielding alkali salts of fatty acids )crude soap* and glycerol. The general formula of soap is +atty end #ater solule end "-!)"* n / "OONa Soaps are useful for cleaning ecause soap molecules have oth a hydrophilic end, #hich dissolves in #ater, as #ell as a hydrophoic end, #hich is ale to dissolve non polar grease molecules. 0pplied to a soiled surface, soapy #ater effectively holds particles in colloidal suspension so it can e rinsed off #ith
clean #ater. The hydrophoic portion )made up of a long hydrocaron chain* dissolves dissolves dirt and oils, #hile the ionic end dissolves in #ater. The resultant forms a round structure called micelle. Therefore, it allo#s #ater to remove normally!insolule matter y emulsification. emulsification. "ommercial production of soap The most popular soap making process today is the cold process method, #here fats such as olive oil react #ith strong alkaline solution, #hile some soapers use the historical hot process. andmade soap differs from industrial soap in that, usually, an e1cess of fat is sometimes used to consume the alkali )super fatting*, and in that the glycerin is not removed, leaving a naturally naturally moisturi(ing soap and not pure detergent. Often, emollients such as 'o'oa oil or Shea utter are added 2at trace3 )the point at #hich the saponification saponification process is sufficiently advanced advanced that the soap has egun to thicken*, after most of the oils
have saponified, so that they remain unreacted in the finished soap. +at in soap Soap is derived from either vegetale or animal fats. Sodium Tallo#ate, a common ingredient in much soap, is derived from rendered eef fat. Soap can also e made of vegetale oils, such as palm oil, and the product is typically softer. 0n array of saponifiale oils and fats are used in the process such as olive, coconut, palm, cocoa utter to provide different qualities. +or e1ample, olive oil provides mildness in soap4 coconut oil provides lots of lather4 #hile coconut and palm oils provide hardness. Sometimes castor oil can also e used as an eullient. Smaller amounts of unsaponifale oils and fats that do not yield soap are sometimes added for further enefits. Preparation Preparation of soap %n % n cold! process and hot!process soap making, heat may e required for saponification. saponification. "old!process soap making takes place at a sufficient temperature to ensure
the liquification of the fat eing used. 5nlike cold!processed soap, hot!processed soap can e used right a#ay ecause the alkali and fat saponify more quickly at the higher temperatures used in hot!process soap making. ot!process soap making #as used #hen the purity of alkali #as unreliale. "old!process soap making requires e1act measurements of alkali and fat amounts and computing their ratio, using saponification charts to ensure that the finished product is mild and skin! friendly. ot process %n the hot!process method, alkali and fat are oiled together at 67/877 9" until saponification saponification occurs, #hich the soap maker can determine y taste or y eye. 0fter saponification has occurred, the soap is sometimes precipitated from the solution y adding salt, and the e1cess liquid drained off. The hot, soft soap is then spooned into a mold. "old process 0 cold! process soap maker first looks up the
saponification saponification value of the fats eing used on a saponification chart, #hich is then used to calculate the appropriate amount of alkali. :1cess unreacted alkali in the soap #ill result in a very high p and can urn or irritate skin. Not enough alkali and the soap are greasy. The alkali is dissolved in #ater. Then oils are heated, or melted if they are solid at room temperature. Once oth sustances have cooled to appro1imately appro1imately 877!8879+ )-;!<-9"*, and are no more than 879+ )=>.>9"* apart, they may e comined. This alkali!fat mi1ture is stirred until ?trace@. There are varying levels of trace. 0fter much stirring, the mi1ture turns to the consistency of a thin pudding. ?Trace@ corresponds roughly to viscosity. :ssential and fragrance oils are added at light trace. %ntroduction to the e1periment Soap samples of various rands are taken and their foaming capacity is noticed. Aarious soap samples are taken separately and their foaming
capacity is oserved. The soap #ith the ma1imum foaming capacity is thus, said to e having the est cleaning capacity. The test requires to e done #ith distilled #ater as #ell as #ith tap #ater. The test of soap on distilled #ater gives the actual strength of the soaps cleaning capacity. The second test #ith tap #ater tests the effect of "a and &g salts on their foaming capacities.
THEORY The foaming capacity of soap depends upon the nature of the soap and its concentration. This may e compared y shaking equal volumes of solutions of different samples having the same concentration concentration #ith same force for the same amount of time. The solutions are then allo#ed to stand #hen the foam produced during shaking disappears gradually. The time taken for the foam to disappear in each sample is determined. The longer the time taken for the disappearance disappearance of the foam for the given sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity or cleansing action.
REQUIREMENTS +ive 877ml conical flasks, five test tues, 877ml measuring cylinder, test tue stand, #eighing machine, stop #atch. "hemical CequirementsD! CequirementsD! +ive different soap samples, distilled #ater, tap #ater.
PROCEDURE •
Take five 877ml conical flasks and
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numer them 8, ,-,<,> . Put 8Eml of #ater in each flask and add 6 Fms of soap. $arm the contents to get a solution. Take five test tues4 add 8ml of soap
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solution to t o -ml of #ater. #ater. Cepeat the process for each soap solution in different test tues. "lose the mouth of the test tue and
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shake vigorously for a minute. Go the same for all test tues and #ith equal force. Start the timer immediately and notice the rate of disappearance of mm of froth.
OBSERVATIONS Test Tue no
Aol. of soap solution
Aol. of #ater added
Time taken for disappearance of mm
8.
Go Gove
6 ml
8 E ml
883<@
.
Hu1
6 ml
8 E ml
-36@
-.
Ge Getol
6 ml
8 E ml
>387@
6 ml
8 E ml
8>3-@
6 ml
8 E ml
I3<7@
<.
Santoor
>. "inthol
RESULT The cleansing capacity of the soaps taken is in the orderD Santoor J Gove J "inthol J Getol J Hu1 +rom this e1periment, #e can infer that Santoor has the highest foaming capacity, in other #ords, highest cleaning capacity. Hu1, on the other hand is found to have taken the least amount of time for the disappearance disappearance of foam produced and thus is said to e having the least foaming capacity and cleansing capacity. Test for hardness in #ater Test for "a and &g salts in the #ater supplied Test for "a in #ater O N<"l N
PRECAUTIONS
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C:"OCG T: T%&: "0C:+5HH
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&:0S5C: T: 0&O5NT O+ SOH5T%ON "0C:+5HH
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0H$0S T0K: HO$:C &%N%S"5S %N "ONS%G:C0T%ON
BIBLEOGRAPHY
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FOOFH:."O&
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$%K%P:G%0."O&
T0NK O5 O5
