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IP PROJECT CLASS 12
Project Of Chemistry Steriliz ation Of Water By Sterilization Using Bleaching Powder This Project Project deals with the process process of purifying water and make it t for drinking y the the techni!ue techni!ue called called Sterilization of Water using Bleaching Powder TRIBHUWAN KUMAR
A CHEMISTR CHEMISTRY Y INVESTIGA INVESTIGATOR TORY Y PROJECT PROJECT B" ## T$%B&UW'( )U*'$ +lass #,%%
Index J J J
+erticate Of 'uthenticity 'cknowledgement %ntroduction
J
Theory
J
(eed Of Water Purication of Water (eed for a stale purication technology &istory Of water purication Bleaching powder and its preparation Use of Bleaching powder in sterilization of water
+erticate Of 'uthenticity This is to certify certify that TRIBHUWAN KUMAR of class ,%% has successfully completed this project project on the topic / Sterii!"tion of W"ter #y $sin% Be"chin% Po&der 0 under the guidance of *$1 T1(1 T1(1 2&' 3 *$1 *$1 S1 S'$)'$1 S'$)'$1
This Project Project is asolutely genuine and does not indulge plagiarism plagiarism of any kind1
The reference reference taken taken in mailing this project project has een declared declared at at the end of this pro44ject1
%nternal Signature5#
-.ternal Signature5# Signature5#
'cknowledgement % feel proud to present my project in +hemistry on the topic /Sterii!"tion of W"ter #y $sin% Be"chin% Po&der 01
This project project wouldn6t ha7e een completed without without the proper proper guidance of my +hemistry teacher *$1T( 2&' who guided me throughout this project in e7ery possile way1 ' project in7ol7es 7arious di8cult la e.periments e.periments which ha7e to e carried out y the student to otain the oser7ation and conclude the report on a meaningful note1 These e.periments are 7ery critical and in case of failure9 may result in disastrous conse!uences1 Therey % would like to thank *$1 T( 2&' for guiding me on a step y step asic and ensuring that % completed all my e.periment e.periment with ease1
% would also like to thank *r1 S1S'$)'$ and *$ P$':&'( for their 7ital support and co#operation1
't last % would like to thank my parents and all those without whom this project would not ha7e een completed1
%ntroduction
Need of &"ter Water is an important and essential ingredient in our !uest for fo r sur7i7al on this planet1 %t is 7ery essential for carrying out 7arious metaolic processes in our ody and also to carry out &emogloin throughout the ody1 ody1 ' daily a7erage of ; gallon per man is su8cient for drinking and cooking purposes1 ' horse9 ullock9 or mule drinks aout ;; gallons at a time1 Standing up9 an a7erage allowance of < gallons should e gi7en for a man9 and ;4 gallons for a horse or a camel1 'n elephant drinks =< gallons9 each mule or o. drinks > to ? gallons9 each sheep or pig > to ? pints1 These are minimum !uantities1 One c$#ic foot of &"ter ' ( %"ons )" %"on ' *+ #s,- 1
%n order to fulll such a huge demand of water9 it needs to e puried and supplied in a orderly and systematic way1 But with the increasing world population9 the demand for drinking water has also increased dramatically and therefore it is 7ery essential to identify resources resources of water from which we can use water for drinking purposes1 *any a7ailale resources of water do not ha7e it in drinkale form1 -ither the water contains e.cess of +alcium or *agnesium salts or any other organic impurity or it simply contains foreign particles which make it unt and unsafe for :rinking1
P$ri.c"tion of W"ter There are many methods for the purication purication of water1 water1 Some of them are are
Boiling @iltration Bleaching powder treatment SO:%S ASolar Water :isinfection
*, Boiin% Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water purication techni!ue in use today1 today1 While in normal households it is an e8cient techni!ueC it cannot can not e used for industrial and large scale purposes1 %t is ecause in normal households9 the water to e puried is 7ery small in !uantity and hence the water loss due due to e7aporation is is almost negligile1 negligile1 But in %ndustrial or large scale purication of water the water loss due to e7aporation will e !uite high and the amount of puried water otained will e 7ery less1
/, 0itr"tion @iltration is also used for remo7ing foreign particles from water1 One major drawack of this purication process is that it cannot e used for remo7ing foreign chemicals and impurities that are miscile with water1
1, SO2IS )So"r W"ter 2isinfectionSO:%S or Solar Water :isinfection is recommended y the United (ations for disinfection of water using soft drink ottles9 sunlight9 and a lack surface## surf ace## at least in hot nations with regularly intense sunlight1 Water#lled ater#lled transparent ottles placed in a horizontal position atop a Dat surface in strong sunlight for around 7e hours h ours will kill microes in the water1 water1 The process is made e7en more safe and eEecti7e if the ottom half of the ottle or the surface itFs lying on is lackened9 andGor the Dat surface is made of plastic or metal1 %tFs the comination of heat and ultra7iolet light which kills the organisms1
The major drawack of this purication purication techni!ue is that it cannot e used in countries with cold weather1 weather1 'lso9 the time consumed for Purication process is more and it also needs a Hlackened6 surface9 much like solar cookers1
Need for " st"#e 3$ri.c"tion techni4$e Therefore we need a purication techni!ue techni!ue which can e used anytime and anywhere9 does not re!uire the use of any third party content and which is also economically feasile on oth normal scale and large scale1 &ence we look at the method of purication of water using the techni!ue of treatment y leaching powder commonly known as / Chorin"tion01
Theory History of &"ter 3$ri.c"tion in i n di5erent 3"rts of the &ord, %n ;?
%n the ;?J4s 'merica started uilding large sand lters to protect pulic health1 These turned out to e a success1 %nstead of slow sand ltration9 rapid sand ltration was now applied1 @ilter @ilter capacity was impro7ed y cleaning it with powerful jet steam1 Suse!uently9 :r1 :r1 @uller found that rapid sand ltration worked much etter when it was preceded y coagulation and sedimentation techni!ues1 *eanwhile9 such waterorne illnesses as cholera and typhoid ecame less and less common as water chlorination won terrain throughout the world1
But the 7ictory otained y the in7ention of chlorination did not last long1 'fter 'fter some time the negati7e eEects of this element were disco7ered1 +hlorine 7aporizes much faster than water9 and it was linked to the aggra7ation and cause of respiratory disease1 Water Water e.perts started looking for alternati7e water disinfectants1 %n ;J4= calcium hypo chlorite and ferric chloride were mi.ed in a drinking water supply in Belgium9 resulting in oth coagulation and disinfection1
The treatment and distriution of water for safe safe use is one of the greatest greatest achie7ements of the twentieth century1 Before cities egan routinely treating drinking water with chlorine Astarting with +hicago and 2ersey +ity in US in ;J4?9 cholera9 typhoid fe7er9 dysentery and hepatitis ' killed thousands of U1S1 residents annually1 annually1 :rinking water chlorination and ltration ha7e helped to 7irtually eliminate these diseases in the U1S1 and other de7eloped countries1 *eeting the goal of clean9 safe drinking water re!uires re!uires a multi#arrier approach that includes5 protecting source water from contamination9 appropriately treating raw water9 and ensuring safe distriution of treated water to consumers6 taps1 :uring the treatment process9 chlorine is added to drinking water as elemental chlorine Achlorine gas9 sodium hypochlorite solution or dry calcium hypochlorite1 When applied to water9 each of these forms /free chlorine90 which destroys pathogenic Adisease#causing organisms1 'lmost all systems that disinfect their water use some type of chlorine#ased process9 either alone or in comination with other disinfectants1 %n addition to controlling disease# causing organisms9 chlorination oEers a numer of enets including5 K $educes $e duces many disagreeale tastes and odorsC K -liminates slime acteria9 molds and algae that commonly grow in water supply reser7oirs9 on the
walls of water mains and in storage tanksC K $emo7es chemical compounds that ha7e unpleasant tastes and hinder disinfectionC and K &elps remo7e iron and manganese from raw water1 water1 's importantly9 only chlorine#ased chemicals pro7ide /residual disinfectant0 le7els that pre7ent microial re# growth and help protect treated water throughout the distriution system1 @or more than a century9 the safety of drinking water supplies has een greatly impro7ed y the addition of leaching powder1 powder1 :isinfecting our drinking water ensures it is free of the microorganisms that can cause serious and life#threatening diseases9 such as cholera and typhoid fe7er1 To this day9 leaching powder remains the most commonly used drinking water disinfectant9 and the disinfectant for which we ha7e the most scientic information1 Bleaching powder is added as part of the drinking water treatment process1 process1 &owe7er9 leaching powder also reacts with the organic matter9 naturally present in water9 such as decaying lea7es1 This chemical reaction forms a group of chemicals known as disinfection y#products1 +urrent scientic data shows that the enets of leaching our drinking water Aless disease are much greater than any health risks from T&*s and other y#products1 'lthough other disinfectants are a7ailale9 leaching powder remains the choice of water treatment e.perts1 When used with modern water ltration methods9 chlorine is eEecti7e against 7irtually all microorganisms1 microorganisms1 Bleaching powder is easy to apply and small amounts of the chemical remain in the water as it tra7els in the distriution system from the treatment plant to the consumer6s tap9 this le7el of eEecti7eness ensures that microorganisms cannot recontaminate the water after it lea7es the treatment1
Wh"t is #e"chin% 3o&der "nd ho& is it 3re3"red6 Bleaching powder or +alcium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with formula +aA+lO=1 %t is widely used for water treatment and as a leaching agent leaching powder1 This chemical is considered to e relati7ely stale and has greater a7ailale chlorine than sodium hypochlorite Ali!uid leach1 %t is prepared y either calcium process or sodium process1
+alcium Process = +aAO&= L = +l=M+aA+lO= L +a+l= L = &=O Sodium Process = +aAO&= L N +l= L = (aO&M+aA+lO= L +a+l= L = &=O L = (a+l
Ho& c"n this chemic" #e $sed to sterii!e &"ter6 This chemical can e used for sterilizing water y Using Using < drops of leach leach per each half gallon of water to e puried9 and allowing it to sit undistured for half an hour h our to make it safe for drinking1 etting it sit se7eral hours more will help reduce the chlorine taste9 as the chlorine will slowly e7aporate out1 ' diEerent reference ad7ises when using household leach for puricationC add a single drop of leach per !uart of water which is 7isily clear9 or three drops per !uart of water where the water is (OT 7isily clear1 clear1 Then allow the water to sit undistured for half an hour1 hour1
Wh"t "re the "ct$" 3rocesses in7o7ed in disinfectin% "nd 3$rifyin% &"ter6 The comination of following processes processes is used for municipal drinking water water treatment worldwide5 ;1 Pre#chlorination # for algae control and arresting any iological growth =1 'eration # along with pre#chlorination for remo7al of dissol7ed iron and manganese N1 +oagulation # for Docculation I1 +oagulant aids also known as polyelectrolyte6s polyelectrolyte6s # to impro7e coagulation and for thicker thicker Doc formation
<1 Sedimentation # for solids separation9 that is9 remo7al of suspended solids trapped in the Doc >1 @iltration @iltration # for remo7al of carried o7er Doc 1 :isinfection # for killing acteria Out of these processes9 the role of Bleaching powder is only in the last step i1e1 for :isinfection of water1
-.periment Aim8 To To determine the the dosage of leaching powder powder re!uired re!uired for sterilization or disinfection of diEerent samples of water1
Pre9Re4$isite Kno&ed%e8 ;1 ' known mass of the gi7en sample of leaching powder is dissol7ed in water to prepare a solution of known concentration1 This solution contains dissol7ed chlorine9 lierated y the action of leaching powder with water1 water1 +aO+l=L&=4
+aAO&=L+l=
=1 The amount of +hlorine present in the ao7e solution is determined y treating a known 7olume of the ao7e solution with e.cess e.cess of ;4R potassium iodide solution9 when e!ui7alent amount of %odine is lierated1 The %odine9 thus lierated is then estimated y titrating it against a standard solution of Sodium thiosulphate9 using starch solution as indicator in dicator11 +l=L=)%
=)+lL%=
%=L=(a=S=ON
(a=SIO>L=(a%
N1 ' known olume olume of one of the gi7en samples of water is treated with a known 7olume of leaching powder solution1 The amount of residual chlorine is determined y adding e.cess potassium iodide solution and then titrating against standard sodium thiosulphate solution1 I1 @rom the readings in = and N9 the amount of chlorine and hence leaching powder re!uired re!uired for the disinfection of a gi7en 7olume of the gi7en sample of water can e calculated1
Proced$re8 ;1 Preparation of leaching powder solution1 Weigh accurately =1
I1 $epeat the step N with other samples of water and record the oser7ations1
Res$t89 'mount of the gi7en sample of leaching powder re!uired to disinfect one litre of water Sample % g Sample %% g Sample %%% g
<1+hlorination of :rinking Water Water http5GGwww1water#research1netGwatertreatmentGchlorination1htm >1+hlorination Of :rinking Water www1edstrom1comGdocliGmiI;I1pdf 1X:rinking Water Standards9X www1epa1go7GsafewaterGmcl1html ?1 :%S%(@-+T%(Q "OU$ W- W'T-$5 S&O+) +&O$%('T%O( http5GGwww1fcs1uga1eduGpusGP:@G&' http5GGwww1fcs1uga1eduGpusGP:@G&'+-#?#I1pdf +-#?#I1pdf i