ACIDIMETRÍA Y ALCALIMETRÍA
LUDIS MERCEDES COBA JIMENEZ MARIA FERNANDA MOLINA MOLINA
Grupo 1
Informe de Laboratorio de Química Analítica II
Hanael Ojeda Moreno
UNIVERSIDAD DEL ATLÁNTICO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BÁSICAS, PROGRAMA DE QUÍMICA BARRANQUILLA 04-10-2016
1
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CONTENIDO
1. RESUMEN………………………………………………………………………………. 3 2. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………………. 4 3. OBJETIVOS… ………………………………………………………………………… 6 3.1. OBJETIVOS GENERALES……………………………… …………………………… 6 3.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS…………………………………………………………… 6 4. PARTE EXPERIMENTAL O METODOLOGÍA……………………………………… 7 5. RESULTADOS y DISCUSIÓN...……………………………………………………… 12 6. CONCLUSIÓN…………………………………………………………
…………… 34
7. BIBLIOGRAFÍA…………………………………………………… …………………34 NEXOS…………………………………………… …………… ………………………………… 35 8. A NEXOS………………………………
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1. RESUMEN
En esta práctica de laboratorio se llevaron a cabo valoraciones ácido-base (protometría) en aplicaciones analíticas para la determinación de hidrogeno sustituible de un ácido, es decir, la acidez total en las siguientes sustancias: ácido tartárico (vino), ácido cítrico (zumo de limón), patrón NaOH, además se realizó la ácido acético (vinagre) y ácido desconocido con disolución patrón NaOH, determinación de la alcalinidad en mezclas mezclas de carbonatos (Na2CO3; NaHCO3; H2O CO3) utilizando los métodos de warder con disolución patrón HCl y finalmente se hizo la determinación de mezclas que contienen fosfatos (H3PO4; NaH2PO4; Na2HPO4; Na3PO4).
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2. INTRODUCCION Las valoraciones son utilizadas ampliamente en la química analítica para la determinación de la concentración de especies ácidas o básicas, agentes oxidantes, reductores, iones metálicos o muchas otras especies químicas. Las valoraciones se basan en la reacción que se produce entre un analito y una disolución estándar conocido como titulante, El titulante es siempre un ácido fuerte o una base fuerte. El analito puede ser bases y ácidos fuertes o débiles. Las volumetrías involucran la medición del volumen de titulante de concentración conocida que es necesario para reaccionar estequiometricamente con el analito. Este volumen será determinado por la obtención del punto de final de la reacción, la cual se evidencia por el cambio de color del indicador. En la figura 1 se muestra una valoración basada en el volumen o volumetría, en la cual el reactivo estándar se añade desde una bureta hacia el matraz erlenmeyer que contiene el analito, en el que se lleva a cabo la reacción.
Figura 1. Valoración volumétrica o volumetría. Para detectar el punto final en una valoración se puede hacer uso de indicadores ácido-base, un indicador ácido/base es un ácido orgánico débil o una base orgánica débil que en su forma no disociada difiere en color de su base o ácido conjugado. Uno de los indicadores más usados es la fenolftaleína, esta tiene una transición de incolora a rosa, en el intervalo de PH 8.0-9.6; en el esquema 1 se ve la composición de la fenolftaleína en su forma acida y básica.
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fenolftaleina incolora pH<8,0
fenolftaleina rosa pH>9,6
HO HO
O
-
OH
2OH
O
O
+
2H
O
-
O
Posteriormente podemos observar el comportamiento de un indicador ácido-base.
↔ − + á ↔ + −
á
Las valoraciones ácido-base pueden ser aplicadas en la determinación de una variedad de sustancias, tales como carbonatos, óleum, fosfatos, entre otras; para el análisis de carbonatos sólo pueden existir en cantidades apreciables dos de los tres componentes component es en una muestra, ya que la reacción entre ellos elimina al tercero; así al mezclar hidróxido hidróx ido de sodio con carbonato ácido de sodio se forma carbonato de sodio hasta que uno u otros (ambos) se agote. Si el hidróxido de sodio (NaOH) se consume, la solución contendrá carbonato de sodio y bicarbonato de sodio; si se gasta el bicarbonato de sodio, permanecerán el carbonato de sodio e hidróxido de sodio si se mezclan cantidades equivalentes de los dos compuestos, el soluto principal será el carbonato de sodio. Para el análisis de estas muestras se utiliza utiliza el método de warder.
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3. OBJETIVOS 3.1.Objetivos generales Determinar la composición y la concentración básica o acida de diferentes muestras problemas por medio de la protometria. 3.2.Objetivos específicos
Optimizar la precisión del material de vidrio utilizado (bureta) por medio de la calibración del mismo. Obtener una mayor trazabilidad estandarizando las disoluciones patrones utilizadas, mediante estándares primarios como el FHK y el carbonato de sodio anhídrido. Determinar la acidez de muestras de vinagre, vino, leche y jugo de naranja. Comprender y aplicar los métodos Warder en análisis volumétricos de soluciones de carbonatos. Determinar el comportamiento de especies básicas, ácidas y anfolitos, en mezclas que contienen ácido fosfórico, fosfatos, ácido clorhídrico e hidróxido de sodio.
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4. METODOLOGIA 4.1.Plan de muestreo 4.1.1. Muestra bruta.
HCl al 37% NaOH al 50% Vinagre blanco. Jugo de naranja. Leche. Vino. Ácido débil. Ftalato ácido de potasio (FAP ó FHK). Estándar primario Na 2CO3.
4.1.2. Muestra de laboratorio.
≈≈
Disolución patrón 500 mL 0.1 M HCl. Disolución patrón 500 mL 0.1 M NaOH. 5 soluciones desconocidas de mezclas de carbonatos. 7 soluciones desconocidas de mezclas de fosfatos.
4.1.3. Alícuotas.
Vinagre blanco 5 mL Jugo de naranja 10 mL Leche 50 mL Vino 50 mL
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Pesa sustancia. Balanza analítica Agitador magnético Magneto Espátula Gotero Soporte universal Pinza para buretas Nuez ® HCl 0.1 M. ® HCl concentrado (37% p/p)
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
NaOH FHK TRINaSCO Solución de
al 50%
Anaranjado de metilo Fenolftaleína Timolftaleína Verde de bromocresol Vinagre Zumo de limón Vino Leche
4.2.2. Método Analítico. En el intento de resolver los problemas analíticos analíticos para hallar la composición y cuantificación de una sustancia en determinada muestra es de gran utilidad el método de titulación de neutralización que consiste en adicionar gradualmente un ácido a una base o viceversa para que se complete una reacción de neutralización. La sustancia que se adiciona se denomina titulante y la que está siendo neutralizada recibe el nombre de analito; En el proceso de titulación se utilizó utilizó un indicador, justamente indica cuándo ha terminado la reacción, pues en medio ácido presenta un color y en medio alcalino otro. El método de la titulación por neutralización es un método de apreciación cuantitativa, el volumen adicionado y la relación estequiometria, dada por la ecuación química balanceada de la reacción que está ocurriendo nos permite conocer la alcalinidad o la basicidad de una muestra desconocida, sin embargo, para la determinación de la alcalinidad en mezclas de carbonatos existe el método de Warder (una sola muestra) con la disolución patrón HCl. El método de Warder, es el citado método de fijación de los dos puntos de equivalencia que
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ALCALIMETRÍA Preparar la disolución patrón NaOH 0.1000 M 500 mL A artir de NaOH 50% Estandarizar con Ftalato ácido de potasio (FHK) Aplicación analítica Determinación de la Acidez total de:
Alícuota Leche 50 mL
Alícuota Vino 50 mL
Alícuota Vinagre 5 mL
Agregar Fenolftaleína y titular
Alícuota Ácido débil 0.1161 g
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ACID ACIDIM IMET ETR RA Preparar la disolución patrón HCl 0.1000 M 500 mL A artir de HCl 37% Estandarizar con Carbonato de Sodio Na2CO3 Aplicación Analítica Determinación de la Alcalinidad total de mezclas carbonadas.
Muestra 1
Muestra 2
Muestra 3
Muestra 4
Muestra 5
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Determinación de mezclas de fosfatos Se tomaron 2 réplicas de 2 mL para cada mezcla de fosfatos, y se le agregó los indicadores Timolftaleína y Verde de bromocresol Dependiendo de la coloración es escogió el valorante
NaOH
HCl Se titularon las muestras
Se titularon las muestras 1,3 y 5
Se titularon las muestras 6y7 Con ambas disoluciones
2y4
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5. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 5.1. Procesamiento de los datos (Cálculos). 5.1.1. Calibración de la bureta de 50 mL clase A. N° Contenido a pesar Masa obtenida (g) 1 Erlenmeyer de 100 mL 56,1332 2 Erlenmeyer de 100 mL+ 10 mL Agua 66,1311 3 Erlenmeyer de 100 Ml + 20 mL Agua 76,0743 4 Erlenmeyer de 100 mL+ 30 mL Agua 86.0978 5 Erlenmeyer de 100 mL+ 40 mL Agua 96.0699 6 Erlenmeyer de 100 mL+ 50 mL Agua 106.0183 Cuadro 1, Mediciones masa del matraz con los respectivos volúmenes de agua agregado. Para Hallar la corrección de la bureta de cada volumen vertido tenemos en cuenta que la temperatura del agua utilizada fue de 29.7 °C, y se toma la densidad del Agua a 30 °C la cual corresponde a 0.9956780 g/mL. Para Hallar la Masa real de agua vertida (M), se hace de manera indirecta por la diferencia de masas:
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Volumen teórico (x) Masa real Volumen real vertido vertido de H2O (mL) de H2O (g) (Y) a 30°C (mL) 10 9.9979 10,0411 20 19,9411 20,0277 30 29,9646 30,0947 40 39,9367 40,1101 50 49,8851 50,1016 Cuadro 2, Datos obtenidos para la calibración de la bureta. Se halla la incertidumbre de la bureta (Y-X) [(Y-X) - (Y-X)] [(Y-X) - (Y-X)]2 0.0411 -0,0339 0,0012 0.0277 -0,0473 0,0022 0.0947 0,0197 0.0004 0.1101 0.0351 0.0012 0.1016 0,0266 0,0007 Cuadro 3, Datos para hallar la desviación típica de la bureta clase A.
= ∑[(Y X) (Y X)]2
Corrección del volumen (Y-X) 0.0411 0.0277 0.0947 0.1101 0.1016
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± 0,05
±
Pipeta de 50,00 mL mL 0,07 mL Cuadro 4. Incertidumbres de material utilizado 5.1.2. Alcalimetría Preparación de las disolución patrón NaOH 0,1000 M a partir de NaOH 50%
1, 4 8988 1000 [] ] = 10050 × × 1 40 = 18,6235 6235 × = ×
Utilizamos la ecuación de dilución: Dónde:
C1 = [NaOH] al 50% V1 = X
= ×
C2 = [NaOH] 0,1000M V2 = 500 mL solución NaOH.
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= 0, 0 , 0 0014 0, 0 6 0,1117 = 0,5178 22,7 =±0,002657. =±0,002657×0,1117=±0,0002968. [] =(0,1117±0,0002968) 1 [] = (0,(0,5181877 ± 0,0001 00014)4) ×× 1000204,2 × 3 1 1 × (22, (22,70 ± 0,06) =0,1119. =
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Determinación de la concentración contenido de ácido acético en el vinagre.
Vvinagre = (5,00 ± 0.04) mL V NaOH = (22,90 ± 0,06) mL NaOH
NaOH] = (0,1118 ± 0,0004) M % ) × 1 = (22,9±0,06)mL NNaOaOHH × (0,1118±0,1 0004 1 × (5,00±0,04)41) ×100% × 100060 % == 3,0727233 % [
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[NaOH] = (0,1118 ± 0,0004) M
) % = (26,70±0,06)mL NNaOaOHH × (0,1118±0,1 0004 1 × 150,087 × × 12 1000 (50,00±0,07)7) ×100% % =0,8960 % 0,0,06 0,0004 0,07 =±0,0045
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=±0,0068×0,2155=±0,0015 % = (0,2155±0,0015)% Determinación del peso equivalente de un ácido débil
Masa de la muestra = (0,1161 ± 0,00014) g V NaOH gastado= (8,60 ± 0,06) mL NaOH [NaOH] = (0,1118 ± 0.0004) M Como el NaOH es una base monoprotica la Molaridad es igual a la Normalidad y podemos
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) 0 0014) 0014 × 1 1000 , = ((0,0,19161±0, =0. 1 207 × 615±137,8150)mEq 1 á , = 120,07 El ácido débil desconocido es diprotico
0014) × 2 =0.241 × 1000 á , = (0,1161±0,00014)
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A. Tartárico
150,087
2
75,047
241,49
A. Málico
134,0874
2
67,043
241,49
A. Cítrico
192,124
3
64,04
362,24
A. Ascórbico
176,12
3
58,70
362,24
Cuadro 5. Análisis de pesos equivalente teórico y pesos equivalente experimentales de algunos ácidos débiles. Teniendo en cuenta que el ácido débil es insoluble en agua y observando que evidentemente los valores de los pesos equivalentes más cercanos son los del ácido monoprotico podemos afirmar que el ácido de la muestra desconocida corresponde al ácido benzoico.
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Determinación de mezclas alcalinas (carbonatos)
En la valoración de mezclas alcalinas con ácido clorhídrico como disolución patrón podemos pod emos observar las siguientes reacciones: N° Reacciones
Indicador
1
Fenolftaleína o Anaranjado de metilo
2 3 4
HCl NaOH ↔ NaCl HO HClNaCO ↔NaHCO NaCl HClNaHCO ↔ HO CO NaCl NaCO 2HCl ↔ 2NaCl HO CO
Fenolftaleína Anaranjado de metilo Anaranjado de metilo
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Caso 5.
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[]=(0,0921±0,0005)
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% % = (6,30±0,06)6) × (0,1232±0,0004) 004) × 1 1
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× 84 × 1 × 100% = 1,1259 % × 1 1 1000 (25(25 ± 0,06)06)
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1 × 105,99 × × 1 1 1000 (25, (25,00± 00 ± 0,06)06) ×100%=1,1439%
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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