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Chemistry Project Class 12
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IP PROJECT CLASS 12
BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1) NCERT Class XII Text Book for Chemistry 2) Chemistry Laboratory Laboratory Manual Class Class XII !"C "ubli#ations "ubli#ations $) %%%&s#rib'&#om () %%%&s#holasti#&#om
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I %oul' like to thank my tea#her for her aluable *ui'an#e &I %oul' also like to thank my +arents for their su++ort an' +atien#e also I am in'ebte' to my frien' an' #lassmates for hel+in* me out in the +re+aration of the +ro,e#t &-n#e a*ain my sin#ere thanks to eeryone inole' as this +ro,e#t %oul' not hae been +ossible %ithout their #ontribution&
AIM: To 'etermine *lu#ose #ontent in 'i.erent bis#uits /+referably of 'i.erent bran's)&
MATERIALS REQUIRED0 am+le of bis#uit "estle an' mortar Test tube Tri+o' stan' Bene'i#ts rea*ent 3ehlin*s rea*ent
THEORY: 4hen %e think of su*ar %e +robably +i#ture the %hite *ranules you +ut in #ookies that your +arents +ut in #o.ee or that you +ut on your #ereal& !#tually this is ,ust one kin' of su*ar #alle' su#rose %hi#h is extra#te' from su*ar #ane or su*ar beets& Te#hni#ally su*ar is a #arbohy'rate that o##urs naturally in eery fruit an' e*etables& It is the ma,or +ro'u#t of +hotosynthesis the +ro#ess by %hi#h +lant transform suns ener*y into foo'& 5lu#ose is another ty+e of su*ar an' is ery im+ortant bio#hemi#al& 3or one thin* *lu#ose is the only fuel use' by brain #ells& 5lu#ose is also an im+ortant sour#e of ener*y for mus#le an' other tissue in the bo'y& The *lu#ose in your bloo' #omes from foo' you eat& Com+lex #arbohy'rates foun' in +asta or #ereals for exam+le are lon* #hains of su*ar mole#ules that are broken 'o%n by en6ymes to sim+le su*ars su#h as *lu#ose& u#rose or table su*ar is also broken 'o%n to form *lu#ose& Be#ause #arbohy'rates an' su#rose in foo' are broken 'o%n to form *lu#ose the leel of *lu#ose in our bloo' *oes u+ after you eat& Like most of the #hemi#als in your bloo' the leel of *lu#ose must be ti*htly #ontrolle' &The leel of *lu#ose in your bloo' is #ontrolle' by insulin a hormone ma'e in the +an#reas& Too little *lu#ose an' your brain an' other or*ans %ill not hae the ener*y they nee' to fun#tion &too mu#h *lu#ose in the bloo' #an #ause 'iabetes %hi#h is a serious an' *ro%in* health +roblem in %orl'& 3oo' +ro'u#t #an be teste' to 'etermine %hether they #ontain re'u#in* su*ars throu*h test kno%n as Bene'i#ts test or 3ehlin*s test &these test #an also be use' to 'etermine if su*ar is +resent in #ertain bo'ily 7ui's su#h as urine %hi#h is im+ortant for 'ia*nosti# testin*&
WHAT IS A REDUCING SUGAR? !ny su*ar that forms an al'ehy'e or ketone in the +resen#e of an alkaline solution is a re'u#in* su*ar& Ty+es of re'u#in* su*ars in#lu'e *lu#ose fru#tose *ly#eral'ehy'es la#tose arabinose an' maltose&
BENEDICT’s TEST To test the +resen#e of re'u#in* su*ars a foo' sam+le is 'issole' in boilin* %ater& Next a small amount of Bene'i#ts rea*ent is a''e' an' the solution be*ins to #ool& 8urin* next (91: minutes the solution shoul' be*in to #han*e #olor& If the #olor #han*es to blue then no *lu#ose is +resent &If a hi*h amount of *lu#ose is +resent then #olor #han*e %ill +ro*ress to *reen yello% oran*e re' an' then a 'ark re' or bro%n&
FEHLING’S TEST To #arry 3ehlin*s test the solution is 'ilute' in %ater an' %arme' until fully 'issole' &Next 3ehlin*s solution is a''e' %hile stirrin*& If re'u#in* su*ars are +resent the solution shoul' be*in to #han*e #olor as rust or re' #olore' +re#i+itate forms& If re'u#in* su*ars are not +resent the solution %ill remain blue or *reen&
PRACTICAL APPLICATION Re'u#in* su*ar test su#h as Bene'i#ts test an' 3ehlin*s test #an be use' to 'etermine %hether su*ars are +resent in urine %hi#h #an be in'i#atie of 'iabetes mellitus they #an also be use' in a ;ualitatie manner su#h as in titration ex+eriment to 'etermine the amount of re'u#in* su*ar in solution &
PROCEDURE 1& Take sam+le of bis#uit an' #rush it 2& Take
OBSERVATIONS Bene'i#ts 3ehlin*s
M#ities Mustar' Bro%n
=a++y =a++y 8ark Mustar' Mustar' Bro%n
Britania Bro%nish re' 8ark bro%n
INFERENCE Britania #ontain the maximum amount of *lu#ose follo%e' by M#ities Britania #ontains the least *lu#ose of all the three
Prec!"#$%s: 1& 4ei*hin* of the sam+le an' rea*ents shoul' be a##urately 'one 2& Rinse the test tube +ro+erly $& Test tube shoul' not be 'isturbe' till the #olor #han*es (& Take 'o%n the #olor rea'in*s from the sam+le #arefully from the #olor s#ale +roi'e' on the rea*ent bottle&
