PAJAK PENGHASILAN adalah pajak pajak yang yang dibeba dibebanka nkan n pada pada pengh penghasi asilan lan Pajak Pajak penghasil penghasilan an adalah peror peroran angan gan,, perus perusaha ahaan an ata atau u badan badan hukum hukum lainn lainnya. ya. Paj Pajak ak pengh penghasi asilan lan bisa bisa diberlakukan progresif diberlakukan progresif , proporsional, proporsional, atau regresif . Sejarah Pajak Penghasilan
Pengena Pengenaan an pajak pajak langsung langsung sebagai cikal cikal bakal bakal dari pajak penghasi penghasilan lan sudah terdapat pada zaman Romawi Kuno, antara lain dengan adanya pungutan yang bernama tributum yang berlaku sampai dengan tahun 167 Sebelum Masehi. Pengenaa Pengenaan n pajak pajak pajak pajak penghasi penghasilan lan seca secara ra eksplisit eksplisit yang diatur dalam dalam suatu suatu Undang-undang sebagai Income Tax baru dapat ditemukan di Inggris pada tahun 1799. 1799. Di Amerika Serikat, Serikat, pajak penghasilan untuk pertama kali dikenal di New Plymouth pada tahun 1643, 1643, dimana dasar pengenaan pajak adalah " a person's faculty, personal faculties and abilitites", Pada tahun 1646 di Massachusett dasar penge pengena naan an pajak pajak didasa didasarka rkan n pada pada "retur "returns ns and gain". gain". “Terso “Tersonal nal facult faculty y and and abilities" secara implisit adalah pengenaan pajak pengahasilan atas orang pribadi, sedang sedangkan kan "Retur "Returns ns and gain" gain" berkon berkonota otasi si pada pada pajak pajak pengha penghasil silan an badan. badan. Tonggak-tonggak Tonggak-tonggak penting dalam sejarah pajak di Amerika Serikat adalah UndangUnda Undang ng Paja Pajak k Fede Federa rall tahu tahun n 1861 1861 yang yang sela selanj njut utny nyaa tela telah h bebe bebera rapa pa kali kali mengal mengalami ami tax refor reform, m, terakh terakhir ir denga dengan n Tax Tax Reform Reform Act tahun tahun 1986. 1986. Surat Surat Pemberitahuan Pajak Penghasilan (tax return) yang dibuat pada tahun 1860-an 1860-an berdasarkan Undang-Undang Pajak Federal tersebut telah dipergunakan sampai dengan tahun 1962. 1962. Pajak Penghasilan di Indonesia
Sejarah pengenaan Pajak Penghasilan di Indonesia dimulai dengan adanya 1816, yakni sejenis pajak yang dikenakan tenement tenement tax (huistaks ) pada tahun 1816, seba sebaga gaii sewa sewa terh terhad adap ap mere mereka ka yang yang meng menggu guna naka kan n bumi bumi seba sebaga gaii temp tempat at berdi berdirin rinya ya rumah rumah ata atau u bangu bangunan nan.. Pada Pada period periodee sampa sampaii denga dengan n tahun tahun 1908 terdapat perbedaan perlakuan perpajakan antara penduduk pribumi dengan orang
1
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Asia dan Eropa, Eropa, deng dengan an kata kata lain lain dapa dapatt dika dikata taka kan n bahw bahwaa terd terdap apat at bany banyak ak perbe perbedaa daan n dan dan tidak tidak ada unifor uniformit mitas as dalam dalam perla perlakua kuan n perpajakan Tercatat beberapa jenis pajak yang hanya diperlakukan kepada orang Eropa seperti "patent duty". sebaliknya business tax atau bedrijfsbelasting untuk orang pribumi. pribumi. Di sampin samping g itu, itu, seja sejak k tahun tahun 1882 hingga 1916 dikenal dikenal adanya adanya Poll Poll Tax yang pengenaannya pengenaannya berdasarkan status pribadi, pemilikan rumah dan tanah. Pada 1908 terdapat Ordonansi Pajak Pendapatan yang diperlakukan untuk orang Eropa, Eropa, dan badan-badan badan-badan yang melakukan usaha bisnis tanpa memperhatikan kebangsaan pemegang sahamnya. Dasar pengenaan pajaknya penghasilan yang berasal dari barang bergerak maupun barang tak gerak, penghasilan dari usaha, penghas penghasilan ilan pejabat pejabat pemerint pemerintah, ah, pensiun dan pembaya pembayaran ran berkala. berkala. Tarifnya Tarifnya bersifat proporsional proporsional dari 1%, 2% dan 3% atas dasar kriteria tertentu. Selanjutnya, Selanjutnya, tahun 1920 dianggap sebagai tahun unifikasi, dimana dualistik yang selama ini ada, dihilangkan dengan diperkenalkannya General Income Tax yakni Ordonansi Pajak Paja k Pendapat Pendapatan an Yang Yang Dibaha Dibaharui rui tahun tahun 1920 1920 (Ordon (Ordonant antie ie op de Herzie Herziene ne Inkomstenbelasting 1920, Staatsblad 1920 1921, No.312) yang berlaku baik bagi penduduk pribumi, orang Asia maupun orang Eropa. Dalam Ordonansi Pajak Pendapatan ini telah diterapkan asas-asas pajak penghasilan yakni asas keadilan domisili dan asas sumber . Karena Karena desakan desakan kebutuha kebutuhan n dengan dengan makin makin banyakny banyaknyaa perusaha perusahaan an yang didirikan di Indonesia seperti perkebunan-perkebunan (ondememing), pada tahun 1925 ditetapkanlah Ordonansi Pajak Perseroan tahun 1925 (Ordonantie op de Vennootsc Vennootschapb hapbelas elasting) ting) yakni yakni pajak pajak yang dikenaka dikenakan n tethadap tethadap laba perseroa perseroan, n, yang terkenal dengan nama PPs (Pajak Perseroan). Perseroan). Ordonansi ini telah mengalami beberapa kali perubahan dan penyempurnaan antara lain dengan UU No. 8 tahun 1967 tentan tentang g Psniba Psnibahan han dan Penyem Penyempur purnaa naan n Tatac Tatacar araa Pcmung Pcmungiit iitan an Paj Pajak ak Pendapatan 1944, 1944, Pajak Kekayaan 1932 dan Pajak Perseroan tahun 1925 yang dalam dalam prakt praktck ck lebih lebih dikena dikenall dengan dengan UU MPO MPO dan MPS. MPS. Peruba Perubahan han pentin penting g lain lainny nyaa adal adalah ah deng dengan an UU No. 8 tahun 1970 dima dimana na fung fungsi si paja pajak k
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Ordonasi PPs 1925 berlaku sampai dengan tanggal 31 Desember 1983, yakni pada saat diadakannya tax reform, reform, Pada awal tahun 1925-an yakni dengan mulai berlakunya Ordonansi Pajak Perseroan 1925 dan dengan perkembangan pajak pajak pendapa pendapatan tan di Negeri Negeri Belanda, Belanda, maka timbul timbul kebutuha kebutuhan n untuk merevisi merevisi Ordonansi Pajak Pendapatan 1920, yakni dengan ditetapkannnya Ordonasi Pajak Pendapatan tahun 1932 (Ordonantie op de Incomstenbelasting 1932, Staatsblad 1932, 1932, No.111) No.111) yang dikenakan dikenakan kepada kepada orang orang pribadi pribadi (Persona (Personall Income Income Tax). Tax). Asas-asas pajak penghasilan telah diterapkan kepada penduduk Indonesia; kepada buka bukan n pendu penduduk duk Indone Indonesia sia hanya hanya dikena dikenakan kan pajak pajak ata atass pengha penghasil silan an yang yang dihasilkannnya di Indonesia; Ordonansi ini juga telah mengenal asas sumber dan asas domisili. domisili. Deng De ngan an maki makin n bany banyak ak peru perusa saha haan an-p -per erus usah ahaa aan n di Indo Indone nesi sia, a, maka maka kebutuhan akan mengenakan pajak terhadap pendapatan karyawan perusahaan muncul muncul.. Maka Maka pada pada tahun tahun 1935 ditetapka ditetapkanlah nlah Ordonans Ordonansii Paja Pajak k Paja Pajak k Upah (loonbelasting) yang memberi kewajiban kepada majikan untuk memotong Pajak Upah/gaji pegawai yang mempunyai tarif progresif dari progresif dari 0% sampai dengan 15%. Pada Pada zaman zaman Perang Perang Dunia Dunia II diberl diberlaku akukan kan Oorlog Oorlogsbe sbelas lastin ting g (Pajak (Pajak Perang Perang)) menggantikan ordonansi yang ada dan pada tahun 1946 diganti dengan nama Overgangsbelasting (Pajak Peralihan). Dengan UU Nomor 21 tahun 1957 nama Pajak Peralihan diganti dengan nama Pajak Pendapatan tahun 1944 yang disingkat dengan Ord. PPd. 1944. Pajak Pendapatan sendiri disingkat dengan PPd. Saja. Ord. Ord. PPd. PPd. 1944 1944 setela setelah h beber beberapa apa kali kali menga mengalam lamii peruba perubaha han n teruta terutama ma dengan perubahan perubahan tahun 1968 yakni dengan adanya UU No. 8 tahun 1968 tentang Perubahan dan Penyempurnaan Tatacara Pemungutan Pajak Pendapatan 1944, Pajak Kekayaan 1932 dan Pajak Perseroan Pajak Perseroan 1925, yang lebih terkenal dengan "UU MPO dan MPS". Perubahan lainnya adalah dengan UU No. 9 tahun 1970 yang berlaku sampai dengan tanggal 31 Desember 1983, yakni dengan diadakannya tax reform di Indonesia.
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Subyek pajak penghasilan
Menurut Undang Undang no.36 tahun 2008 tentang pajak penghasilan, subyek pajak penghasilan adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Subyek Subyek pajak pajak pribadi pribadi yaitu orang pribadi yang bertempat tinggal di Indonesia, orang pribadi yang berada di Indonesia lebih dari 183 (seratus delapan puluh tiga) hari dalam jangka waktu 12 (dua belas) bulan, atau orang orang pribad pribadii yang yang dalam dalam suatu suatu tahun tahun pajak pajak berada berada di Indon Indonesi esiaa dan mempunyai niat untuk bertempat tinggal di Indonesia. 2. Subyek pajak harta warisan belum dibagi yaitu warisan dari seseorang yang sudah meninggal dan belum dibagi tetapi menghasilkan pendapatan, maka pendapatan itu dikenakan pajak. 3. Subyek pajak badan badan yang didirikan atau bertempat kedudukan di Indonesia, kecuali unit tertentu dari badan pemerintah yang memenuhi kriteria: Pembentukannya berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan; Pembiayaannya bersumber dari Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara atau Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah; penerimaannya dimasukkan dalam anggaran Pemerintah Pusat atau Pemerintah Daerah; dan pembukuannya diperiksa oleh aparat pengawasan fungsional negara; dan 1. Bent yaitu bentuk bentuk usaha usaha yang yang diguna digunakan kan oleh oleh orang orang Bentuk uk usaha usaha tetap tetap yaitu pribadi yang tidak bertempat tinggal di Indonesia atau berada di indonesia tidak lebih dari 183 hari dalam jangka waktu dua belas bulan, atau badan yang tidak didirikan didirikan dan berkedud berkedudukan ukan di Indonesi Indonesia, a, yang melakukan melakukan kegiatan di Indonesia.
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Bukan subyek pajak penghasilan
Undang Undang No. 17 tahun 2000 menjelaskan tentang apa yang tidak termasuk obyek pajak sebagai berikut: 1. Badan Badan per perwak wakila ilan n nega negara ra asin asing. g. 2. Peja Pejabat bat perwaki perwakilan lan diplomatik diplomatik dan dan konsulat konsulat atau pejaba pejabatt - pejabat pejabat lain dari negara asing dan orang - orang yang diperbantukan kepada mereka yang bekerja pada dan bertempat tinggal bersama mereka dengan syarat bukan warga warga negara negara indone indonesia sia dan negar negaraa yang yang bersa bersangk ngkuta utan n membe memberik rikan an perlakuan timbal balik. 3. Organisa Organisasi si internasion internasional al yang ditetapka ditetapkan n oleh keputusan keputusan menteri menteri keuangan keuangan dengan dengan syarat syarat Indonesi Indonesiaa ikut dalam dalam organisas organisasii tersebut tersebut dan organisa organisasi si tersebut tersebut tidak tidak melakuka melakukan n kegiatan kegiatan usaha usaha di Indonesi Indonesia. a. Contoh: Contoh: WTO, FAO, UNICEF. 4. Peja Pejaba batt perw perwak akil ilan an orga organi nisa sasi si inte intern rnas asio iona nall yang yang dite diteta tapk pkan an oleh oleh keputusan menteri keuangan dengan syarat bukan warga negara indonesia dan tidak memperoleh penghasilan dari Indonesia. Obyek Pajak Penghasilan
Yang menjadi menjadi Objek Objek Paja Pajak k adalah adalah penghasi penghasilan lan yaitu yaitu setiap setiap Tambahan Kemampuan Ekonomis yang diterima diterima atau diperoleh diperoleh Wajib Wajib Paja Pajak, k, baik yang berasal berasal dari Indonesi Indonesiaa maupun maupun dari luar Indonesia Indonesia,, yang dapat dipakai dipakai untuk untuk konsum konsumsi si ata atau u untuk untuk menamb menambah ah kekaya kekayaan an Wajib Wajib Paj Pajak ak yang yang bersan bersangku gkutan tan,, dengan nama dan dalam bentuk apapun. Undang-undang Undang-undang Pajak Penghasilan Indonesia menganut prinsip pemajakan atas penghasilan dalam pengertian yang luas, yaitu bahwa pajak dikenakan atas setiap setiap tambahan tambahan kemampua kemampuan n ekonomis ekonomis yang Diterima Diterima atau Diperoleh Diperoleh Wajib
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Pengertian penghasilan dalam Undang-undang PPh tidak memperhatikan adan adanya ya peng pengha hasi sila lan n dari dari sumb sumber er tert terten entu tu,, teta tetapi pi pada pada adan adanya ya tamb tambah ahan an kemampua kemampuan n ekonomis ekonomis.. Tambaha Tambahan n kemampua kemampuan n ekonomis ekonomis yang diterima diterima atau diperoleh Wajib Pajak merupakan ukuran terbaik mengenai kemampuan Wajib Paja Pajak k ters terseb ebut ut untu untuk k ikut ikut bers bersam amaa-sa sama ma memi memiku kull biay biayaa yang yang dipe diperl rluk ukan an pemerintah untuk kegiatan rutin dan pembangunan. pembangunan. Dilihat dari penggunaannya, penghasilan dapat dipakai untuk konsumsi dan dapat pula ditabung untuk menambah kekayaan Wajib Pajak. Karena Undang-undang PPh menganut pengertian penghasilan yang luas maka semua jenis penghasilan yang diterima atau diperoleh dalam suatu tahun pajak digabungkan untuk mendapatkan dasar pengenaan pajak. Dengan demikian, apabila dalam satu Tahun Pajak suatu usaha atau kegiatan menderita kerugian, maka maka
keru kerugi gian an
ters terseb ebut ut
diko dikomp mpen ensa sasi sika kan n
deng dengan an
peng pengha hasi sila lan n
lain lainny nyaa
(Kompensasi Horisontal), Horisontal), kecuali kerugian yang diderita di luar negeri. Namun demikian demikian,, apabila apabila suatu suatu jenis jenis penghasi penghasilan lan dikenaka dikenakan n pajak pajak dengan dengan tarif tarif yang bersifat final atau dikecualikan dari Objek Pajak, maka penghasilan tersebut tidak boleh digabungkan dengan penghasilan lain yang dikenakan tarif umum. Kronologi Perubahan Undang-undang yang mengatur Pajak Penghasilan
diatur pertama pertama kali dengan dengan Pajak Penghasilan (disingkat PPh) di Indonesia diatur Undang-Undang Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1983 dengan penjelasan pada Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1983 Nomor 50. 50 . Selanjutnya berturut-turut peraturan ini diamandemen oleh : 1. Undang-Undang Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1991, 1991 , 2. Undang-Undang Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1994, 1994 , dan 3. Undang-Undang Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2000. 2000 . 4. Undang-Undang Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2008. 2008 .
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Mulai Juli 2003 sampai Desember 2004, 2004, pemerintah menerapkan sistem pajak yang ditanggung pemerintah yang diatur dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 47 Tahun 2003 dan Keputusan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 486/KMK.03/2003 486/KMK.03/2003.. Perubahan Penghasilan Tidak Kena Pajak (PTKP) Pajak (PTKP) telah disesuaikan juga beberapa kali dalam: 1. Peratura Peraturan n Menteri Menteri Keuangan Keuangan Nomor 564/KMK.0 564/KMK.03/200 3/2004 4 , berlaku untuk tahu tahun n paja pajak k 2005 (sek (sekal alig igus us meni meniad adak akan an paja pajak k yang yang dita ditang nggu gung ng pemerintah). 2. Peratura Peraturan n Menteri Menteri Keuangan Keuangan Nomor Nomor 137/PMK.0 137/PMK.03/20 3/2005, 05, berlaku berlaku untuk untuk tahun pajak 2006 pajak 2006.. Pajak penghasilan atau PPh untuk Koperasi
Pajak penghasilan atau PPh sedang "in" saat ini. Sunset policy yang di luncurkan direktorat pajak untuk mendorong orang atau badan memilik NPWP masih terus dipe diperp rpan anja jang ng.. Meng Menghi hitu tung ng Paja Pajak k peng pengha hasi sila lan n atau atau PP PPh h dimu dimula laii deng dengan an menghi menghitun tung g hitung hitung dulu dulu Pengh Penghasi asilan lan Kena Kena Paj Pajak ak.. Rumus Rumus PPh: PPh: pengha penghasil silan an dikurangi biaya-biaya. Kemudian terapkan tarif Pajak penghasilan Kena Pajak tersebut. Tarif Pajak penghasilan atau PPh dibagi atas:
1. Untuk WP orang pribadi
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2. Untuk WP berbentuk badan usaha Rp. 0 s.d. Rp 50 juta, tarifnya 10% Rp. 50 juta s.d. Rp 100 juta, tarifnya 15% Rp. 100 juta ke atas, tarifnya 30% Tarif Pajak penghasilan atau PPh dibagi atas adalah tarif progresif. Artinya setiap lapisan Penghasilan Kena Pajak dikenakan sesuai tarifnya, tidak diakumulasi terlebih dahulu, baru dikenakan tarif. Sebelum dikenakan tarif, Penghasilan Kena Pajak dibulatkan dulu sampai ribuan ke bawah.
contoh :
1. Penghasilan Kena Pajak WP orang pribadi = Rp 300.000.950 Penghasilan Kena Pajak dibulatkan : Rp 300.000.000 PPh nya adalah : 5% x Rp 25.000.000 = Rp 1.250.000 10% x Rp 25.000.000 = Rp 2.500.000 15% x Rp 50.000.000 = Rp 7.500.000 25% x Rp 100.000.000 = Rp 25.000.000 35% x Rp 100.000.000 = Rp 35.000.000 Total = Rp 71.250.000.
2. Penghasilan Kena Pajak WP badan = Rp 300.000.950.
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Bagaimana dengan pajak koperasi? Menurut sudut pandang pajak koperasi adalah objek pajak hal ini sesuai dengan pengertian koperasi secara spesifik kedudukan koperasi di mata hukum pajak adalah sebagai berikut.
•
Berdasarkan Pasal 2 ayat (1) huruf b Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2000, 2000, koperasi koperasi merupaka merupakan n badan badan usaha usaha yang merupakan merupakan subjek subjek pajak pajak yang memiliki kewajiban dan hak perpajakan yang sama dengan badan usaha lainnya.
•
Atass pengha Ata penghasil silan an yang yang diter diterima ima ata atau u dipero diperoleh leh koper koperasi asi adala adalah h objek objek pajak.
•
Modal koperasi terdiri dari : modal sendiri dan modal pinjaman
•
Anggota koperasi tidak dibedakan antara orang pribadi dan badan hukum dalam negeri.
Jika koperasi adalah badan usaha yang terkena pajak lantas penghasilaha apa saja yang menjadi objek Pajak penghasilan atau PPh :
1.
Bunga Simpanan Koperasi
Bunga simpanan koperasi merupakan imbalan yang diberikan koperasi kepada anggota berdasarkan simpanan wajib dan sukarela yang disetorkan kepada koperasi. Bunga simpanan koperasi yang akan diterima oleh anggota sesuai dengan Ad/ART Koperasi :
Bunga Bunga simpa simpanan nan koper koperasi asi yang yang diteri diterima ma ata atau u dipero diperoleh leh
anggota dipotong Pajak penghasilan penghasilan atau PPh :
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2.
Sisa Hasil Usaha (SHU) Koperasi
Sisa Hasil Usaha (SHU) adalah pendapatan koperasi yang
diperoleh dalam satu tahun buku dikurangi dengan biaya-biaya operasional dan dan kewa kewaji jiba ban n lain lainny nyaa term termas asuk uk paja pajak k dala dalam m tahu tahun n buku buku yang yang bersangkutan.
SHU SH U meru merupa paka kan n bagi bagian an laba laba yang yang dibe diberi rika kan n kepa kepada da
anggota atas simpanan pokoknya.
Pemberian SHU tidak dijanjikan di awal, tetapi tergantung
pada laba yang diperoleh koperasi.
Berd Berdas asar arka kan n pasa pasall 4 ayat ayat (1) (1) huru huruff g Unda Undang ng-u -und ndan ang g
Nomor 17 Tahun 2000, SHU termasuk ke dalam pengertian dividen yang merupakan objek PPh sehingga harus dilaporkan dalam SPT Tahunnan penerima.
Namun, pembagian SHU tersebut bukan merupakan objek
PPh Pasal 23 oleh pihak lain (Lihat pasal 23 ayat (4) huruf f UndangUndang nomor 17 Tahun 2000). Kewajiban Koperasi sebagai Pemotong Pajak
1. Memo Memoto tong ng PP PPh h pada pada saat saat pemb pembay ayar aran an atau atau teru teruta tang ngny nyaa bung bungaa dan dan memberika memberikan n bukti pemotong pemotongan an kepada kepada anggota anggota yang menerima menerima bunga bunga simpanan koperasi. 2. Menye Menyetor torkan kan secara secara kolekt kolektif if PPh selambat selambat-la -lamba mbatny tnyaa tangga tanggall 10 bulan bulan
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1. Bantuan Bantuan atau atau sumbangan sumbangan yang yang diterima diterima oleh oleh koperasi koperasi sepanja sepanjang ng tidak ada ada hubungan dengan usaha, pekerjaan, kepemilikan atau penguasaan (Lihat Pasal 4 ayat (3) huruf a Undang-undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2000). 2. Harta Harta hibahan hibahan yang diterim diterimaa oleh koperasi koperasi sepanja sepanjang ng antara antara pemberi pemberi hibah hibah deng dengan an kope kopera rasi si ters terseb ebut ut tida tidak k ada ada hubu hubung ngan an usah usaha, a, peke pekerj rjaa aan, n, kepemilika kepemilikan, n, atau penguasa penguasaan an dengan dengan syarat syarat bahwa bahwa nilai aktiva aktiva (nilai (nilai kekayaan kekayaan koperasi koperasi sebelum sebelum dikurang dikurangii dengan dengan hutang) hutang) tidak termasuk termasuk tanah dan bangunan pada saat akan menerima hibah, tidak lebih dari Rp 600.000. 600.000.000, 000,00. 00. Dividen Dividen atas bagian laba dari penyerta penyertaan an modal modal pada badan usaha yang didirikan dan bertempat kedudukan di Indonesia (Lihat Pasal 4 ayat (3) huruf f) 3. Sisa hasil hasil usaha usaha yang dibayar dibayarkan kan oleh oleh koperasi koperasi kepada kepada anggota anggotanya. nya. 4. Bunga Bunga simpanan simpanan yang yang tidak tidak melebihi melebihi Rp 240.000 240.000,00 ,00 setiap setiap bulann bulannya. ya.
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PAJAK PERTAMBAHAN NILAI
Pajak Pertambahan Nilai (PPN) adalah pajak yang dikenakan atas setiap pertambahan nilai dari barang atau jasa dalam peredarannya dari produsen ke konsumen. Dalam bahasa Inggris, PPN disebut Value Added Tax (VAT) atau Goods Goods and Servic Services es Tax Tax (GST) (GST).. PPN terma termasuk suk jenis jenis pajak pajak tidak tidak langsu langsung, ng, maksud maksudnya nya pajak pajak terseb tersebut ut diseto disetorr oleh oleh pihak pihak lain lain (pedag (pedagang ang)) yang yang bukan bukan penanggung pajak atau dengan kata lain, penanggung pajak (konsumen akhir) tidak menyetorkan langsung pajak yang ia tanggung.
Mekanisme pemungutan, penyetoran, dan pelaporan PPN ada pada pihak pedagang atau produsen sehingga muncul istilah Pengusaha Kena Pajak yang disingkat PKP. Dalam perhitungan PPN yang harus disetor oleh PKP, dikenal
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4. Pasi Pasirr dan dan keri keriki kil. l. 5. Batu bara bara sebelum sebelum dipros diproses es menjad menjadii briket briket batu bara. bara. 6. Bijih Bijih timah, bijih bijih besi, besi, bijih bijih emas, emas, bijih tembag tembaga, a, bijih bijih nikel, nikel, bijih perak, perak, dan bijih bauksit. Barang-barang kebutuhan pokok yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat Objek Pajak Pertambahan Nilai
Apabila ditinjau dari jenis penyerahan yang menjadi objek PPN, maka terdapat 6 (enam) jenis PPN. Dari keenam jenis PPN, 2 (dua) jenis di antaranya dibatasi dengan unsur untuk dapat mengenakan PPN, yaitu PPN Barang dan PPN Jasa. Unsur-unsur Unsur-unsur yang harus dipenuhi untuk dapat dikenakan PPN adalah: 1. adan adanya ya peny penyer erah ahan an;; 2. yang diserahk diserahkan an adala adalah h Barang Barang Kena Kena Pajak Pajak (BKP) (BKP);; 3. yang menye menyerahk rahkan an adalah adalah Pengus Pengusaha aha Kena Kena Pajak Pajak (PKP); (PKP); 4. penyerah penyerahanny annyaa harus di Daerah Daerah Pabean, Pabean, yaitu daerah daerah Republik Republik Indones Indonesia; ia; 5. PKP yang yang menyerahka menyerahkan n harus dalam dalam lingkungan lingkungan perusah perusahaan aan pekerja pekerjaanny annyaa terhadap barang yang dihasilkan.
Penyerahan Penyerahan yang dikenakan PPN meliputi:
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Sasaran Pajak Pertambahan Nilai bukan harga jual atau penggantian, atau nilai impor, atau nilai ekspor, melainkan nilai tambah atas penyerahan BKP, atau pemberian JKP dan seterusnya. Tetapi untuk mencari nilai tambah tidak semudah diduga, bahkan sulit, karena antara barang yang dibeli tidak harus sama dengan barang yang dijual dan faktor lainnya. Untuk memudahkan dalam perhitungannya perhitungannya maka maka yang yang ditunj ditunjuk uk sebag sebagai ai dasar dasar penge pengenaa naan n adalah adalah harga harga jual jual untuk untuk PPN Barang Barang,, pengga pengganti ntian an untuk untuk PPN Jasa, Jasa, Nil Nilai ai Impor Impor untuk untuk impor impor barang barang dan sebagainya. sebagainya. Tetapi pelaksanaannya menimbulkan pajak berganda.
Untuk menghindari pemungutan pajak berganda dapat dilakukan beberapa cara, yaitu: 1. Mener Menerapk apkan an kredit kredit PPN atas bahan bahan baku atau atau bahan bahan pemban pembantu tu termasuk termasuk faktor produksi lainnya; 2. Mencari Mencari nilai nilai tambah tambah pada setiap setiap produk produksi; si; 3. Mene Menera rapk pkan an tari tariff yang yang berb berbed edaa-be beda da deng dengan an memp memper erha hati tika kan n ting tingka katt tahapan produksi seperti barang jadi, barang setengah jadi dan barang esensial; 4. Mene Menent ntuk ukan an dasa dasarr peng pengen enaa aan n deng dengan an memp memper erha hati tika kan n pert pertam amba baha han n
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dikreditkan dari PPN yang akan dibayar sewaktu melakukan penjualan Barang Kena Pajak atau Jasa Kena Pajak. Meskipun demikian, agar tercegah adanya pengkreditan pajak yang tidak semest semestiny inya, a, maka maka tidak tidak setiap setiap pajak pajak masuk masukan an dapat dapat dikred dikreditk itkan an,, melai melaink nkan an terbatas yang telah memenuhi persyaratan. Melalui sistem pengkreditan pajak masukan tersebut, akan menghasilkan 3 (tiga) alternatif: 1. Masih Masih harus harus membayar membayar PPN, PPN, dalam dalam hal pajak pajak Keluaran Keluaran lebih lebih besar besar daripada Pajak Masukan; 2. Terjadi Terjadi kelebih kelebihan an pembayar pembayaran an pajak, pajak, dalam dalam hal Pajak Pajak Keluaran Keluaran lebih lebih kecil daripada Pajak Masukan; 3. Tidak Tidak kurang kurang bayar bayar dan tidak terja terjadi di kelebihan kelebihan pembaya pembayaran ran PPN, PPN, dalam Pajak Keluaran sama dengan Pajak Masukan. 4. Latar Latar Belakang Belakang Diberlaku Diberlakukann kannya ya Pajak Pajak Penjualan Penjualan atas atas Barang Barang Mewah 5. Setiap Setiap pemunguta pemungutan n pajak termasu termasuk k pemungutan pemungutan Pajak Pajak Pertambah Pertambahan an Nilai dihar diharapk apkan an mence mencermi rminka nkan n keadi keadilan lan baik baik sec secara ara horizo horizonta ntall maupun maupun vertikal vertikal.. Untuk Untuk mencapai mencapai sasaran sasaran agar pemunguta pemungutan n Paja Pajak k Pertamba Pertambahan han Nilai Nilai mencermi mencerminkan nkan keadilan keadilan tersebut tersebut maka diberlak diberlakukan ukan pemungut pemungutan an
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pihak penjual atau pihak yang menyerahkan Barang Kena Pajak atau Jasa Kena Kena Paj Pajak ak terseb tersebut. ut. Cara Cara seper seperti ti ini merupa merupakan kan cara cara yang yang palin paling g umum umum dilakukan dan dikenal dengan mekanisme umum. Dengan mekanisme ini, pihak penjual atau pihak yang menyerahkan Barang Kena Pajak atau Jasa Kena Kena Paj Pajak ak terseb tersebut ut akan akan mendap mendapatk atkan an aliran aliran uang uang masuk masuk (cash (cash inflow inflow)) berupa Pajak Pertambahan Nilai (Pajak Keluaran). Pajak Keluaran yang telah diter diterima ima dan merup merupak akan an cas cash h inflow inflow terseb tersebut, ut, akan akan diseto disetorka rkan n ata atau u tidak tidak diseto disetorka rkan n ke negara negara,, tergan tergantun tung g kepad kepadaa hasil hasil perta pertandi ndinga ngan n antar antaraa Pajak Pajak Keluaran tersebut dengan Pajak Masukan atau Cash Outflow.
Pembayaran PPN Secara Langsung ke Negara
Mekanism Mekanismee pembayar pembayaran an Paja Pajak k Pertamba Pertambahan han Nilai dengan dengan cara cara membayar membayarkan kan secara langsung ke negara, dilakukan apabila: a.
Dalam ha hal Pe Pengusaha Ke Kena Pa Pajak me menyerahkan Ba Barang
Kena Pajak atau Jasa Kena Pajak kepada Instansi Pemerintah, dimana instansi pemerintah tidak menitipkan uang pembayaran PPN kepada pihak penjual, melainkan langsung menyetorkannya ke negara; b.
Dalam hal terjadi impor Barang Kena Pajak, dimana pihak
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f.
Dalam hal terjadi penyerahan aktiva yang menurut tujuan
semula semula tidak tidak untuk diperjua diperjualbelik lbelikan, an, apabila apabila persyara persyaratantan-pers persyara yaratann tannya ya dipenuhi; g.
Dalam ha hal SP SPT Ma Masa PP PPN be berstatus ku kurang ba bayar ya yang
disebabkan oleh jumlah Pajak Keluaran yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan jumla jumlah h Pajak Pajak Masuka Masukan, n, diman dimanaa batas batas palin paling g lamba lambatt untuk untuk menyet menyetork orkan an selisihny selisihnyaa (Pajak (Pajak Keluaran Keluaran –VS- Paja Pajak k Masukan) Masukan) adalah pada tanggal 15 (lima belas) bulan berikutnya. Terdapat Pengusaha Kena Pajak tertentu yang Dasar Pengenaan Pajaknya menggunakan Nilai Lain, artinya jumlah Pajak Masuka Masukanny nnyaa diangg dianggap ap (deeme (deemed) d) selalu selalu lebih lebih kecil kecil diban dibandin dingka gkan n dengan dengan jumlah jumlah Paja Pajak k Keluarann Keluarannya, ya, sehingga sehingga SPT Masa PPN-nya selalu selalu berstatu berstatuss kurang bayar.
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Keluaran dengan Pajak Masukan. Pajak Masukan menimbulkan aliran uang keluar atau cash outflow, sedangkan pajak keluaran menimbulkan aliran uang masuk masuk ata atau u cas cash h inflow inflow.. Pajak Pajak Masuk Masukan an merupa merupakan kan uang uang muka muka pajak, pajak, sedangka sedangkan n pajak pajak keluara keluaran n merupaka merupakan n hutang hutang pajak. pajak. Saldo keduanya keduanya akan saling dioffset, di dalam SPT Masa PPN, setelah masa pajak berakhir, dan akan akan meng mengha hasi silk lkan an tiga tiga kemu kemung ngki kina nan: n: Pert Pertam ama, a, akan akan meng mengha hasi silk lkan an kekura kekuranga ngan n pembay pembayara aran n pajak pajak apabi apabila la jumlah jumlah Paj Pajak ak Kel Keluar uaran an ata atau u Cash Cash Inflow Inflow melebi melebihi hi jumlah jumlah Paj Pajak ak masuk masukan an ata atau u Cash Cash Outflo Outflow; w; Ke Kedua dua,, akan akan menghasi menghasilkan lkan kelebihan kelebihan pembayar pembayaran an pajak pajak apabila apabila jumlah jumlah Paja Pajak k Masukan Masukan atau Cash Outflow melebihi jumlah Pajak Keluaran atau Cash Inflow. Ketiga, akan menghasilkan jumlah nihil apabila jumlah Pajak Keluaran atau Cash Inflow sama dengan jumlah Pajak Masukan atau Cash Outflow.
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Faktur pajak adalah bukti pungutan pajak yang dibuat oleh pengusaha kena kena pajak pajak yang yang melak melakuka ukan n penye penyerah rahan an baran barang g kena kena pajak pajak ata atau u penye penyera rahan han jasakena pajak atau bukti pungutan pajak karena impor barang kena pajak yang digunaka digunakan n oleh Direktorat Direktorat jenderal jenderal Paja Pajak. k. Bagi pengusaha pengusaha kena pajak (PKP) (PKP) faktur pajak ini merupakan bukti dari pemenuhan kewajiban perpajakannya. Bagi pem pembe beli li atau atau pene peneri rima ma jasa jasa fakt faktur ur paja pajak k ini ini digu diguna naka kan n seba sebaga gaii sara sarana na pengkreditan pengkreditan pajak masukan.
Faktur Faktur pajak pajak dapat dapat digunakan digunakan sebagai sarana pengkred pengkreditan itan jika faktur pajak tersebut tidak cacat. Oleh karena itu penting bagi kita untuk mengetahui bilamana faktur pajak itu dinyatakan sebagai faktur pajak yang cacat. Berikut ini
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3. Pengisia Pengisian n atau pembetu pembetulan lan dilakuka dilakukan n dengan dengan cara yang yang tidak tidak benar benar 4. Faktur Faktur pajak pajak dibuat dibuat melampau melampauii batas waktu waktu yang yang telah telah ditentukan ditentukan Mengenai batas waktu pembuatan faktur pajak akan dibahas dalam tulisan yang lain 5. Faktur Faktur pajak pajak dibuat dibuat oleh pengus pengusaha aha yang yang belum belum atau tidak tidak dikukuhk dikukuhkan an sebagai pengusaha kena pajak (PKP)
Berdasarkan Berdasarkan pasal 14 Undang-Undang Pajak Pertambahan Nilai (UU PPN 1984) 1984) orang orang ata atau u badan badan yang yang tidak tidak dikuku dikukuhk hkan an sebag sebagai ai PKP dilar dilarang ang untuk untuk membuat faktur pajak. Faktur pajak yang dibuat oleh pengusaha non PKP secara yuridis tidak sah. Oleh karena itu pajak masukan yang tercantum di dalamnya
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Perbedaan kelompok tarif tersebut didasarkan pada pengelompokan Barang Kena Pajak (BKP) yang tergolong mewah yang atas penyerahan/impor penyerahan/impor BKP-nya dikenakan PPn BM. 3. Tarif Tarif PPN/ PPn PPn BM atas atas ekspor ekspor BKP adalah adalah 0% 0% (nol persen). persen). Apa saja yang termasuk DPP ? 1. Ha Harg rgaa jual jual// pengg penggan anti tian an Adalah nilai berupa uang, termasuk semua biaya yang diminta atau seharusnya seharusnya diminta oleh penjual/ pembeli jasa karena penyerahan BKP/ Jasa Kena Pajak (JKP), tidak termasuk PPN/ PPn BM dan potongan harga yang dicantumkan dalam Faktur Pajak. 2. Nilai Im Impor Adalah nilai berupa uang yang menjadi dasar penghitungan Bea Masuk ditambah
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f.
Untuk penyerah penyerahan an jasa jasa biro biro perja perjalana lanan/ n/ parawisa parawisata ta adalah adalah 10% (sepuluh persen) dari jumlah tagihan atau jumlah yang seharusnya ditagih;
g. Untuk jasa jasa pengirim pengiriman an paket paket adalah adalah 10% (sepuluh (sepuluh perse persen) n) dari dari jumlah tagihan atau jumlah yang seharusnya ditagih. h. Untuk Untuk PKP PKP Ped Pedaga agang ng Ece Eceran ran (PE) (PE) :
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10% x Rp.500.000,00 = Rp 50.000,00 Jumlah PPN terutang = Rp 1.010.000,00
3. PKP Peda Pedaga gang ng Ecera Eceran n (PE) (PE) "C" menj menjual ual o BKP seharga = Rp.10.000.000,00 o Bukan BKP = Rp. 5.000.000,00
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2. Pemung Pemungut ut PPN/ PPN/PPn PPn BM, adalah adalah : o KPKN o Bendaharawan Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah o Direktorat Jenderal Bea dan Cukai o Pertamina o BUMN/ BUMD
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Kapan saat pembayaran/penyetoran pembayaran/penyetoran PPN/PPnBM ? 1. PPN dan dan PPn BM yang yang dihitung dihitung sendiri sendiri oleh oleh PKP harus harus diseto disetorkan rkan paling paling lambat tanggal 15 bulan takwim berikutnya setelah bulan Masa Pajak. Contoh : Masa Pajak Januari 1996, penyetoran paling lambat tanggal 15 Pebruari 1996. 2. . PPN dan dan PPn BM yang yang tercant tercantum um dalam dalam SKPKB, SKPKB, SKPKBT, SKPKBT, dan dan STP
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2. PPN dan dan PPn BM BM yang yang tercantu tercantum m dalam SKPKB SKPKB,, SKPKBT, SKPKBT, dan dan STP yang telah dilunasi segera dilaporkan ke KPP yang menerbitkan. 3. PPN dan dan PPn PPn BM yang yang pemunguta pemungutannya nnya dilaku dilakukan kan oleh oleh : a. Bendahar Bendaharawan awan Pemeri Pemerintah ntah harus harus dilaporka dilaporkan n selambat-l selambat-lamba ambatnya tnya 14 hari setelah Masa Pajak berakhir. b. Pemungut Pemungut Pajak Pajak Pertam Pertambaha bahan n Nilai selai selain n Bendahar Bendaharawan awan
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