COLE US BLUMEI BE NTH NTH ) AND SAN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MAYANA ( COLE CODI AEUM VARI EGATUM) LEAVES EXTRACT AS AN FRANCISCO (CODI ALTERNATIVE INK FOR MARKERS
A Research Paper Senior High School Caraga Regional Science High School Surigao City School Year 2017-2018
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements Of Regional Science High School Curriculum
Researchers: Jezzabel Roxy T. Agape Shaina U. Santillana YM Phillipp Laurence M. Adlao
March 2018
APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper entitled, “THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MAYANA (COLEUS
BLUMEI
VARIEGATUM )
BENTH )
LEAVES
AND
EXTRACT
SAN AS
AN
FRANCISCO ALTERNATIVE
(CODIAEUM INK
FOR
MARKERS”, prepared and submitted by Jezzabel Roxy T. Agape, Shaina U.
Santillana, and Ym Phillipp Laurence M. Adlao is hereby recommended for approval.
Mrs. Louredil F. Longos Adviser
Date: _____________
Lloyd P. Dizon Panelist
Hazel T. Oliquino Panelist
Date: ______________
Date: ______________ Mark Anthony T. Bangao Panel Chair Date: ______________
This research paper is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements o f Regional Science High School Curriculum.
Mrs. Louredil F. Longos, MAED Research Instructor
Date: ______________
Mr. Reymond A. Mosquito, MAENG Coordinator, Senior High School
Date: ______________
MS. MA. LUISA A. GUYANO Principal IV
Date: ______________
APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper entitled, “THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MAYANA (COLEUS
BLUMEI
VARIEGATUM )
BENTH )
LEAVES
AND
EXTRACT
SAN AS
AN
FRANCISCO ALTERNATIVE
(CODIAEUM INK
FOR
MARKERS”, prepared and submitted by Jezzabel Roxy T. Agape, Shaina U.
Santillana, and Ym Phillipp Laurence M. Adlao is hereby recommended for approval.
Mrs. Louredil F. Longos Adviser
Date: _____________
Lloyd P. Dizon Panelist
Hazel T. Oliquino Panelist
Date: ______________
Date: ______________ Mark Anthony T. Bangao Panel Chair Date: ______________
This research paper is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements o f Regional Science High School Curriculum.
Mrs. Louredil F. Longos, MAED Research Instructor
Date: ______________
Mr. Reymond A. Mosquito, MAENG Coordinator, Senior High School
Date: ______________
MS. MA. LUISA A. GUYANO Principal IV
Date: ______________
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We, the researchers, would like to express our deepest and sincere gratitude to those who helped us in the achievement of this scientific study, especially to the following. First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for the protection and ability to do work, specially, for His showers of blessings throughout our science investigatory project. Second, to our research adviser, Mrs. Louredil F. Longos, for her motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge and for encourages us to pursue this study. Third, to the researcher’s parents and friends, for the nonstop support and for their supply of the equipment needed in this study, the Mayana and San Francisco leaves, that were the primary tools for the completion of the e xperimental process. To the panelists for our oral defense, Mr. Mark T. Bangao, Mr. Lloyd P. Dizon, and Ms. Hazel P. Oliquino, for their corrections, for giving us the opportunity to critique our research study in order to guide us further of our study. Lastly, to our fellow researchers, who have provided us ideas, opinions, and suggesting information, to make this study a memorable one. Thank you! May the Almighty God richly bless all of you.
ABSTRACT
In today’s modern world, almost every product has been commercialized and people sought for products that are more natural and cheaper instead. Ink is an ordinary item but prevalent in everyday use. Competition is indispensable in the world of business, especially on the ink factory. Invention and innovation of ink is made and introduced but still needs to vary with its own quality. Philippines is known for the abundance of natural resources, it is also known for its massive sufficient resources of plants that have been used as valuable sources of natural products. Some things that provide ink for its functions are expensive that not all people can afford. That's why the researchers investigated a project that can help lessen the economic crisis for the production of ink out of Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth) and San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) leaves. The researchers thinks that Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth) and San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) leaves have great potentials in having an alternative permanent marker ink due to its strong tanning color and decided to test its effectiveness as an ingredien t for permanent marker ink. Furthermore, this study was conducted as an attempt to discover an alternative source of marker ink, which is safe to users and even to the environment. The researchers added a small amount of vinegar and salt to add stability to the ink. The vinegar also makes it more permanent, once it has dried on the paper. Strained and transferred it to an empty marker container. After the study, the researchers found out that it is possible to utilize Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth) San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) and make it into an alternative ink.
TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE
i
APPROVAL SHEEET
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
v
LIST OF TABLES
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Introduction
1
Review of Related Literature
3
Statement of the Problem
6
Hypothesis
6
Significance of the Study
7
Scope and Limitations
8
Definition of Terms
8
Chapter 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
9
Experimental Prodecure
9
Textual Explanation
10
Chapter 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chapter 4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary of Findings
18
Conclusion
18
Recommendation
18
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bibliographies
19
APPENDIX A
Pictures
20
Statistical Analysis
27
APPENDIX B CURRICULUM VITAE
LIST OF TABLES Table
Page
1
Amount of Extracted Leaves
11
2
Ink Content of the Markers
12
3
Quality of Ink on Setup 1
13
4
Quality of Ink on Setup 2
14
5
Quality of Ink on Setup 3
15
6
Colors extracted from the Mayana and San Francisco Ink
16
LIST OF FIGURES Figure
Page
1
Collection of Mayana and San Francisco Leaves
20
2
Preparation of Materials
20
3
The Mayana and San Francisco leaves were washed thoroughly
20
4
The Mayana and San Francisco leaves were thinly chopped into
21
little pieces using the knife and cutting board. 5
The Mayana and San Francisco leaves were transferred into the
21
pot and poured 350mL of water 6
Experimental Set-ups
22
7
The Mayana and San Francisco leaves extract in each setup of
25
the treatments were transferred into an empty marker container 8
The Products of the Researchers’ Study
26
Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction
In this modern world of technology the price of the products becomes a challenge to every users particularly the scarcity of resources in order to address the demands of consumers. Nowadays problems to supply the needs of pens and markers ink will be in demand especially in the modernized and young industrialized countries throughout the world. Even the government encourage young scientist to discover things that can be useful and answer to the needs of social changes (Nildo Olivera, 2012). The Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth) is a genus of perennial plants native to tropical Africa, Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands. It is composed of about 150 species under the Mint family of plants ( Lamiaceae) and closely related to spearmint, peppermint, basil, thyme, oregano and salvia and found all over in the Philippines archipelago. Mayana foliage is also rich in colored molecule which can produce ink. The San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) is a low branching shrub with attractive and variedly shaped and colored foliage. Leaves are thick and leathery, ovate, oblong to linear, the margins entire, lobed or spirally twisted. Young leaves are usually green, yellow or red, later changing to single color or variegation of gold cream, white, red, maroon, purple, black or brown. A milky sap bleeds from cut stems. Flowers are small, long, axillary, usually unisexual racemes. It is very popular cultivated ornamental in the Philippines. Its leaves considered purgative, sedative, antifungal, antiamoebic, antioxidant, and anticancerous. San Francisco leaves are also rich in colored molecule as well. Ink is liquid pigmented substances used for writing and printing or even for drawing purpose. For which of is used; All ink, however contain two or more rudimentary components, a pigmented or dye called a colorant and a vehicle, a liquid form into which the colorant is dispersed for. Many inks differ from the paint only in the purpose which they are used. Ink is one of the most important components of pens and markers. Without ink, all of these are useless (Nildo Olivera, 2012).
The purpose of this study is to produce an alternative ink for markers from Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth) and San Franciso (Cordiaeum variegatum) leaves extract. The researchers come up with this study to have a new source and solve the problem for high value of commercial ink. Producing ink with alternative ingredient is a demand for the students, artists, calligraphers, as well as for the people. The researchers decided to test its effectiveness as an ingredient for markers ink.
Review of Related Literature Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth)
Mayana is an erect, branched, fleshy, annual herb, about 1 meter high. Stems are purplish and 4-angled. Leaves are variously blotched or colored, usually more or less hairy, ovate, 5 to 10 centimeters long, rather coarsely toothed in the margins; and in the most common form uniformly velvety-purple. Flowers are purplish, numerous, and borne in lax, terminal, simple or branched inflorescences, 15 to 30 centimeters long. In the Philippines, pounded leaves used as a cure for headaches, applied to the temples or nape of the neck. Also used for healing bruises. According to Swtmine (2009), the Mayana leaves can be made into a food coloring and can be a potential source of food coloring production. The food coloring observed to be violet in color and pure odor. According to the result of the survey, the product was food coloring like in odor. San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum)
According to Nildo Olivera (2012), the San Francisco leaves contain green, red, and yellow pigments respectively. These dyes are used for coloring paper and textile since they are thin and transparent. Caparas (2010) conducted a study to determine if the extract of San Francisco is effective as a dye. There were 30 randomly selected respondents as the sample size. The result obtained shows that 75% of the respondents said that San Francico can be made into a dye for clothes. However, 25% of the respondents say that it can’t be a dye. According to the observations and results obtained, Caparas concluded that San Francisco leaves can be a source of natural dye which is very effective, and it produces more dyes that are environmental-friendly. Ink
According to (Lopierre, Lopi), long before, ink is usually made from natural products such as berries, barks, and leaves extract. They have been used for centuries to create numerous colors and when mixed to other substances can be ink, dye or paint. Tea
leaves have been also used for centuries to make ink because of its various shades that create yellow, green, brown or black ink. Robbins (2010) described marker pens as pens which have their own ink sourcw and usually has a tip made of absorbent and pressed fiber and was first created by Sidney Rosenthal in 1952. This marker pen had been one of the commonly used writing instruments for about fifty years. Ink, according to Encyclopedia.com (2011), is a combination of a coloring agent, pigment and liquid containing oils, resins chemical solvents. In the past, ink was fashioned from different colored juices, plant and animal extracts. But today, synthetic materials are used in addition to these natural ingredients to improve the quality of ink making; however, ink must have two basic components: the pigment coloring and the vehicle, a liquid which allow the ink to be dispersed. In addition, according to the article found in the Student’s Encyclopedia, “The ink should make a clear permanent mark that when dry does not fade from exposure to light or run from exposure to moisture. It should flow freely and dry quickly when written in a surface and it must contain nothing that might damage either the pen or the paper.” The most permanent black ink is iron-gall ink, made by mixing an iron salt, usually ferrous sulfate, with a mixture of gallic acid and tannin in water. The iron combines with the gallic acid and tannin to form ferrous tannate. This compound has little color when it first is applied to the surface of the paper, but, as the ink dries, the soluble ferrous tannate is oxidized by contact with the air and becomes insoluble ferric tannate, which is black in color. To aid the user in seeing the trace of the unoxidized ink as she or he writes, a dye, usually blue, is added to the liquid. Writing inks of colors other than black are usually water suspensions of natural or synthetic dyes plus gums. The dyes used in washable inks are more easily washed out than those in permanent inks. Special inks that contain wetting agents are manufactured for use in fountain pens. The addition of a wetting agent permits the ink to flow freely from the pen and to penetrate the paper speedily so that such inks dry at once. The ink used in ballpoint pens is similar to printing inks. The concentration of the dyes in ballpoint ink must be much higher than that in fountain-pen ink, because the
ballpoint writes with a much finer line. (“Ink”, Microsoft Encarta Reference Library, 19922003) (Neumann’s and Schluttig’s) definition of ink as cited in Lindquist, clearly stated the properties of ink that would be helpful in having a good quality ink. The ink must be clear, filterable solution but not a suspension, should flow easily from the pen and should not spread on paper. Since the ink is natural, no mold must be seen on the solution and has no pronounced unpleasant odor. Likewise, it must have an intense color which does not become paler nor bleach out entirely as it is used in writing.
Statement of the Problem
The main purpose of this study is to determine the Effectiveness of Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth) and San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) as an alternative ink for markers. Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions: 1. Is the quality of Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth) and San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) extract ink effective in terms of: a) Color b) Texture c) Absorption d) Fast drying 2. What are the colors can be extracted from the Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth) and San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) to prove it as ink? 3. Is there a significant difference between Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth), San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) and the standard or commercial ink in terms of color, texture, absorption, fast drying?
Hypothesis
H0: There is no significant effect of Mayana ( Coleus blumei Benth) and San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) as an alternative ink for markers. H1: There is a significant effect of Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth) and San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) as an alternative ink for markers.
Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will redound to the benefit of all human beings by producing an alternative inks. These other manufactured inks nowadays come quite expensive prices, but since the materials to be used in our project are common and easy to find, you will be spending less money. Also, no harmful chemicals will be used in making our ink. Therefore, it is non-toxic compared to commercially sold inks which have the tendencies off causing harm to one’s health and to the environment. The results of the study will be used for: A) Users. This study would be very beneficial to the users of permanent
markers, white board markers and pens. This study provides many advantages to them, such as they would have a more natural and cheaper way of having ink for their pens and markers. B) Agriculture. This study provides farmers and planters an additional source
of income. Also, this will increase the number of Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth) and San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) leaves to be planted in the Philippines. C) E nvir onment. This study will help to replenish the atmosphere and
surroundings from getting destroyed. D) Other R esearchers. This will help other researchers as that it will serve as
additional information and will add factual concepts for their review of related literature.
Scope and Limitation
The general purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth) and San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) leaves extract as an alternative ink for markers. The study would also help us determine or verify if the Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth) and San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) ink is equally effective or more effective than commercial ones.
Definition of Terms Absorption – It is the ability of the ink to uptake into the fibers of the paper. Fast drying – The rate of how fast the ink dries up. Mayana – An erect, branched, fleshy, annual herb, about 1 meter high. Stems are
purplish and 4-angled. Leaves are variously blotched or colored, usually more or less hairy, ovate, 5 to 10 centimeters long, rather coarsely toothed in the margins; and in the most common form uniformly velvety-purple. San Francisco – A species of plant in the genus Codiaeum, which is a member of
the family Euphorbiaceae. It is native to Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, and the western Pacific Ocean islands, growing in open forests and scrub. It is an evergreen shrub growing to 3 m (9.8 ft) tall and has large, thick, leathery, shiny evergreen leaves, alternately arranged, 5 – 30 cm (2.0 – 11.8 in) long and 0.5 – 8 cm (0.20 – 3.15 in) broad. The inflorescences are long racemes 8 – 30 cm (3.1 – 11.8 in) long, with male and female flowers on separate inflorescences; the male flowers are white with five small petals and 20 – 30 stamens, the female flowers yellowish, with no petals. The fruit is a capsule 9 mm (0.35 in) diameter, containing three 6 mm (0.24 in) seeds. The stems contain milky sap that bleeds from cut stems. Texture – The feel, appearance, or consistency of the ink to stick in the paper. Vehicle – The liquid component of ink that holds the pigment and binds the
pigment to the printed surface (or substrate) after drying.
Chapter 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design
The research design that will be used by the researchers will be Descriptive Experimental Design since experimentation of the tests will be done to describe the effectiveness of Mayana and San Francisco leaves extract as an alternative ink for markers. Different samples on Mayana and San Francisco leaves are collected and tested the component through component analysis. Descripted analysis will be used in the analysis and interpretation of data. Experimental Procedure
A. Collection of Mayana and San Francisco Leaves
B. Preparation of Materials
C. Experimental Set-ups
D. Extraction Method Use
E. Transferring the Leave Extract
F. Testing the product
F igure 1. Flow of the Study
Textual Explanation A. Collection of Mayana and San Francisco Leaves
Five hundred grams each of Mayana and San Francisco leaves will be gathered around Brgy. Washington, Surigao City. The leaves will be thoroughly washed in running water. B. Preparation of Materials
Knife, cutting board, salt, vinegar, pot, strainer, stove, water, bowl, strainer, empty pens and markers and jar will be prepared at Santillana’s residence. C. Experimental Set-ups
Three treatments of ink will be prepared with three different set-ups each. The treatment 1 set-up 1 will be mixed with 50g of Mayana and San Francisco Leaves; set-up 2 will be mixed with 75 g of Mayana and San Francisco Leaves and set-up 3 will be mixed with 100g of Mayana and San Francisco Leaves. The treatment 2 set-up 1 will be mixed with 50g of Mayana Leaves; set-up 2 will be mixed with 75g of Mayana Leaves and set-up 3 will be mixed with 100g of Mayana Leaves only. The treatment 3 set-up 1 will be mixed with 50g of San Francisco Leaves; set-up 2 will be mixed with 75g of San Francisco Leaves and set-up 3 will be mixed with 100g of San Francisco Leaves only. D. Extraction Method Use
In treatment 1 set-up 1, 50g of Mayana and San Francisco leaves will be thinly chopped into little pieces using the knife and cutting board. The leaves will be added to the pot and 350 mL of water will be added to cover the leaves. The mixture will be boiled and simmer covered on the stove for approximately 15-20 minutes. Then, let it cool. . A strainer will be placed over a jar and the Mayana and San Francisco solution will be poured into the strainer, allowing the colored ink to flow into the bowl. A teaspoon of salt and a teaspoon of vinegar will be added into the bowl with ink and stirred thoroughly. Same as with setup 1 in treatment 1, the setup 2 will have 75g of Mayana and San Francisco leaves while setup 3 will have 100g of Mayana and San Francisco leaves and the process goes the same way.
E. Transferring the Leave Extract
The leaves extract in each setup of the treatments will be transferred into an empty marker container with the use of dropper and was left undisturbed for 30 minutes before undergoing a series of test. F. Testing the Product
The following setups were taken to test the quality of the ink based on four characteristics: Color, Texture, Absorption and Fast Drying. The tests were taken after the production of the ink. 1. Color
The colors of the ink were observed and recorded. Each sample of the three treatments was used to write on a bond paper. 2. Texture
The textures of the extracted ink on paper were felt by hand after it totally dried. Observations were recorded. 3. Absorption
The quick absorption of the ink in the paper were observed and recorded. 4. Fast Drying
The fast drying of the ink in the paper were observed and recorded.
Chapter 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1. A mount of E xtracted Leaves Treatments
Setup 1
Setup 2
Setup 3
Mayana
50g
75g
100g
San Francisco
50g
75g
100g
50g
75g
100g
50g
75g
100g
200g
300g
400g
Treatment 1
Treatment 2
San Francisco Treatment 3
Mayana
TOTAL
900g
The table 1 showed the amount of Mayana and San Francisco leaves extracted in each setup of the 3 treatments. In treatment 1 setup 1, 50g each of Mayana and San Francisco leaves were extracted. In treatment 2 setup 1, 50g of San Francisco leaves were extracted. In treatment 3 setup 1, 50g of Mayana leaves were extracted. In treatment 1 setup 2, 75g each of Mayana and San Francisco leaves were extracted. In treatment 2 setup 2, 75g of San Francisco leaves were extracted. In treatment 3 setup 2, 75g of Mayana leaves were extracted. In treatment 1 setup 3, 100g each of Mayana and San Francisco leaves were extracted. In treatment 2 setup 3, 100g of San Francisco leaves
were extracted. In treatment 3 setup 3, 100g of Mayana leaves were extracted. With a total of 200g leaves in Setup 1, 300g leaves in Setup 2, 400g of leaves in Setup 3 and an overall total of 900g of leaves were extracted.
Table 2. I nk C ontent of the Markers TREATMENTS SAMPLE CONTENT SAMPLE CONTENT SAMPLE CONTENT (Setup 1) (Setup 2) (Setup 3) 1
A
3 mL
A
3 mL
A
3 mL
2
B
3 mL
B
3 mL
B
3 mL
3
C
3 mL
C
3 mL
C
3 mL
The table 2 showed the amount of ink refilled in each marker. They were all filled by a 3mL ink before the test was conducted.
Table 3. Quality of I nk on Setup 1 SAMPLE
COLOR
TEXTURE
ABSORPTION
FAST DRYING
Light red violet
Silky
Ink absorbs
Dries slowly
slowly and
A
smudges if (Mayana and
touched
San Francisco)
immediately Magenta
Silky
Ink absorbs
Dries slowly
slowly and
B
smudges if (San Francisco)
touched immediately Light violet
Silky
C
Ink absorbs
Dries slowly
slowly and smudges if
(Mayana)
touched immediately
The table 3 showed the result and observation of the researchers on testing the quality of the ink in the paper on Setup 1.
Table 4. Quality of I nk on Setup 2 SAMPLE
COLOR
TEXTURE
ABSORPTION
FAST DRYING
Light red violet
Silky
Ink absorbs
Dries slowly
slowly and
A
smudges if (Mayana and
touched
San Francisco)
immediately Magenta
Silky
Ink absorbs
Dries slowly
slowly and
B
smudges if (San Francisco)
touched immediately Violet
Silky
C
Ink absorbs
Dries slowly
slowly and smudges if
(Mayana)
touched immediately
The table 4 showed the result and observation of the researchers on testing the quality of the ink in the paper on Setup 2.
Table 5. Quality of I nk on Setup 3 SAMPLE
COLOR
TEXTURE
ABSORPTION
FAST DRYING
Light red violet
Silky
Ink absorbs
Dries slowly
slowly and
A
smudges if (Mayana and
touched
San Francisco)
immediately Magenta
Silky
Ink absorbs
Dries slowly
slowly and
B
smudges if (San Francisco)
touched immediately Violet
Silky
C
Ink absorbs
Dries slowly
slowly and smudges if
(Mayana)
touched immediately
The table 5 showed the result and observation of the researchers on testing the quality of the ink in the paper on Setup 3.
Table 6. Colors extracted from the Mayana and San Francisco I nk TREATMENTS
SAMPLE
COLOR
(Setup 1)
1
A
SAMPLE
COLOR
(Setup 2) Light red
A
violet
SAMPLE
COLOR
(Setup 3) Light red
A
violet
Red violet
2
B
Magenta
B
Magenta
B
Magenta
3
C
Light
C
Violet
C
Violet
violet
The table 6 showed the extracted colors from each setup of the three treatments. The interpretation of the table was based on the opinions and observations of the researchers.
Chapter 4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of Findings
In the given data, the quality of Mayana (Coleus blumei Benth) and San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) ink is effective in terms of Color, Texture, Absorption and Fast Drying. The colors that can be extracted from Mayana and San Francisco leaves were light red violet, red violet, magenta, light violet and violet. Conclusion
Based on the data gathered, the alternative ink that contains Mayana and San Francisco Leave Extract is an effective ink for markers. The researchers conclude that in order to create your own marker ink out from plants extract you need to balance the amount of water and plant source for it to produce a natural odor and color; to avoid the spreading of ink on the fabric or paper and to maintain the good quality of the marker ink. Furthermore, the ink that the researchers made will help people specially the students to use our products instead of buying expensive markers; to be able to save money for its ingredients and the materials are just easy to find so as the procedure is just easy to follow. Recommendations
1. The researcher advices to improve the color of the Mayana and San Francisco ink and research more other ingredients can improve the color, texture, viscosity and absorption. 2. The researcher advices to conduct other parallel tests based on the components of the standard ink and the Mayana and San Francisco ink. 3. The researcher advocates re-associating the difference between the two inks using other tests in order to justify the result of this study. Furthermore, having a good quality ink must be focused on before undergoing a series of test.
BIBLIOGRAPIES
[1] Ellie. “The Pen Hunter”. 6 November 2008. 2011 http://penhunter.blogspot.com/2008/11/waterproof-tests.html [2] Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph. D., 2010 http://google.com/invisibleinks.html [3] How to Make Inks Using Petals.2011 http://www.google.com/make-ink-using- petals.html [4] .Lindquist, Evan. Old Ink. N.D. http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldink.html [5] Lopierre, Lopi.Leaf Extracts That Can Be Used As Ink.2011 http://www.google.com/leaf-extracts-can-used-ink.html [6] "Marker." 1998. How Products Are Made http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2896700065.html [7] Paul, Werner. "Calligraphy Idea Exchange." N.D. Dragon's Blood and Ashes http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldinkrecipes.html [8] Robbins, Nicholas. "Yahoo! Contributor Network." 2010 http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2269561/all_about_permanent_markers.htm
